A generalized form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI): A comparison to standard approaches
Open accessAbstract
Functional MRI (fMRI) allows one to study task-related regional responses and task-dependent connectivity analysis using psychophysiological interaction (PPI) methods. The latter affords the additional opportunity to understand how brain regions interact in a task-dependent manner. The current implementation of PPI in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8) is configured primarily to assess connectivity differences between two task conditions, when in practice fMRI tasks frequently employ more than two conditions. Here we evaluate how a generalized form of context-dependent PPI (gPPI; http://www.nitrc.org/projects/gppi), which is configured to automatically accommodate more than two task conditions in the same PPI model by spanning the entire experimental space, compares to the standard implementation in SPM8. These comparisons are made using both simulations and an empirical dataset. In the simulated dataset, we compare the interaction beta estimates to their expected values and model fit using the Akaike information criterion (AIC). We found that interaction beta estimates in gPPI were robust to different simulated data models, were not different from the expected beta value, and had better model fits than when using standard PPI (sPPI) methods. In the empirical dataset, we compare the model fit of the gPPI approach to sPPI. We found that the gPPI approach improved model fit compared to sPPI. There were several regions that became non-significant with gPPI. These regions all showed significantly better model fits with gPPI. Also, there were several regions where task-dependent connectivity was only detected using gPPI methods, also with improved model fit. Regions that were detected with all methods had more similar model fits. These results suggest that gPPI may have greater sensitivity and specificity than standard implementation in SPM. This notion is tempered slightly as there is no gold standard; however, data simulations with a known outcome support our conclusions about gPPI. In sum, the generalized form of context-dependent PPI approach has increased flexibility of statistical modeling, and potentially improves model fit, specificity to true negative findings, and sensitivity to true positive findings.
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Amygdala dysfunction underlies psychopathology.
“with amygdala dysfunction underlying psychopathology;59”
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The Introduction discusses psychophysiological interaction methods, and the Empirical Data section describes a recognition-memory study in healthy participants; neither addresses amygdala dysfunction as an underlying cause of psychopathology. Searches for “amygdala dysfunction underlying psychopathology” and “amygdala psychopathology psychiatric disorders” found no relevant passage in our copy. No page numbers were provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- McLaren, D. G., Ries, M. L., Xu, G., & Johnson, S. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Sterling C.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-07
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1277-1286
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3376181
- OpenAlex
- W2132137022
- Cited by
- 1,445
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 125 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 129 · 2017: 120 · 2016: 122 · 2015: 71 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 23.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Review (I01CX000165)
- National Institutes of Health (AG021155, AG000213)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- generalized psychophysiological interaction, functional MRI, statistical parametric mapping, model fit, Akaike information criterion, brain connectivity
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Neurological, Psychophysiology, Sensitivity and Specificity
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