What is a representative brain? Neuroscience meets population science

Falk, Emily B.; Hyde, Luke W.; Mitchell, Colter; Faul, Jessica; Gonzalez, Richard; Heitzeg, Mary M.; Keating, Daniel P.; Langa, Kenneth M.; Martz, Meghan E.; Maslowsky, Julie; Morrison, Frederick J.; Noll, Douglas C.; Patrick, Megan E.; Pfeffer, Fabian T.; Reuter-Lorenz, Patricia A.; Thomason, Moriah E.; Davis-Kean, Pamela; Monk, Christopher S.; Schulenberg, John

doi:10.1073/pnas.1310134110

Cited by 265Undergraduate Neuroscience Education and ResearchNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesFunctional Brain Connectivity Studies

What is a representative brain? Neuroscience meets population science

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Falk, Emily B., Hyde, Luke W., Mitchell, Colter, Faul, Jessica, Gonzalez, Richard, Heitzeg, Mary M., Keating, Daniel P., Langa, Kenneth M. +11 more·2013·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1310134110PMC PMC3816464

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Abstract

The last decades of neuroscience research have produced immense progress in the methods available to understand brain structure and function. Social, cognitive, clinical, affective, economic, communication, and developmental neurosciences have begun to map the relationships between neuro-psychological processes and behavioral outcomes, yielding a new understanding of human behavior and promising interventions. However, a limitation of this fast moving research is that most findings are based on small samples of convenience. Furthermore, our understanding of individual differences may be distorted by unrepresentative samples, undermining findings regarding brain-behavior mechanisms. These limitations are issues that social demographers, epidemiologists, and other population scientists have tackled, with solutions that can be applied to neuroscience. By contrast, nearly all social science disciplines, including social demography, sociology, political science, economics, communication science, and psychology, make assumptions about processes that involve the brain, but have incorporated neural measures to differing, and often limited, degrees; many still treat the brain as a black box. In this article, we describe and promote a perspective--population neuroscience--that leverages interdisciplinary expertise to (i) emphasize the importance of sampling to more clearly define the relevant populations and sampling strategies needed when using neuroscience methods to address such questions; and (ii) deepen understanding of mechanisms within population science by providing insight regarding underlying neural mechanisms. Doing so will increase our confidence in the generalizability of the findings. We provide examples to illustrate the population neuroscience approach for specific types of research questions and discuss the potential for theoretical and applied advances from this approach across areas.

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Neuroscience research has historically largely reflected small and homogeneous samples of participants and has had limited ability to integrate social context into its protocols.
“Neuroscience research has historically largely reflected small and homogeneous samples of participants and has had limited ability to integrate social context into its protocols (Falk et al., 2013).”
From The role (and limits) of developmental neuroscience in determining adolescents' autonomy rights: The case for reproductive and voting rights (2024) · cites this paper as Falk et al., 2013

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Alzheimer’s Disease
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Assessing inter individual differences with task related functional neuroimaging
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Age-related changes in error processing in young children: A school-based investigation
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Toward understanding the impact of trauma on the early developing human brain
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The sleep benefit in episodic memory: An integrative review and a meta-analysis.
Berres, S., & Erdfelder, E. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000350 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
DunedinPACNI estimates the longitudinal pace of aging from a single brain image to track health and disease
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Fetal Hippocampal Connectivity Shows Dissociable Associations with Maternal Cortisol and Self-Reported Distress during Pregnancy
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The role (and limits) of developmental neuroscience in determining adolescents' autonomy rights: The case for reproductive and voting rights
Maslowsky, J., Buss, E., & Wray-Lake, L. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101435 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Neuroscience research has historically largely reflected small and homogeneous samples of participants and has had limited ability to integrate social context into its protocols (Falk et al., 2013).”
Self-citation
The Personal Data Is Political
Greshake Tzovaras, B., & Tzovara, A. (2019) · Philosophical Studies Series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04363-6_8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Authors: Falk, E. B., Hyde, L. W., Mitchell, C., Faul, J., Gonzalez, R., Heitzeg, M. M., Keating, D. P., Langa, K. M., Martz, M. E., Maslowsky, J., Morrison, F. J., Noll, D. C., Patrick, M. E., Pfeffer, F. T., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., Thomason, M. E., Davis-Kean, P., Monk, C. S., & Schulenberg, J.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
University of Michigan (US)
Psychology,
Psychiatry,
VA Center for Clinical Management Research (US)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Biomedical Engineering;
Survey Research Center, and
Institute for Social Research (NO)
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Falk, Emily B.
Hyde, Luke W.
Mitchell, Colter
Faul, Jessica
Gonzalez, Richard
Heitzeg, Mary M.
Keating, Daniel P.
Langa, Kenneth M.
Martz, Meghan E.
Maslowsky, Julie
Morrison, Frederick J.
Noll, Douglas C.
Patrick, Megan E.
Pfeffer, Fabian T.
Thomason, Moriah E.
Davis-Kean, Pamela
Monk, Christopher S.
Schulenberg, John
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2013-10-22
Volume: 110
Issue: 44
Pages: 17615-17622
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310134110
PMC: PMC3816464
OpenAlex: W2118518216
Cited by: 265
References: 131
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 1.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (7dp2da035156-02)
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA012217)
National Institute on Aging (U01 AG 09740, U01AG009740)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DP2DA035156-01, DP2 DA035156, R01DA027261)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Undergraduate Neuroscience Education and Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Keywords: sample representativeness, individual differences, generalizability of findings, neural mechanisms, interdisciplinary neuroscience, social demography, population science
MeSH terms: Humans, Individuality, Interpersonal Relations, Neurosciences, Interdisciplinary Communication, Neuroimaging

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