Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
Open accessAbstract
Significance: To interpret and respond appropriately to social cues is a fundamental aspect of human nature that becomes impaired in many mental disorders. The past decade has witnessed unprecedented excitement across neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry regarding the role of oxytocin in human social cognition and its potential therapeutic use. There is also a considerable long-established public interest in behavioral sex differences and the molecular and brain mechanisms responsible. The current findings provide the first mechanistic explanation, to our knowledge, for how this key social molecule has evolved sex-dependent actions on amygdala function to influence the salience and attractiveness of positive social attributes in women but negative ones in men.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Intranasal oxytocin produced sex- and valence-dependent changes in amygdala responses during social impression formation: it enhanced left amygdala reactivity to people who praised others in women but to people who criticized others in men. These neural effects were accompanied by opposite likeability effects, with oxytocin increasing women’s overall likeability ratings and tending to decrease men’s.
Key findings
- In a whole-brain mixed-effect ANOVA, a significant treatment × sex interaction occurred in the left amygdala for social criticism vs. praise (k = 262, P_FWE = 0.001). Oxytocin enhanced left amygdala responses to criticizing vs. praising others in males (t35 = 3.1, P = 0.004, d = 1.02) but attenuated them in females (t35 = −3.18, P = 0.003, d = 1.09).
- Separate extraction showed greater amygdala reactivity in men to those who criticized others (t35 = 3.22, P = 0.003, d = 1.04) and in women to those who praised them (t35 = 2.45, P = 0.019, d = 0.82). No such effect was found for the parallel object-directed condition.
- Oxytocin altered left amygdala–right insula functional connectivity in a treatment × sex interaction (t70 = 4.19, P_FWE = 0.009): it increased coupling in males (t35 = 3.59, P = 0.001, d = 1.18) but reduced it in females (t35 = −2.29, P = 0.03, d = 0.76) for criticizing vs. praising others. Connectivity for criticizing people in males and praising people in females was associated with likeability ratings after controlling for anxiety and mood (OXT males criticizing: r = 0.62, P = 0.02; OXT females praising: r = 0.5, P = 0.04).
- Likeability ratings showed main effects of valence (F2,140 = 213.51, P < 0.001, η²P = 0.75) and target (F1,70 = 35.83, P < 0.001, η²P = 0.34); faces paired with criticism were rated lowest (3.83 ± 0.1) and praise highest (6 ± 0.09). A treatment × sex interaction (F1,70 = 7.08, P = 0.01, η²P = 0.09) showed oxytocin increased females’ overall likeability ratings (F1,70 = 4.25, P = 0.04, η²P = 0.06) and tended to decrease males’ (F1,70 = 2.89, P = 0.09, η²P = 0.04).
Methods
- Double-blind, placebo-controlled, between-subject design: 80 healthy right-handed volunteers (age 19–27 y; M ± SD, 22.8 ± 1.7 y) were recruited; data from 6 were lost, leaving 37 females (OXT n = 21) and 37 males (OXT n = 18) in final analyses. Participants self-administered intranasal oxytocin (24 IU) or placebo and underwent fMRI after 45 min.
- During fMRI, participants completed a first-impression task in which neutral faces were paired with statements describing criticizing or praising people or nonsocial objects; faces were later presented alone and rated for likeability.
- fMRI data were analyzed with SPM8/DPARSF using a whole-brain mixed-effect ANOVA with treatment and sex as between-subject factors and valence as a within-subject factor, plus generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) functional connectivity analysis focused on amygdala coupling with salience-network regions.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a dedicated limitations section. It notes that sex-dependent salience effects of oxytocin may be influenced by emotional experience and contextual factors, citing a trauma study, and that the observed effects were social-specific, with no object-directed or face-alone effects.
- Evident from the text: the final sample was 74 healthy, right-handed young adults (19–27 y), excluding smokers, medication users, pregnant women, and oral-contraceptive users, which limits generalizability.
- Evident from the text: the study used a single 24-IU intranasal oxytocin dose and one post-treatment time point, with no dose-response or longer-term behavioral follow-up; the male likeability decrease was only marginal (P = 0.09).
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Claims the paper makes
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- Findingown data§ Results
A whole-brain fMRI mixed-effect ANOVA yielded a significant treatment × sex interaction in the left amygdala for social criticism vs. praise (k = 262, FWE corrected P = 0.001).
“This yielded a significant treatment × sex interaction in the left amygdala for social criticism vs. praise ( k = 262, familywise error (FWE) corrected P FWE = 0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
Intranasal oxytocin treatment produced sex- and valence-dependent increases in amygdala activation when women viewed individuals identified as praising others but in men those who criticize them.
“Here we show that intranasal oxytocin treatment produces sex- and valence-dependent increases in amygdala activation when women view individuals identified as praising others but in men those who criticize them.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results
Oxytocin enhanced in males but attenuated in females left amygdala responses to criticizing vs. praising other people.
“Extraction of parameter estimates from this cluster revealed that OXT enhanced in males ( t 35 = 3.1, P = 0.004, Cohen ' s d = 1.02) but attenuated in females ( t 35 = -3.18, P = 0.003, Cohen ' s d = 1.09) left amygdala responses to criticizing vs. praising other people”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results
No such oxytocin effect was found in the parallel object-directed condition.
“Importantly, no such effect was found in the parallel object-directed condition”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ Results
A functional connectivity analysis revealed a treatment × sex interaction for left amygdala coupling with the right insula (t70 = 4.19, PFWE = 0.009).
“A functional connectivity analysis revealed a treatment × sex interaction for left amygdala coupling with the right insula ( t 70 = 4.19, P FWE = 0.009)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data§ Results
Individuals targeting nonsocial objects were rated more likeable than those targeting other people.
“Individuals targeting nonsocial objects (5.1 ± 0.07) were rated more likeable than those targeting other people (4.76 ± 0.07).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ Results
The effect was mainly localized in the laterobasal subregion of the amygdala.
“Probabilistic mapping indicated that the effect was mainly localized in the laterobasal subregion of the amygdala”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
Previous research shows that the amygdala has different responses to positive and negative valence social information in men and women.
“Previous research has shown that the amygdala has different responses to positive and negative valence social information in men and women (11)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
In response to couple conflict, oxytocin decreased sympathetic activity and arousal in women but increased them in men.
“Similarly, in response to couple conflict, OXT decreased sympathetic activity and arousal in women but increased them in men (6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
Oxytocin may act differentially via the amygdala to enhance the salience of positive social attributes in women but negative ones in men.
“Thus, oxytocin may act differentially via the amygdala to enhance the salience of positive social attributes in women but negative ones in men.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
Separate oxytocin-application studies in humans indicate that there may be differential amygdala reactivity to fearful faces and fearful/threatening scenes in men and women.
“separate OXT-application studies in humans have indicated that there may be differential amygdala reactivity to fearful faces and fearful/threatening scenes in men (14, 15) and women (16, 17).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
The amygdala has a sexually dimorphic distribution and expression of oxytocin receptors in nonprimate mammals.
“The amygdala has a sexually dimorphic distribution and expression of OXT receptors in nonprimate mammals (12, 13)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
Oxytocin appears to facilitate both salience and motivational aspects of social cues in both sexes.
“Although OXT appears to facilitate both salience and motivational aspects of social cues in both sexes (3, 4)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [3] source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [4]
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- Premisecitation§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
There is increasing evidence that oxytocin may often produce opposite effects in social salience and motivational domains in men and women.
“there is increasing evidence that it may often produce opposite effects in these domains in men and women (5 -7)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationown data§ Discussion
Overall, the present findings support the hypothesis that oxytocin's fundamental functional role in modulating social preferences and subsequent social interactions via the amygdala may have evolved to subserve different purposes in men and women.
“Overall, the present findings support our hypothesis that OXT ' s fundamental functional role in modulating social preferences and subsequent social interactions via the amygdala may have evolved to subserve different purposes in men and women.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Discussion
For both sexes, oxytocin release would serve the common purpose of helping foster an optimal social environment for successfully raising children.
“For both sexes, OXT release would thereby serve the common purpose of helping foster an optimal social environment for successfully raising children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Discussion
Oxytocin enhances the salience of positive social cues to facilitate tend-and-befriend and approach behavior in females toward individuals with prosocial attributes.
“Our observations correspond to OXT enhancing the salience of positive social cues to facilitate ' tend-and-befriend ' (33) and approach behavior in females toward individuals with prosocial attributes (8).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationown data§ Results
The observed oxytocin effect was restricted to the social domain.
“indicating the observed OXT effect was restricted to the social domain”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data§ Materials and Methods
In postexperiment interviews, subjects showed no differences between oxytocin and placebo groups in identifying whether they had received oxytocin or placebo.
“In postexperiment interviews, subjects showed no differences between OXT and PLC groups in identifying whether they had received OXT or PLC ( χ 2 = 0.7, P = 0.4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data§ Discussion
The absence of simple main effects of oxytocin, sex, or valence in the amygdala indicates that the effect is likely driven by a sex-specific, valence-dependent action of the peptide.
“The absence of simple main effects of OXT, sex, or valence in the amygdala indicates that the effect is likely to be driven by a sex-specific, valence-dependent action of the peptide (Table S1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ Discussion
Oxytocin may enhance the salience of negative social cues in males to help reduce antisocial influences by facilitating aggression toward or avoidance of individuals with negative social attributes.
“For males, on the other hand, OXT may enhance the salience of negative social cues to help reduce antisocial influences by facilitating aggression toward or avoidance of (i.e., ' fight or flight ' ) individuals in their environment with negative social attributes (3, 4, 34), and perhaps also by reducing partner conflict (6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
- May combine two claims. 17
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 4
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides themWomen subsequently showed increased liking for the faces of these individuals, whereas in men it was reduced.
“Women subsequently show increased liking for the faces of these individuals, whereas in men it is reduced.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ ResultsOxytocin increased left amygdala-right insula coupling strength in males but reduced it in females for criticizing vs. praising others.
“Extracted parameter estimates further demonstrated that OXT increased coupling strength in males ( t 35 = 3.59, P = 0.001, Cohen ' s d = 1.18) but reduced it in females ( t 35 = -2.29, P = 0.03, Cohen ' s d = 0.76) for criticizing vs. praising others”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ ResultsMale ratings were generally lower than female ones following oxytocin but not placebo.
“Moreover, male ratings were generally lower than female ones following OXT ( F 1, 70 = 6.83, P = 0.01, η 2 P = 0.09) but not PLC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ ResultsFaces paired with criticism were rated lowest and those paired with praise were rated highest.
“The likeability of faces paired with criticism was rated lowest [mean ( M ) ± SE, 3.83 ± 0.1] and those paired with praise was rated highest (6 ± 0.09).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ ResultsA significant treatment × sex interaction in likeability ratings revealed that oxytocin relative to placebo increased females' overall likeability ratings, whereas in males it tended to decrease them.
“In line with the fMRI findings, a significant treatment × sex interaction was found ( F 1, 70 = 7.08, P = 0.01, η 2 P = 0.09), revealing that whereas OXT relative to PLC increased females ' overall likeability ratings ( F 1, 70 = 4.25, P = 0.04, η 2 P = 0.06), in males it tended to decrease them ( F 1, 70 = 2.89, P = 0.09, η 2 P = 0.04)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ ResultsMen showed greater amygdala reactivity to those who criticized others, whereas women showed greater reactivity to those who praised them.
“with greater reactivity in men to those who criticized others ( t 35 = 3.22, P = 0.003, Cohen ' s d = 1.04) but in women to those who praised them ( t 35 = 2.45, P = 0.019, Cohen ' s d = 0.82)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ ResultsFor criticizers, left amygdala-right insula connectivity was weaker in females but stronger in males; for praisers, connectivity was stronger in females but weaker in males.
“with connectivity being weaker in females ( t 35 = -2.74, P = 0.01, Cohen ' s d = 0.9) but stronger in males ( t 35 = 2.49, P = 0.02, Cohen ' s d = 0.81) for criticizers, and for praisers, in contrast, stronger in females ( t 35 = 2.03, P = 0.05, Cohen ' s d = 0.68) but weaker in males ( t 35 = -2.15, P = 0.04, Cohen ' s d = 0.71)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides themIndividuals paired with positive valence characteristics are rated as more likeable and approachable, and the opposite occurs for those with negative information.
“Individuals paired with positive valence characteristics are rated as more likeable and approachable but the opposite for those with negative information (22).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides themBehavioral studies report that oxytocin facilitates positive social judgments, social approach, kinship recognition, and altruism in women, but negative social judgments, social avoidance, competitor recognition, and selfishness in men.
“In particular, behavioral studies have reported that whereas OXT tends to facilitate positive social judgments (7), social approach (8), kinship recognition (5), and altruism (9) in women, in men it can facilitate negative social judgments (7), social avoidance (10), competitor recognition (5), and selfishness (9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides themThe amygdala plays a key role in processing social salience and controlling approach and avoidance behaviors, which oxytocin has been shown to modulate.
“Importantly, this region plays a key role in processing social salience (18) and controlling approach and avoidance behaviors (10), which OXT has been shown to modulate (3, 4, 6, 19).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides themRecent studies in monkeys and humans suggest that oxytocin has evolved a more extensive role in social cognition in female primates and has become progressively used by males in this domain.
“Recent studies in both monkeys and humans have suggested that it has not only evolved a more extensive role in social cognition in female primates but also become progressively used by males in this domain (3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3] source
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides themDuring social interactions, people make rapid judgments about new people that determine whether to approach or avoid and shape future interactions with them.
“During social interactions, we make rapid judgments about new people that determine whether to approach or avoid and shape our future interactions with them (21).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoning§ Materials and MethodsThe partial correlation between likeability and oxytocin-altered functional connectivity was computed controlling for STAI and PANAS scores.
“The partial correlation between likeability and extraction of OXT-altered functional connectivity was computed controlling for STAI and PANAS scores because OXT might modulate anxiety and mood (45, 46).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [45] Guastella AJ, Howard AL, Dadds MR, Mitchell P, Carson DS (2009) A randomized controlled trial of intranasal oxytocin as an adjunct to exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(6):917 -923. source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [46] Heinrichs M, Baumgartner T, Kirschbaum C, Ehlert U (2003) Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress. Biol Psychiatry 54(12):1389 -1398. source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data§ DiscussionThe findings demonstrate that oxytocin enhances the salience of positive social attributes in women, while making men focus more on negative ones.
“In summary, our findings demonstrate that whereas OXT enhances the salience of positive social attributes in women, it makes men focus more on negative ones.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ DiscussionOther studies have reported that oxytocin effects on amygdala responses often occur with concurrent changes in its connections with, and activation of, the insula.
“Indeed, other studies have also reported that OXT effects on amygdala responses often occur with concurrent changes in its connections with, and activation of, the insula (27 -29).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [27] Rilling JK, et al. (2012) Effects of intranasal oxytocin and vasopressin on cooperative behavior and associated brain activity in men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 37(4): 447 -461. source
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- cites [28] Striepens N, et al. (2012) Oxytocin facilitates protective responses to aversive social stimuli in males. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(44):18144 -18149. source
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- cites [29] Riem MM, et al. (2012) No laughing matter: Intranasal oxytocin administration changes functional brain connectivity during exposure to infant laughter. Neuropsychopharmacology 37(5):1257 -1266. source
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May combine two claims.
Interpretationown data§ DiscussionThe neuroimaging results provide the first evidence that oxytocin exerts markedly different neural effects in men and women, with greater left amygdala response in women to socially but not nonsocially directed praise and in men to those who criticize others.
“Importantly, our neuroimaging results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that OXT exerts markedly different neural effects in men and women, with greater left amygdala response in women to individuals exhibiting socially but not nonsocially directed praise although in men to those who criticize others.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The neural basis of the opposing sex-dependent behavioral effects of oxytocin has not been established.
May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Study design and conductown data§ Materials and MethodsPretests showed that faces were rated emotionally neutral and average in attractiveness and trustworthiness, and that statement categories did not differ in arousal, likelihood, or comprehension.
“Subjects rated the faces as emotionally neutral ( M ± SD, 4.98 ± 0.15) and average in attractiveness (4.37 ± 0.35) and trustworthiness (4.87 ± 0.32) using 9-point Likert scales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ DiscussionPrevious studies indicate that oxytocin may induce sex-dependent changes in amygdala activation to emotional stimuli, but in opposite directions to the present findings.
“Previous studies on amygdala responses to fearful faces and fearful/threatening scenes (14 -17, 30) and social risk (31) have also indicated that OXT may induce sex-dependent changes in amygdala activation to emotional stimuli.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [14] source
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- cites [15] source
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- cites [16] source
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- cites [17] source
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- cites [30] Petrovic P, Kalisch R, Singer T, Dolan RJ (2008) Oxytocin attenuates affective evaluations of conditioned faces and amygdala activity. J Neurosci 28(26):6607 -6615. source
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- cites [31] Baumgartner T, Heinrichs M, Vonlanthen A, Fischbacher U, Fehr E (2008) Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans. Neuron 58(4): 639 -650. source
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May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation§ DiscussionThe lack of oxytocin modulation in a face-alone control condition argues against confounding effects of oxytocin on face perception per se or face sex.
“Additionally, the lack of OXT modulation in a face-alone control condition argues against confounding effects of OXT on face perception per se (25) or face sex (Tables S2 and S3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [25] source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
The neural basis of the opposing sex-dependent behavioral effects of oxytocin has not been established.
“The neural basis of these opposing sex-dependent behavioral effects of OXT has not, however, been established.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Male bias can be observed in much of prior work on oxytocin in humans.
“This bias can be observed in much of the prior work on oxytocin in humans as well, with some neuroimaging studies indicating potential differences in the oxytocin system between sexes.13, 14, 47, 48, 49”
From Intranasal oxytocin enhances intrinsic corticostriatal functional connectivity in women (2017) · cites this paper as [49]
Some neuroimaging studies indicate potential differences in the oxytocin system between sexes.
“This bias can be observed in much of the prior work on oxytocin in humans as well, with some neuroimaging studies indicating potential differences in the oxytocin system between sexes.13, 14, 47, 48, 49”
From Intranasal oxytocin enhances intrinsic corticostriatal functional connectivity in women (2017) · cites this paper as [49]
Only male participants were recruited for the oxytocin-fMRI and behavioral oxytocin-replication experiments to avoid potential confounds of sex differences in oxytocin effects.
“For the oxytocin-fMRI and behavioral oxytocin-replication experiments, we recruited only male participants to avoid potential confounds of sex differences in oxytocin effects 21,51 , consistent with previous studies examining oxytocin effects on social cognition.”
From Oxytocin modulates social value representations in the amygdala (2019) · cites this paper as [51]
OXT treatment decreases amygdala activity in response to negative/fearful emotions and increases activity of cortical and subcortical regions, often in a sex-specific way.
“As a result of these actions OXT treatment decreases amygdala activity in response to negative/ fearful emotions (Fig. 3) and increases the activity of cortical and subcortical regions, often in a sex-specific way (Gao et al., 2016).”
From Novel pharmacological targets in drug development for the treatment of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2016
A growing number of findings suggest sex-dependent effects of oxytocin on social cognition.
“Based on a growing number of findings suggesting sex-dependent effects of OXT on social cognition (Chen et al., 2016; Gao et al., 2016; Luo et al., 2017), the second experiment additionally explored whether OXT differentially affects empathic processing in men and women.”
From Oxytocin Enhancement of Emotional Empathy: Generalization Across Cultures and Effects on Amygdala Activity (2018) · cites this paper as Gao et al., 2016
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Not confirmedz = 2.41reported p = .008 · recomputed p = .016
“z = 2.41, p = .008”
- Not confirmedz = 2.51reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .012
“z = 2.51, p = .006”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Fisher's z P values appear one-tailed despite a two-tailed reporting rule
MinorFor z = 2.41 and z = 2.51, the two-tailed normal P values are approximately 0.016 and 0.012, respectively. The reported values, 0.008 and 0.006, are approximately one-tailed P values, contrary to the stated reporting rule.
“Fisher ' s z = 2.41, P = 0.008) and praising people in females (OXT, r = 0.5, P = 0.04; PLC, r = -0.35; P = 0.26; Fisher ' s z = 2.51, P = 0.006)”
“All reported P values were twotailed, and P < 0.05 was considered significant.”
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Precentral gyrus discrepancy in electronic versions of the Talairach atlas
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What does the amygdala contribute to social cognition
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Oxytocin enhances amygdala-dependent, socially reinforced learning and emotional empathy in humans
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Self-citationSex differences in brain activation to emotional stimuli: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
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Effects of intranasal oxytocin on emotional face processing in women
Domes, G., Lischke, A., Berger, C., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Heinrichs, M., & Herpertz, S. C. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.016 · Cited by 521 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The amygdala has a sexually dimorphic distribution and expression of OXT receptors in nonprimate mammals (12, 13), and separate OXT-application studies in humans have indicated that there may be differential amygdala reactivity to fearful faces and fearful/threatening scenes in men (14, 15) and women (16, 17).”
BackgroundNeuromodulation by Oxytocin and Vasopressin
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Different amygdala subregions mediate valence-related and attentional effects of oxytocin in humans
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“The amygdala has a sexually dimorphic distribution and expression of OXT receptors in nonprimate mammals (12, 13), and separate OXT-application studies in humans have indicated that there may be differential amygdala reactivity to fearful faces and fearful/threatening scenes in men (14, 15) and women (16, 17).”
BackgroundEvaluating face trustworthiness: a model based approach
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Oxytocin Attenuates Affective Evaluations of Conditioned Faces and Amygdala Activity
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Oxytocin, motherhood and bonding
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Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females
Scheele, D., Striepens, N., Güntürkün, O., Deutschländer, S., Maier, W., Kendrick, K. M., & Hurlemann, R. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2755-12.2012 · Cited by 298 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Importantly, this region plays a key role in processing social salience (18) and controlling approach and avoidance behaviors (10), which OXT has been shown to modulate (3, 4, 6, 19).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe animal and human neuroendocrinology of social cognition, motivation and behavior
McCall, C., & Singer, T. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3084 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Oxytocin facilitates protective responses to aversive social stimuli in males
Striepens, N., Scheele, D., Kendrick, K. M., Becker, B., Schäfer, L., Schwalba, K., Reul, J., Maier, W., & Hurlemann, R. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1208852109 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Oxytocin in Human Affect: A Novel Hypothesis
Kemp, A. H., & Guastella, A. J. (2011) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721411417547 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
A neural mechanism of first impressions
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Oxytocin increases amygdala reactivity to threatening scenes in females
Lischke, A., Gamer, M., Berger, C., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Heinrichs, M., Herpertz, S. C., & Domes, G. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.01.011 · Cited by 194 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The amygdala has a sexually dimorphic distribution and expression of OXT receptors in nonprimate mammals (12, 13), and separate OXT-application studies in humans have indicated that there may be differential amygdala reactivity to fearful faces and fearful/threatening scenes in men (14, 15) and women (16, 17).”
BackgroundRiem, M. M. E., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Tops, M., Boksem, M. A. S., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.313 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Oxytocin facilitates accurate perception of competition in men and kinship in women
Fischer-Shofty, M., Levkovitz, Y., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr100 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Opposing effects of oxytocin on moral judgment in males and females
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“Psychoneuroendocrinology 34(6):917–923.”
BackgroundInfluentialOxytocin facilitates social approach behavior in women
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Self-citationIndividual differences in learning the affective value of others under minimal conditions.
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Oxytocin modulates amygdala reactivity to masked fearful eyes
Kanat, M., Heinrichs, M., Mader, I., van Elst, L. T., & Domes, G. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.111 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gender moderates the effect of oxytocin on social judgments
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The effect of oxytocin on the anthropomorphism of touch
Peled‐Avron, L., Perry, A., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Biased Oxytocinergic Modulation of Midbrain Dopamine Systems
Xiao, L., Priest, M. F., Nasenbeny, J., Lu, T., & Kozorovitskiy, Y. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.003 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“Based on the known effects of striatal oxytocin on social interactions and pair-bonding behavior in the prairie vole and other rodents (Burkett et al., 2016; Dölen et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2016), one intriguing possibility is that oxytocin biases DA tone to enhance socially rewarding interactions at the expense of ex…”
Sartori, S. B., & Singewald, N. (2019) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107402 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Oxytocin and the Neurobiology of Prosocial Behavior
Marsh, N., Marsh, A. A., Lee, M. R., & Hurlemann, R. (2020) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858420960111 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationMartins, D., Mazibuko, N., Zelaya, F. O., Vasilakopoulou, S., Loveridge, J., Oates, A. E., Maltezos, S., Mehta, M. A., Wastling, S. J., Howard, M. A., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14845-5 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Overview of human oxytocin research
Kendrick, K. M., Guastella, A. J., & Becker, B. (2017) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2017_19 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Self-citationGrace, S. A., Rossell, S. L., Heinrichs, M., Kordsachia, C., & Labuschagne, I. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.031 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Three studies (Chen et al. 2017; Feng et al., 2015; Gao et al., 2016) that were included in the overall analysis were not included in the gender analysis as they only provided foci or main effects of pooled samples of males and females or contrasts comparing males and females.”
Oxytocin Modulates Attention Switching Between Interoceptive Signals and External Social Cues
Yao, S., Becker, B., Zhao, W., Zhao, Z., Kou, J., Ma, X., Geng, Y., Ren, P., & Kendrick, K. M. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.189 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…other hand, an influential hypothesis concerning OT’s functional effects is that it enhances the salience of external social cues (Bartz et al, 2011; Gao et al, 2016; *Correspondence: Professor KM Kendrick, Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in…”
InfluentialSelf-citationRole of oxytocin in the control of stress and food intake
Onaka, T., & Takayanagi, Y. (2019) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12700 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Intranasal oxytocin enhances intrinsic corticostriatal functional connectivity in women
Bethlehem, R. A. I., Lombardo, M. V., Lai, M.-C., Auyeung, B., Crockford, S. K., Deakin, J., Soubramanian, S., Sule, A., Kundu, P., Voon, V, et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.72 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Oxytocin and stress-related disorders: neurobiological mechanisms and treatment opportunities
Sippel, L. M., Allington, C. E., Pietrzak, R. H., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Mayes, L. C., & Olff, M. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547016687996 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Oxytocin effects in schizophrenia: Reconciling mixed findings and moving forward
Bradley, E., & Woolley, J. D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“…influence expression of OXTR in the brain as well as central oxytocin release (Gabor et al., 2012), and intranasal oxytocin administration may have differing effects on amygdala reactivity (Domes et al., 2010; Lischke et al., 2012) and salience of social cues (Gao et al., 2016) in men and women.”
Sex-dependent neural effect of oxytocin during subliminal processing of negative emotion faces.
Luo, L., Becker, B., Geng, Y., Zhao, Z., Gao, S., Zhao, W., Yao, S., Zheng, X., Ma, X., Gao, Z., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.08.079 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“The neural correlates of these sex-differences remain largely unknown, although initial studies have reported that opposite effects of OXT in men and women during social information processing are accompanied by parallel differential effects on striatal activity as well as amygdala activity and connectivity (Chen et a…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationOxytocin modulates social value representations in the amygdala
Liu, Y., Li, S., Lin, W., Li, W., Yan, X., Wang, X., Pan, X., Rutledge, R. B., & Ma, Y. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0351-1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Geng, Y., Zhao, W., Zhou, F., Ma, X., Yao, S., Hurlemann, R., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00512 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationSex-Related Differences in Plasma Oxytocin Levels in Humans
Marazziti, D., Baroni, S., Mucci, F., Piccinni, A., Moroni, I., Giannaccini, G., Carmassi, C., Massimetti, E., & Dell’Osso, L. (2019) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901915010058 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Eckstein, M., Markett, S. A., Kendrick, K. M., Ditzen, B., Liu, F., Hurlemann, R., & Becker, B. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.078 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“A number of recent studies have demonstrated gender-specific effects of IN-OT (Ditzen et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2016), thus the present results observed in a male sample cannot be directly extrapolated to women.”
Self-citationOxytocin and sex differences in behavior
Caldwell, H. K. (2018) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.02.002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Sex- and context-dependent effects of oxytocin on social sharing
Ma, X., Zhao, W., Luo, R., Zhou, F., Geng, Y., Xu, L., Gao, Z., Zheng, X., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.004 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“, 2011) and that this effect wasmediated by gender (Gao et al., 2016) the analysis”
Self-citationZhao, Z., Ma, X., Geng, Y., Zhao, W., Zhou, F., Wang, J., Markett, S. A., Biswal, B. B., Ma, Y., Kendrick, K. M., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.067 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationKou, J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, F., Sindermann, C., Montag, C., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720003803 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“There is, however, increasing evidence for sex-dependent effects of OT, notably for amygdala responses (Gao et al., 2016; Jurek & Neumann, 2018; Lieberz et al., 2019; Luo et al., 2017) and also for rs53576 (Feng et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMate-choice copying, social information processing, and the roles of oxytocin
Kavaliers, M., Matta, R., & Choleris, E. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.003 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“OT mediated responses associated with social and familiarity recognition are also evident in humans (Declerck et al., 2010; De Dreu et al., 2010, 2011; Gao et al., 2016; Guastella et al., 2008, 2010; Norman et al., 2011; Theodoridou et al., 2009; Theodoridou et al., 2011; Unkelbach et al., 2008) and, as in mice, these…”
Plessow, F., Marengi, D. A., Perry, S. K., Felicione, J. M., Franklin, R., Holmes, T. M., Holsen, L. M., Makris, N., Deckersbach, T., & Lawson, E. A. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.226 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Oxytocin Facilitates Social Learning by Promoting Conformity to Trusted Individuals
Xu, L., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00056 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“…business contexts (see Dowell et al., 2015) they are not usually distinguished in interpersonal social ones, and this may be important when considering effects of OXT in light of it facilitating emotional empathy but not cognitive empathy in some tasks (Hurlemann et al., 2010; Geng et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationYao, S., & Kendrick, K. M. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14020323 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin Modulates the Intrinsic Dynamics Between Attention-Related Large-Scale Networks
Xin, F., Zhou, F., Zhou, X., Ma, X., Geng, Y., Zhao, W., Yao, S., Dong, D., Biswal, B. B., Kendrick, K. M., et al. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy295 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationHow does oxytocin modulate human behavior?
Yao, S., & Kendrick, K. M. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-02898-1 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…the effects of OT on facial attractiveness can be differentially in fl uenced in men and women by provision of information about whether the person has been faithful or unfaithful in a previous relationship [140] or if they have positive (women) or negative (men) social attributes [141].”
Self-citationIntrinsic, dynamic and effective connectivity among large-scale brain networks modulated by oxytocin
Jiang, X., Ma, X., Geng, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhou, F., Zhao, W., Yao, S., Yang, S., Zhao, Z., Becker, B., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117668 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationGeng, Y., Zhao, W., Zhou, F., Ma, X., Yao, S., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00572 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Firstly, compared to previous studies that determined sex-differential neural effects of OXT during evaluation social-emotional stimuli the present sample was smaller [n = 70, previous studies enrolled slightly higher samples between around n = 80–90 subjects, (23, 64)].”
ResultSelf-citationXin, F., Zhou, X., Dong, D., Zhao, Z., Yang, X., Wang, Q., Gu, Y., Kendrick, K. M., Chen, A., & Becker, B. (2020) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202001077 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…The present study focused on the effects of OXT in men and in the context of increasing evidence for sexual dimorphic effects of OXT on amygdala and insula responses (e.g. Gao et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2018) the generalization of the findings to women remains to be determined in future studies.”
Self-citationOxytocin improves facial emotion recognition in young adults with antisocial personality disorder
Timmermann, M., Jeung, H., Schmitt, R., Boll, S., Freitag, C. M., Bertsch, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.07.483 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Tops, S., Habel, U., & Radke, S. (2018) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.03.002 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Witchey, S. K., Fuchs, J., & Patisaul, H. B. (2019) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2019.06.007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“While there are well-documented species differences, function and consequences of OT and AVP manipulation are thought to have similar effects on human behavior and social development (Dumais and Veenema, 2016; Gao et al., 2016).”
BackgroundA Novel Role of CD38 and Oxytocin as Tandem Molecular Moderators of Human Social Behavior
Tolomeo, S., Chiao, B., Lei, Z., Chew, S. H., & Ebstein, R. P. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.013 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Oxytocin Signaling Pathway: From Cell Biology to Clinical Implications
Iovino, M., Messana, T., Tortora, A., Giusti, C., Lisco, G., Giagulli, V. A., Guastamacchia, E., Pergola, G. D., & Triggiani, V. (2020) · Endocrine Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871530320666200520093730 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Becker, B., Zhang, Y., Cui, H., Du, J. R., Wernicke, J., Montag, C., Kendrick, K. M., & Yao, S. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.08.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation“Less is more”: A dose-response account of intranasal oxytocin pharmacodynamics in the human brain
Martins, D., Brodmann, K., Veronese, M., Dipasquale, O., Mazibuko, N., Schuschnig, U., Zelaya, F. O., Fotopoulou, A., & Paloyelis, Y. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102239 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sniffing oxytocin: Nose to brain or nose to blood?
Yao, S., Chen, Y., Zhuang, Q., Zhang, Y., Lan, C., Zhu, S., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02075-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationKou, J., Lan, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, Q., Zhou, F., Zhao, Z., Montag, C., Yao, S., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01241-w · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetics and developmental biology of cooperation
Kasper, C., Vierbuchen, M., Ernst, U., Fischer, S., Radersma, R., Raulo, A., Cunha‐Saraiva, F., Wu, M. H., Mobley, K. B., & Barbara Taborsky, A. (2017) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.14208 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Interestingly, these effects of OXT on social behaviour in humans have been demonstrated to differ between women and men (Gao et al., 2016).”
BackgroundTully, J., Gabay, A. S., Brown, D., Murphy, D., & Blackwood, N. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.11.017 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“, 2012), and amygdala response to social judgements (Gao et al., 2016).”
BackgroundZhuang, Q., Zheng, X., Becker, B., Lei, W. I., Xu, X., & Kendrick, K. M. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105412 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationSimpson, E. A., Paukner, A., Sclafani, V., Kaburu, S., Suomi, S. J., & Ferrari, P. F. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4480-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Another study reported OT enhanced females’ focus on positive social attributes and males’ focus on negative ones (Gao et al. 2016).”
BackgroundOxytocin release deficit and social cognition in craniopharyngioma patients
Brandi, M., Gebert, D., Kopczak, A., Auer, M. K., & Schilbach, L. (2020) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12842 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Le, J., Kou, J., Zhao, W., Fu, M., Zhang, Y., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0830-x · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin and social anxiety: Interactions with sex hormones
Schneider, E., Müller, L. E., Ditzen, B., Herpertz, S. C., & Bertsch, K. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105224 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Neuroimaging and behavioral evidence of sex-specific effects of oxytocin on human sociality
Procyshyn, T. L., Dupertuys, J., & Bartz, J. A. (2024) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2024.06.010 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Xu, X., Liu, C., Zhou, X., Chen, Y., Gao, Z., Zhou, F., Kou, J., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2019) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyz028 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Secondly, only male participants were included and a number of studies have reported opposite neural and behavioral effects of OXT in males and females (Scheele et al., 2014; Gao et al., 2016; Luo et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCutuli, D., Berretta, E., Caporali, P., Sampedro-Piquero, P., De Bartolo, P., Laricchiuta, D., Gelfo, F., Pesoli, M., Foti, F., Farioli Vecchioli, S., et al. (2019) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.015 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“For example, in naked mole-rats resident workers showing greater oxytocinergic neural activity are less aggressive than soldiers (Hathaway et al., 2016).”
Le, J., Kou, J., Zhao, W., Fu, M., Zhang, Y., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00803 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationOxytocin modulates neurocomputational mechanisms underlying prosocial reinforcement learning
Martins, D., Lockwood, P. L., Cutler, J., Moran, R., & Paloyelis, Y. (2022) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102253 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Luo, L., Becker, B., Zheng, X., Zhao, Z., Xu, X., Zhou, F., Wang, J., Kou, J., Dai, J., & Kendrick, K. M. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23880 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“For the face-matching task, a total of 60 neutral faces (30 pairs, 15 male pairs) and 60 houses (30 pairs) were selected from our own database (faces were previously used in (Gao et al., 2016)) (Figure 1b).”
MethodSelf-citationOxytocin for learning calm and safety.
Eckstein, M., de Minas, A. C. A., Scheele, D., Kreuder, A.-K., Hurlemann, R., Grinevich, V., & Ditzen, B. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.06.004 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationZhuang, Q., Zhu, S., Yang, X., Zhou, X., Xu, X., Chen, Z., Lan, C., Zhao, W., Becker, B., Yao, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120972347 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“While a previous study has found no sex-dependent effects of OT on facilitation of learning with social feedback (Hu et al., 2015), a number of studies have reported them in other contexts (Gao et al., 2016; Luo et al., 2017).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationWellman, J. K., Corcoran, K. E., & Stockly, K. J. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199827718.001.0001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Jeung-Maarse, H., Schmitgen, M. M., Schmitt, R., Bertsch, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01549-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Oxytocin amplifies sex differences in human mate choice
Xu, L., Becker, B., Luo, R., Zheng, X., Zhao, W., Zhang, Q., & Kendrick, K. M. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104483 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationZimmermann, J., Deris, N., Montag, C., Reuter, M., Felten, A., Becker, B., Weber, B., & Markett, S. A. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.06.014 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Modulatory effects of intranasal oxytocin on the insula-amygdala neural pathway have been described previously (Striepens et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2016).”
Self-citationRío, R. T.-D., van den Burg, E. H., Stoop, R., & Hegoburu, C. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5030-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Oral Administration of Oxytocin, Like Intranasal Administration, Decreases Top-Down Social Attention
Zhuang, Q., Zheng, X., Yao, S., Zhao, W., Becker, B., Xu, X., & Kendrick, K. M. (2022) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyac059 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…behavioral and neural effects of peripherally administered OXT (Dumais et al, 2017; Tabbaa and Hammock, 2020), and some studies in humans with intranasal OXT administration have also reported sexdependent effects (Gao et al., 2016; Luo et al., 2017), although not for social attention paradigms.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDyadic Coping and Its Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms – Implications for Stress Regulation
Zietlow, A., Eckstein, M., Hernández, C., Nonnenmacher, N., Reck, C., Schaer, M., Bodenmann, G., Heinrichs, M., & Ditzen, B. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02600 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Lapp, H. E., Bartlett, A. A., Zup, S. L., Hunter, R. G., & Moore, C. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104822 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Can intranasal oxytocin reduce craving in automated addictive behaviours? A systematic review
Houghton, B., Kouimtsidis, C., Duka, T., Paloyelis, Y., & Bailey, A. (2021) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.15617 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“, 2010), sexual dimorphic effects of intranasal oxytocin have also been discussed in relation to amygdala function and salience processing (Gao et al., 2016).”
BackgroundYao, D., Zhang, Y., Liu, T., Xu, P., Gong, D., Lu, J., Xia, Y., Luo, C., Guo, D., Dong, L., et al. (2020) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-020-09577-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationThe oxytocinergic system modulates sadistic context-dependent empathy in humans
Luo, S., Zhu, Y., Xu, Y., & Kong, Q. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12671-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, Q., Kou, J., Zhang, Y., Cui, H., Wernicke, J., Montag, C., Becker, B., Kendrick, K. M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.589878 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationWestberg, L., Henningsson, S., Zettergren, A., Svärd, J., Hovey, D., Lin, T., Ebner, N. C., & Fischer, H. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00178 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“These findings contribute to the understanding of how oxytocin regulates human social behaviors.”
BackgroundResultOxytocin increases eye gaze in schizophrenia
Bradley, E. R., Seitz, A., Niles, A. N., Rankin, K. P., Mathalon, D. H., O'Donovan, A., & Woolley, J. D. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.039 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“First, we included only men to reduce heterogeneity given oxytocin’s sexually dimorphic effects (Dumais et al., 2013; Gao et al., 2016).”
BackgroundOxytocin and vasopressin modulation of prisoner’s dilemma strategies
Neto, M. L., Antunes, M. C. D. S., Lopes, M. C., Ferreira, D. M. S., Rilling, J. K., & Prata, D. P. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120913145 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…have shown that oxytocin effects on amygdala neural responses to negative affective stimuli tend to be increased in women but decreased in men (Gao et al., 2016; Lischke et al., 2012), which is further supported by a sex-dependent receptor distribution in the amygdala (in non-primate mammals;…”
Liu, C., Lan, C., Li, K., Zhou, F., Yao, S., Xu, L., Yang, N., Zhou, X., Yang, J., Yong, X., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.04.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, W., Luo, R., Sindermann, C., Li, J., Wei, Z., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Le, J., Quintana, D. S., Montag, C., et al. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109734 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationLussier, D., Cruz‐Almeida, Y., & Ebner, N. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00338 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Martins, D., Leslie, M. R., Rodan, S., Zelaya, F. O., Treasure, J. L., & Paloyelis, Y. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00871-w · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zhao, W., Geng, Y., Luo, L., Zhao, Z., Ma, X., Xu, L., Yao, S., & Kendrick, K. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00272 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“However, there is growing evidence for sex-dependent behavioral and neural effects of OXT (see Gao et al., 2016) and thus we cannot exclude the possibility that there may also be sex-dependent effects of OXT in relation to self-processing and the endowment effect.”
BackgroundLu, J., Yang, H., He, H., Jeon, S., Hou, C., Evans, A. C., & Yao, D. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00695 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“To examine the role that this key component in the MD system played with other brain regions, we used the generalized form of context-dependent psychophysiological interactions (gPPI) analysis (McLaren et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2016) to compute the functional connectivity between the bilateral IPS and the whole brain.”
MethodSelf-citationLuo, R., Xu, L., Zhao, W., Ma, X., Xu, X., Kou, J., Gao, Z., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.020 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationFroemke, R. C., & Carcea, I. (2017) · Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803506-1.00037-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hillary, R. F., Gadd, D. A., Kuncheva, Z., Mangelis, T., Lin, T.-C., Ferber, K. L., McLaughlin, H., Runz, H., Biogen Biobank Team, Marshall, E., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51744-5 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Testing the effect of oxytocin on social grooming in bonobos
Brooks, J., Kano, F., Yeow, H., Morimura, N., & Yamamoto, S. (2022) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23444 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Levin, S. B. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190051495.001.0001 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Oxytocin modulates local topography of human functional connectome in healthy men at rest
Martins, D., Dipasquale, O., & Paloyelis, Y. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01610-z · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Zheng, X., & Kendrick, K. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.652473 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationMoussa, S. S., Fawaz, L., Ibrahim, W., Elsayed, M. F., & Ahmed, M. (2021) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501327211012942 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Oxytocin facilitates socially directed attention
Le, J., Zhao, W., Kou, J., Fu, M., Zhang, Y., Becker, B., & Kendrick, K. M. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13852 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationCoenjaerts, M., Trimborn, I., Adrovic, B., Stoffel‐Wagner, B., Cahill, L. F., Philipsen, A., Hurlemann, R., & Scheele, D. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119689 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Sex-specific behavioural and limbic effects have also been observed for the hypothalamic peptide oxytocin (OXT) (Gao et al., 2016; Luo et al., 2017; Rilling et al., 2014; Scheele et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDifferential Effects of Oxytocin on Visual Perspective Taking for Men and Women
Yue, T., Jiang, Y., Yue, C., & Huang, X. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00228 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Many previous research results, including social judgment (Hoge et al., 2014; Gao et al., 2016), social approach/avoidance (Theodoridou et al.”
BackgroundIntranasal oxytocin modulates the salience network in aging
Liu, P., Lin, T., Feifel, D., & Ebner, N. C. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119045 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Only recently has the field started to examine age-related differences and has found age and age-by-sex variations in oxytocin modulation on brain and behavior (Campbell et al., 2014; Ebner et al., 2016, 2015; Frazier et al., 2021; Gao et al., 2016; Horta et al., 2019; Luo et al., 2017; but see Grainger et al., 2019).”
BackgroundYue, T., Yue, C., Liu, G., & Huang, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00205 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…defensive behavior (which is contrary to the conclusion previously drawn from male subjects) (Domes et al., 2010; WittfothSchardt et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2016), and negativelyvalenced faces could receive a greater proportion of resources Frontiers in Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 5…”
MethodResultInfluentialXu, D., Li, Q., Zhuang, Q., Zhang, Y., Yao, S., Zhao, W., & Kendrick, K. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1022101 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“However, sexdependent differential effects of OXT have been found in several previous studies (Rilling et al., 2014; Gao et al., 2016; Bredewold and Veenema, 2018), so future studies will need to examine effects of oral OXT in female subjects.”
Self-citationWang, T., Kong, Y.-F., Xu, Y., et al. (2017) · Tetrahedron Letters · doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.09.006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kou, J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, F., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.08.23.20180489 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationRae, M. B., Gomes, I., Spelta, L. E. W., Bailey, A., Marcourakis, T., Devi, L. A., & Camarini, R. (2024) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109971 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Gao, S., Geng, Y., Li, J., Zhou, Y., & Yao, S. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00611 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationOpposing sex-dependent effects of oxytocin on the perception of gaze direction
Shi, Y., Liu, J., Hu, Z., & Gao, S. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05423-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationIntranasal oxytocin as a treatment for anxiety and autism: From subclinical to clinical applications
Yin, H., Jiang, M., Han, T., & Xu, X. (2024) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171211 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dou, H., Zou, L., Becker, B., & Lei, Y. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05720-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMenin, D., Aureli, T., & Dondi, M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263510 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This neuropeptide, known to play a key role in promoting mother-infant bonding, has in fact been suggested to have evolved sex-specific functional roles in social cognition [40].”
BackgroundLiu, C., Lan, C., Li, K., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.20.105684 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“First, only male subjects were investigated due sex differences in 5-HT synthesis rate (57) and the effects of oxytocin on amygdala reactivity (19,22) and future studies need to”
BackgroundSelf-citationPreckel, K., & Kanske, P. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Preliminary evidence that oxytocin does not improve mentalizing in women with schizophrenia
Bradley, E., Tai, M. L., Hankin, M., & Woolley, J. D. (2020) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104915 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“First, oxytocin exerts sexually dimorphic effects on behavior (Gao et al., 2016) and brain responses to social stimuli (Lieberz et al.”
BackgroundIntranasal oxytocin enhances the perception of ambiguous averted gaze in women but not in men
Zheng, Y., Shi, Y., Jia, H., Gao, S., & Hu, Z. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05828-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Gao, S., Becker, B., Luo, L., Geng, Y., Zhao, W., Yin, Y., Hu, J., Gao, Z., Gong, Q., Hurlemann, R., Yao, D., & Kendrick, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Division of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2016-06-20
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 27
- Pages
- 7650-7654
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4941426
- OpenAlex
- W2463712686
- Semantic Scholar
- af05fbad29f511e2370f503c16a26d83b21df3a2
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 40.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (31530032)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- oxytocin, sex differences, amygdala activation, social cognition, intranasal oxytocin, social bonding, prosocial behavior, antisocial behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Oxytocin, Sex Characteristics, Social Behavior, Young Adult, Sociological Factors
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