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Cited by 288Skin Protection and AgingPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesAntioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress

Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging

Open access
Petruk, Ganna, Del Giudice, Rita, Rigano, Maria Manuela, Monti, Daria Maria·2018·Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
DOI 10.1155/2018/1454936PMC PMC6098906
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Abstract

Exposure to UV light triggers the rapid generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin cells, with consequent increase in oxidative stress and thus in photoaging. Exogenous supplementation with dietary antioxidants and/or skin pretreatment with antioxidant‐based lotions before sun exposure might be a winning strategy against age‐related skin pathologies. In this context, plants produce many secondary metabolites to protect themselves from UV radiations and these compounds can also protect the skin from photoaging. Phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and carotenoids, derived from different plant species, are able to protect the skin by preventing UV penetration, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, and influencing several survival signalling pathways. In this review, we focus our attention on the double role of oxidants in cell metabolism and on environmental and xenobiotic agents involved in skin photoaging. Moreover, we discuss the protective role of dietary antioxidants from fruits and vegetables and report their antiaging properties related to the reduction of oxidative stress pathways.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review summarizes how UV-induced ROS drive skin photoaging and how plant-derived antioxidants (phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotenoids) may protect skin by absorbing UV, reducing oxidative stress/inflammation, and modulating signaling. It synthesizes in vitro, animal, and human evidence, but is a narrative review without systematic methods.

Key findings

  • Up to 80–90% of skin aging is attributed to environmental and xenobiotic agents (extrinsic aging), and photoaging accounts for about 80% of aging-related adverse effects; UV exposure rapidly generates ROS in skin cells.
  • Plant secondary metabolites—phenolic compounds (e.g., flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes), ascorbic acid, and carotenoids—can protect skin by preventing UV penetration, inhibiting UV-induced free radical reactions, and modulating endogenous antioxidant and inflammatory systems.
  • Human intervention examples: 800 mg EGCG (single or divided doses) reduced UV-induced erythema size; oral lycopene-rich tomato nutrient complex plus lutein inhibited UV-induced upregulation of HO-1, ICAM-1, and MMP-1; tomato paste supplementation reduced erythema and mitochondrial DNA damage.
  • Not all antioxidant trials were positive: β-carotene (50 mg on alternate days) over 12 years did not protect healthy men from melanoma, and safety concerns/prooxidant effects have been raised for long-term β-carotene supplementation.

Methods

  • Narrative review of the literature on ROS, oxidative stress, environmental/xenobiotic skin aging, and plant-derived antioxidants.
  • Synthesizes findings from in vitro, in vivo, and human intervention studies, including cited studies on phenolic compounds, vitamin C, and carotenoids; no primary experimental data are reported.
  • Main analysis is qualitative synthesis, with tables summarizing antioxidant defense systems and examples of synthetic/natural antioxidants, and figures schematizing oxidative stress responses and photoaging protection.

Limitations

  • Not stated in the paper: the review does not include a limitations section.
  • Evident from the text: it is a narrative review without described systematic search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or quality assessment of cited studies.
  • Evident from the text: conclusions rely on cited primary studies, and the review notes context-dependent effects (e.g., EGCG antioxidant at nM vs prooxidant at μM; β-carotene prooxidant/safety concerns), which limit simple generalization.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1155/2018/1454936

Cites

114 of 114 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 87 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Water extracts from Opuntia ficus-indica L. cladodes have beneficial effects on human keratinocytes.

    “In another paper, we showed the beneficial effects of water extracts from Opuntia ficus-indica L. cladodes on human keratinocytes [91].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Petruk G. Di Lorenzo F. Imbimbo P. Protective effect of Opuntia ficus-indica L. cladodes against UVA-induced oxidative stress in normal human keratinocytes Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2017 27 24 5485 5489 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.043 2-s2.0-85032262672 29107540 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Natural compounds used against photoaging comprise phenolic compounds including flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenes derived from plants such as tea, grape, bergamot, fernblock, rooibos, grapefruit, and red orange.

    “Natural compounds used against photoaging comprise phenolic compounds, including flavonoids (catechins, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins), phenolic acids (benzoic, gallic, and cinnamic acids), and stilbenes derived from plants such as tea, grape, bergamot, fernblock, rooibos, grapefruit, and red orange [4, 88, 90].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [88] Cavinato M. Waltenberger B. Baraldo G. Grade C. V. C. Stuppner H. Jansen-Dürr P. Plant extracts and natural compounds used against UVB-induced photoaging Biogerontology 2017 18 4 499 516 10.1007/s10522-017-9715-7 2-s2.0-85023189943 28702744 PMC5514221 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Bosch R. Philips N. Suárez-Pérez J. Mechanisms of photoaging and cutaneous photocarcinogenesis, and photoprotective strategies with phytochemicals Antioxidants 2015 4 2 248 268 10.3390/antiox4020248 26783703 PMC4665475 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Malvidin and cyanidin from açai were able to counteract UVA-induced oxidative stress in immortalized fibroblasts.

    “We recently demonstrated that two phenolic compounds, malvidin and cyanidin, extracted from fruits of the açai tree (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), a South American palm, were able to counteract UVA-induced oxidative stress in immortalized fibroblasts [74].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Petruk G. Illiano A. Del Giudice R. Malvidin and cyanidin derivatives from açai fruit (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) counteract UV-A-induced oxidative stress in immortalized fibroblasts Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2017 172 42 51 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.013 2-s2.0-85019181869 28527426 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Exposure to UV irradiation induces ROS that activates cell surface growth factors, cytokine receptors, and NADPH oxidase.

    “Exposure to UV irradiation induces photochronical generation of ROS that activates cell surface growth factors, cytokine receptors, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase [52].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Ullrich A. Schlessinger J. Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity Cell 1990 61 2 203 212 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90801-K 2-s2.0-0025343230 2158859 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Plants produce many secondary metabolites to protect themselves from UV radiations.

    “In this context, plants produce many secondary metabolites to protect themselves from UV radiations and these compounds can also protect the skin from photoaging.”
    • Also stated in: § 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants · plain
      “In this context, plants produce many secondary metabolites to protect themselves from UV radiations and these molecules can be used as natural antioxidants able to protect the skin from photoaging.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [89] Kostyuk V. Potapovich A. Albuhaydar A. R. Mayer W. De Luca C. Korkina L. Natural substances for prevention of skin photoaging: screening systems in the development of sunscreen and rejuvenation cosmetics Rejuvenation Research 2018 21 2 91 101 10.1089/rej.2017.1931 28661208 PMC5910042 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
  • May combine two claims. 34

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Up to 80-90% of skin aging is due to environmental and xenobiotic agents (extrinsic aging).

    “However, it has been reported that up to 80–90% of skin aging is due to environmental and xenobiotic agents (extrinsic aging) [26, 28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [26] Lephart E. D. Skin aging and oxidative stress: Equol’s anti-aging effects via biochemical and molecular mechanisms Ageing Research Reviews 2016 31 36 54 10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.001 2-s2.0-84988420056 27521253 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [28] Lephart E. Equol’s anti-aging effects protect against environmental assaults by increasing skin antioxidant defense and ECM proteins while decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation Cosmetics 2018 5 1 p. 16 10.3390/cosmetics5010016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Active compounds from plants can protect the skin by absorbing UV radiations, inhibiting free radical reactions induced by UV in cells, and modulating endogenous antioxidant and inflammatory systems.

    “These active compounds can protect the skin by (i) absorbing UV radiations, (ii) inhibiting free radical reactions induced by UV in cells, and (iii) modulating endogenous antioxidant and inflammatory systems [4, 89].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [89] Kostyuk V. Potapovich A. Albuhaydar A. R. Mayer W. De Luca C. Korkina L. Natural substances for prevention of skin photoaging: screening systems in the development of sunscreen and rejuvenation cosmetics Rejuvenation Research 2018 21 2 91 101 10.1089/rej.2017.1931 28661208 PMC5910042 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    All these phenolic compounds can prevent penetration of radiations into the skin and reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and influence signalling pathways to protect the skin against UV damage.

    “All these compounds can prevent penetration of radiations into the skin and, in addition, they can reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and influence several signalling pathways in order to protect the skin against UV damage [4].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UV-induced ROS activate AP-1 and NF-κB, which transcribe genes for matrix-degrading enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines.

    “In particular, two nuclear transcription factors, activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), involved in transcription of genes for matrix-degrading enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines, respectively, are activated [54].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Fisher G. J. Kang S. Varani J. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging Archives of Dermatology 2002 138 11 1462 1470 12437452 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UV radiations are the major cause of stem cell DNA damage and can contribute to depletion of stem cells and damage of the stem cell niche, leading to photoinduced skin aging.

    “UV radiations are the major cause of stem cell DNA damage; they can contribute to depletion of stem cells and damage of stem cell niche, eventually leading to photoinduced skin aging [50].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Panich U. Sittithumcharee G. Rathviboon N. Jirawatnotai S. Ultraviolet radiation-induced skin aging: the role of DNA damage and oxidative stress in epidermal stem cell damage mediated skin aging Stem Cells International 2016 2016 14 10.1155/2016/7370642 2-s2.0-84966440489 7370642 PMC4842382 27148370 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids derived from different plant species are able to protect the skin by preventing UV penetration, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, and influencing several survival signalling pathways.

    “Phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and carotenoids, derived from different plant species, are able to protect the skin by preventing UV penetration, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, and influencing several survival signalling pathways.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [88] Cavinato M. Waltenberger B. Baraldo G. Grade C. V. C. Stuppner H. Jansen-Dürr P. Plant extracts and natural compounds used against UVB-induced photoaging Biogerontology 2017 18 4 499 516 10.1007/s10522-017-9715-7 2-s2.0-85023189943 28702744 PMC5514221 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Bosch R. Philips N. Suárez-Pérez J. Mechanisms of photoaging and cutaneous photocarcinogenesis, and photoprotective strategies with phytochemicals Antioxidants 2015 4 2 248 268 10.3390/antiox4020248 26783703 PMC4665475 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Preincubation of UVA-irradiated BALB/3T3 cells with açai phenolic compounds interfered with ROS production and kept GSH levels and lipid peroxidation comparable to normal cellular levels.

    “Indeed, the preincubation of UVA-irradiated BALB/3T3 cells with açai phenolic compounds interfered with ROS production and kept GSH levels and lipid peroxidation comparable to normal cellular levels [74].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Petruk G. Illiano A. Del Giudice R. Malvidin and cyanidin derivatives from açai fruit (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) counteract UV-A-induced oxidative stress in immortalized fibroblasts Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2017 172 42 51 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.013 2-s2.0-85019181869 28527426 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Exogenous supplementation with dietary antioxidants and/or skin pretreatment with antioxidant-based lotions before sun exposure might be a winning strategy against age-related skin pathologies.

    “Exogenous supplementation with dietary antioxidants and/or skin pretreatment with antioxidant-based lotions before sun exposure might be a winning strategy against age-related skin pathologies.”
    • Also stated in: § 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants · hedged
      “Exogenous supplementation with dietary antioxidants and/or skin pretreatment with antioxidant-based lotions before sun exposure might be a winning strategy against age-related skin oxidative damage [86].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [86] Godic A. Poljšak B. Adamic M. Dahmane R. The role of antioxidants in skin cancer prevention and treatment Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014 2014 6 860479 10.1155/2014/860479 2-s2.0-84899581041 PMC3984781 24790705 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AP-1 and NF-κB are associated with skin dryness, pigmentation, laxity, deep wrinkling, and apoptosis activation.

    “These transcription factors are associated with skin dryness, pigmentation, laxity, deep wrinkling [55, 56], and apoptosis activation [57, 58].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [55] Matsumura Y. Ananthaswamy H. N. Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2004 195 3 298 308 10.1016/J.TAAP.2003.08.019 2-s2.0-1542407660 15020192 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [56] Komatsu T. Sasaki S. Manabe Y. Hirata T. Sugawara T. Preventive effect of dietary astaxanthin on UVA-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice PLoS One 2017 12 2, article e0171178 10.1371/journal.pone.0171178 2-s2.0-85011964948 28170435 PMC5295690 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] Shaulian E. Karin M. AP-1 as a regulator of cell life and death Nature Cell Biology 2002 4 5 E131 E136 10.1038/ncb0502-e131 2-s2.0-0036098552 11988758 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [58] Schuler M. Green D. R. Mechanisms of p53-dependent apoptosis Biochemical Society Transactions 2001 29 6 684 688 10.1042/bst0290684 11709054 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    People with lighter skin colour living in sunny countries develop more easily skin cancers such as basal cell cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

    “Indeed, it has been demonstrated that people with lighter skin colour, living in sunny countries, developed more easily skin cancers, such as basal cell cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma [54].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Fisher G. J. Kang S. Varani J. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging Archives of Dermatology 2002 138 11 1462 1470 12437452 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Antioxidants can regulate gene expression by inducing translocation of Nrf-2 from the cytosol to the nucleus, binding ARE, and inducing transcription of stress response genes GST, HO-1, and NQO1.

    “In addition, antioxidants can regulate gene expression inducing the translocation of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) from the cytosol to the nucleus, upon dissociation from its inhibitor, Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein 1 (Keap-1).”
    • Also stated in: § 5. Antioxidants as Antagonists of ROS in Skin Disorders · plain
      “Once in the nucleus, Nrf-2, can bind antioxidant response elements (ARE) and induces the transcription of stress response genes, such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) [14, 63, 64].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [14] Lobo V. Patil A. Phatak A. Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health Pharmacognosy Reviews 2010 4 8 118 126 10.4103/0973-7847.70902 2-s2.0-78651391894 22228951 PMC3249911 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [63] Ji L. L. Sheng Y. C. Zheng Z. Y. Shi L. Wang Z. T. The involvement of p62–Keap1–Nrf2 antioxidative signaling pathway and JNK in the protection of natural flavonoid quercetin against hepatotoxicity Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2015 85 12 23 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.035 2-s2.0-84929617951 25881548 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [64] Kanlaya R. Khamchun S. Kapincharanon C. Thongboonkerd V. Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) via Nrf2 pathway against oxalate-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular cells Scientific Reports 2016 6 1, article 30233 10.1038/srep30233 2-s2.0-84979643088 27452398 PMC4958994 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exposure to UV light triggers rapid generation and accumulation of ROS in skin cells, with consequent increase in oxidative stress and photoaging.

    “Exposure to UV light triggers the rapid generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin cells, with consequent increase in oxidative stress and thus in photoaging.”
    • Also stated in: § 4. Skin Photoaging as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress · plain
      “Exposure to UV irradiation induces photochronical generation of ROS that activates cell surface growth factors, cytokine receptors, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase [52].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Ullrich A. Schlessinger J. Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity Cell 1990 61 2 203 212 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90801-K 2-s2.0-0025343230 2158859 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several secondary plant metabolites are endowed with antioxidant activity and have been studied to prevent, retard, and control the development of age-related pathologies.

    “Several secondary plant metabolites are endowed with antioxidant activity and have been studied to prevent, retard, and control the development of age-related pathologies [4].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    With aging, decreased performance of the cell endogenous antioxidant system occurs, making elderly people more susceptible to oxidative stress.

    “With aging, a decreased performance of cell endogenous antioxidant system occurs; thus, elderly people are more susceptible to oxidative stress [2, 3].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [2] Spector A. Review: oxidative stress and disease Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2000 16 2 193 201 10.1089/jop.2000.16.193 2-s2.0-0034052298 10803430 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [3] Rittié L. Fisher G. J. Natural and sun-induced aging of human skin Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2015 5 1, article a015370 10.1101/cshperspect.a015370 2-s2.0-84923806755 25561721 PMC4292080 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UVA radiations are considered more dangerous than UVB because they excite endogenous chromophores, leading to DNA damage.

    “Nevertheless, UVA radiations are considered more dangerous than UVB as, although they are weakly absorbed by DNA, they can excite endogenous chromophores, leading to DNA damage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Sies H. Berndt C. Jones D. P. Oxidative stress Annual Review of Biochemistry 2017 86 1 715 748 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-045037 2-s2.0-85009852867 28441057 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In plants, carotenoids act as accessory light-harvesting pigments and protect from photooxidative damage.

    “In plants, these compounds are components of the photosynthetic machinery where they act as accessory light-harvesting pigments and protect from photooxidative damage [103].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [103] Sagawa J. M. Stanley L. E. LaFountain A. M. Frank H. A. Liu C. Yuan Y.-W. An R2R3-MYB transcription factor regulates carotenoid pigmentation in Mimulus lewisii flowers The New Phytologist 2016 209 3 1049 1057 10.1111/nph.13647 2-s2.0-84954395771 26377817 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A carotenoid-rich diet decreases erythema size upon UV radiation exposure, but at least ten weeks is necessary for successful intervention.

    “The photoprotective effects of several carotenoids have been investigated by intervention studies in humans, in which a carotenoid-rich diet has been investigated for its ability to decrease the erythema size upon UV radiation exposure [104–106], even though a long period (at least ten weeks) is necessary for successful intervention [106].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [104] Stahl W. Heinrich U. Wiseman S. Eichler O. Sies H. Tronnier H. Dietary tomato paste protects against ultraviolet light–induced erythema in humans The Journal of Nutrition 2001 131 5 1449 1451 10.1093/jn/131.5.1449 11340098 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [105] Heinrich U. Gärtner C. Wiebusch M. Supplementation with β-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema The Journal of Nutrition 2003 133 1 98 101 10.1093/jn/133.1.98 12514275 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [106] Sies H. Stahl W. Carotenoids and UV protection Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2004 3 8 749 752 10.1039/b316082c 2-s2.0-4644305288 15295630 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The skin is normally protected from the negative effects of oxidative stress by endogenous antioxidant systems, which undergo a progressive decline during aging.

    “However, the skin is normally protected from the negative effects of oxidative stress by endogenous antioxidant systems, which, unfortunately, undergo a progressive decline during aging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Protection from UV radiation is more effective upon treatment with combined tomato antioxidant compounds compared to lycopene treatment alone, probably due to a synergistic effect of different tomato phytonutrients.

    “Several studies suggested that the protection from UV radiation is more effective upon treatment with combined tomato antioxidant compounds, compared to the effects of lycopene treatment alone, and this is probably due to a synergistic effect of the different tomato phytonutrients [79, 111].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [79] Grether-Beck S. Marini A. Jaenicke T. Stahl W. Krutmann J. Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: results from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study British Journal of Dermatology 2017 176 5 1231 1240 10.1111/bjd.15080 2-s2.0-85015165059 27662341 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [111] Aust O. Stahl W. Sies H. Tronnier H. Heinrich U. Supplementation with tomato-based products increases lycopene, phytofluene, and phytoene levels in human serum and protects against UV-light-induced erythema International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 2005 75 1 54 60 10.1024/0300-9831.75.1.54 2-s2.0-15244350242 15830922 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In humans, ascorbic acid acts as a photoprotectant at doses above the minimal erythema dose, stimulates collagen synthesis, protects against damage from UVA/B radiation, and mitigates inflammation in the skin.

    “In humans, it has been found that ascorbic acid acts as a photoprotectant at doses above the minimal erythema dose and that stimulates collagen synthesis, protects against damage from UVA/B radiation, and mitigates inflammation in the skin [86, 99, 100].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [86] Godic A. Poljšak B. Adamic M. Dahmane R. The role of antioxidants in skin cancer prevention and treatment Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014 2014 6 860479 10.1155/2014/860479 2-s2.0-84899581041 PMC3984781 24790705 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [99] Costa A. Pereira E. Assumpcao E. Assessment of clinical effects and safety of an oral supplement based on marine protein, vitamin C, grape seed extract, zinc, and tomato extract in the improvement of visible signs of skin aging in men Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2015 8 319 328 10.2147/CCID.S79447 2-s2.0-84936888988 PMC4492544 26170708 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [100] Pullar J. Carr A. Vissers M. The roles of vitamin C in skin health Nutrients 2017 9 8 p. 866 10.3390/nu9080866 2-s2.0-85027548991 28805671 PMC5579659 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A single application of resveratrol on hairless mice skin before UVB radiation inhibited skin edema, cyclooxygenase, ornithine decarboxylase induction, and lipid peroxidation.

    “A single application of resveratrol on hairless mice's skin before exposure to UVB radiation led to the inhibition of skin edema, cyclooxygenase, and ornithine decarboxylase induction and lipid peroxidation in the skin [4, 76].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [76] Afaq F. Adhami V. M. Ahmad N. Prevention of short-term ultraviolet B radiation-mediated damages by resveratrol in SKH-1 hairless mice Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2003 186 1 28 37 10.1016/S0041-008X(02)00014-5 2-s2.0-0037288709 12583990 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Supplementation of tomato paste before UV exposure dampened skin erythema and reduced mitochondrial DNA damage.

    “In particular, supplementation of tomato paste before UV exposure was able to dampen skin erythema and to reduce mitochondrial DNA damage [112, 113].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [112] Rizwan M. Rodriguez-Blanco I. Harbottle A. Birch-Machin M. A. Watson R. E. B. Rhodes L. E. Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial British Journal of Dermatology 2011 164 1 154 162 10.1111/J.1365-2133.2010.10057.X 2-s2.0-78650478990 20854436 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [113] Cooperstone J. L. Tober K. L. Riedl K. M. Tomatoes protect against development of UV-induced keratinocyte carcinoma via metabolomic alterations Scientific Reports 2017 7 1 p. 5106 10.1038/s41598-017-05568-7 2-s2.0-85023183017 28698610 PMC5506060 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin C cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be introduced by diet.

    “Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential cofactor in several enzymatic reactions but, since it cannot be synthesized by the human body, it has to be introduced in the organism by diet [98].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [98] Levine M. Rumsey S. C. Daruwala R. Park J. B. Wang Y. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake JAMA 1999 281 15 1415 1423 10.1001/jama.281.15.1415 2-s2.0-0033590959 10217058 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Interaction of resveratrol with its specific binding partner blocks apoptotic events and mitochondrial dysfunctions in keratinocytes, delaying skin aging.

    “As recently reviewed by Davinelli and colleagues [94], the interaction of resveratrol with the specific binding partner is able to block apoptotic events and mitochondrial dysfunctions in keratinocytes, delaying skin aging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [94] Davinelli S. Bertoglio J. C. Polimeni A. Scapagnini G. Cytoprotective polyphenols against chronological skin aging and cutaneous photodamage Current Pharmaceutical Design 2018 24 2 99 105 10.2174/1381612823666171109102426 29119916 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In human keratinocytes, resveratrol modulates cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) levels and stimulates expression of HSP70.

    “In human keratinocytes, resveratrol can also modulate cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) levels and stimulate the expression of HSP70, a factor important for cell repair and also for cytoprotection ([75] and references therein).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Park K. Lee J. H. Protective effects of resveratrol on UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells through attenuation of the caspase pathway Oncology Reports 2008 19 2 413 417 18202789

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In irradiated keratinocytes, lycopene pretreatment resulted in overexpression of BAX gene, cell cycle delay at S-phase transition, and decrease of cells in G0/G1 phase.

    “In particular, in irradiated keratinocytes, lycopene pretreatment resulted in the overexpression of BAX gene, a cell cycle delay at S-phase transition, and in a consequent decrease of cells in G0/G1 phase [110].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [110] Ascenso A. Pedrosa T. Pinho S. The effect of lycopene preexposure on UV-B-irradiated human keratinocytes Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 2016 15 10.1155/2016/8214631 2-s2.0-84948844263 8214631 PMC4664803 26664697 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cell pretreatment with capsanthin and capsorubin decreased UVB-induced DNA strand breaks and counteracted caspase-3 activation.

    “Indeed, cell pretreatment with these carotenoids decreased the formation of UVB-induced DNA strand breaks and counteracted caspase-3 activation [108].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [108] Fernández-García E. Carvajal-Lérida I. Pérez-Gálvez A. Carotenoids exclusively synthesized in red pepper (capsanthin and capsorubin) protect human dermal fibroblasts against UVB induced DNA damage Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2016 15 9 1204 1211 10.1039/C6PP00134C 2-s2.0-84984905682 27537377 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pretreatment of cells with ascorbic acid or tomato extracts before UVA exposure maintained ROS, GSH, and lipid peroxidation levels at basal levels and showed no evidence of apoptosis or inflammation.

    “In particular, pretreatment of cells with ascorbic acid or with tomato extracts before UVA exposure was able to maintain ROS, GSH, and lipid peroxidation levels at the basal levels and there was no evidence of apoptosis or inflammation [83].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83] Petruk G. Raiola A. Del Giudice R. An ascorbic acid-enriched tomato genotype to fight UVA-induced oxidative stress in normal human keratinocytes Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2016 163 284 289 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.047 2-s2.0-84985029765 27599115 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lycopene preexposure on UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes corrects injury in mild photodamaged cells and acts as a cytotoxic agent in preneoplastic cells.

    “Indeed, lycopene preexposure on UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes was found to play a diversified role in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes, depending on the level of damage, correcting the injury in mild photodamaged cells and acting as a cytotoxic agent in preneoplastic cells [110].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [110] Ascenso A. Pedrosa T. Pinho S. The effect of lycopene preexposure on UV-B-irradiated human keratinocytes Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 2016 15 10.1155/2016/8214631 2-s2.0-84948844263 8214631 PMC4664803 26664697 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Consumption of tomato paste protects against acute and long-term photodamage.

    “Accordingly, consumption of tomato paste has been shown, in a randomized controlled study, to protect against acute and long-term photodamage [112].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [112] Rizwan M. Rodriguez-Blanco I. Harbottle A. Birch-Machin M. A. Watson R. E. B. Rhodes L. E. Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial British Journal of Dermatology 2011 164 1 154 162 10.1111/J.1365-2133.2010.10057.X 2-s2.0-78650478990 20854436 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EGCG acts as an antioxidant at nM concentrations and as a prooxidant at μM concentrations.

    “Attention should be paid to the local EGCG concentration as, when tested in nM concentrations, it acts as antioxidant, whereas when tested in the μM concentration range, EGCG acts as a prooxidant [96].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [96] Kim H.-S. Quon M. J. Kim J.-a. New insights into the mechanisms of polyphenols beyond antioxidant properties; lessons from the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin 3-gallate Redox Biology 2014 2 187 195 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.022 2-s2.0-84893196378 24494192 PMC3909779 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Resveratrol is a polyphenolic antioxidant with strong anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity.

    “Grape seeds are also rich in phytoalexin resveratrol (trans-3, 4′,5-trihydroxy-stilbene), a polyphenolic antioxidant with strong anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity [4, 87].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [87] Cătană C.-S. Atanasov A. G. Berindan-Neagoe I. Natural products with anti-aging potential: affected targets and molecular mechanisms Biotechnology Advances 2018 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.012 29597027 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ascorbic acid prevents lipid peroxidation and protects keratinocytes exposed to UV radiation from apoptosis.

    “These findings have been corroborated by Pullar et al., who demonstrated that ascorbic acid prevents lipid peroxidation and protects keratinocyte exposed to UV radiation from apoptosis [100].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Pullar J. Carr A. Vissers M. The roles of vitamin C in skin health Nutrients 2017 9 8 p. 866 10.3390/nu9080866 2-s2.0-85027548991 28805671 PMC5579659 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Carotenoids extracted from fresh and processed tomato fruits showed cytoprotective activity, mitigated ROS production induced by oxidative stress, and prevented GSH depletion and lipid peroxidation.

    “In particular, we found that carotenoids extracted from both fresh and processed tomato fruits showed cytoprotective activity, were able to mitigate ROS production induced by oxidative stress, and prevented GSH depletion and lipid peroxidation [80].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [80] Del Giudice R. Petruk G. Raiola A. Barone A. Monti D. M. Rigano M. M. Carotenoids in fresh and processed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits protect cells from oxidative stress injury Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2017 97 5 1616 1623 10.1002/jsfa.7910 2-s2.0-84982221259 27434883 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ascorbic acid has antioxidant activity and is found in fruits such as acerola, orange, lemon, tangerine, and tomato, making it a good candidate as a protective compound against UV irradiation.

    “The antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid, which is found in fruits such as acerola, orange, lemon, tangerine, and tomato, makes it a good candidate as a protective compound against UV irradiation [99, 100].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [99] Costa A. Pereira E. Assumpcao E. Assessment of clinical effects and safety of an oral supplement based on marine protein, vitamin C, grape seed extract, zinc, and tomato extract in the improvement of visible signs of skin aging in men Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2015 8 319 328 10.2147/CCID.S79447 2-s2.0-84936888988 PMC4492544 26170708 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [100] Pullar J. Carr A. Vissers M. The roles of vitamin C in skin health Nutrients 2017 9 8 p. 866 10.3390/nu9080866 2-s2.0-85027548991 28805671 PMC5579659 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Resveratrol has very low solubility and high sensitivity to oxidation, making it unstable.

    “However, one should keep in mind that resveratrol has very low solubility and high sensitivity to oxidation, thus making this molecule very unstable ([94] and references therein).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [94] Davinelli S. Bertoglio J. C. Polimeni A. Scapagnini G. Cytoprotective polyphenols against chronological skin aging and cutaneous photodamage Current Pharmaceutical Design 2018 24 2 99 105 10.2174/1381612823666171109102426 29119916 source

      Not checked in the free run.

36 of 36

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Photoaging accounts for about 80% of the aging-related adverse effects.

    “However, photoaging accounts for about 80% of the aging-related adverse effects.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A regular intake of vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols from plant sources contributes to the prevention of age-related diseases.

    “Indeed, a regular intake of vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols from plant sources has been shown to contribute to the prevention of age-related diseases.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Interaction between structurally different antioxidant molecules may provide more comprehensive protection against oxidative injury.

    “This could be associated with the fact that the interaction between structurally different antioxidant molecules may provide more comprehensive protection against oxidative injury [103].”

    From Boosting the Photoaged Skin: The Potential Role of Dietary Components (2021) · cites this paper as [103]

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Authors
Petruk, G., Del Giudice, R., Rigano, M. M., & Monti, D. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Naples Federico II (IT)
  • Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (IT)
Corresponding author
Monti, Daria Maria
ORCID
Venue
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2018-01
Volume
2018
Issue
1
Pages
1454936-1454936
ISSN
  • 1942-0994 (ISSN-L)
  • 1942-0900
DOI
10.1155/2018/1454936
PMC
PMC6098906
OpenAlex
W2886272186
Cited by
283
References
114
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 1
FWCI
2.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Keywords
photoaging, dietary antioxidants, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, ultraviolet radiation, phenolic compounds, vitamin C, carotenoids, plant secondary metabolites, skin inflammation, anti-aging, fruits and vegetables
MeSH terms
Antioxidants, Humans, Plants, Skin Diseases, Skin Aging, Reactive Oxygen Species

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

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