The DOI matches its Crossref record; 86 of the 86 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 6 of the 92 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions
Open accessAbstract
During adolescence, considerable social and biological changes occur that interact with functional brain maturation, some of which are sex-specific. The amygdala is one brain area that has displayed sexual dimorphism, specifically in socio-affective (superficial amygdala [SFA]), stress (centromedial amygdala [CMA]), and learning and memory (basolateral amygdala [BLA]) processing. The amygdala has also been implicated in mood and anxiety disorders which display sex-specific features, most prominently observed during adolescence. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study examined the interaction of age and sex on resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) of amygdala sub-regions, BLA and SFA, in a sample of healthy adolescents between the ages 10 and 16 years (n = 122, 71 boys). Whole-brain, voxel-wise partial correlation analyses were conducted to determine RSFC of bilateral BLA and SFA seed regions, created using the Eickhoff-Zilles maximum probability maps based on cytoarchitectonic mapping and FMRIB's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool (FIRST). Monte Carlo simulation was implemented to correct for multiple comparisons (threshold of 53 contiguous voxels with a z-value ≥ 2.25). Results indicated that with increasing age, there was a corresponding decrease in RSFC between both amygdala sub-regions and parieto-occipital cortices, with a concurrent increase in RSFC with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Specifically, boys and girls demonstrated increased coupling of mPFC and left and right SFA with age, respectively; however, neither sex showed increased connectivity between mPFC and BLA, which could indicate relative immaturity of fronto-limbic networks that is similar across sex. A dissociation in connectivity between BLA- and SFA-parieto-occipital RSFC emerged, in which girls had weaker negative RSFC between SFA and parieto-occipital regions and boys had weaker negative RSFC of BLA and parieto-occipital regions with increased age, both standing in contrast to adult patterns of amygdala sub-regional RSFC. The present findings suggest relative immaturity of amygdala sub-regional RSFC with parieto-occipital cortices during adolescence, with unique patterns in both sexes that may support memory and socio-affective processing in boys and girls, respectively. Understanding the underlying normative functional architecture of brain networks associated with the amygdala during adolescence may better inform future research of the neural features associated with increased risk for internalizing psychopathology.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This fMRI study tested whether age and sex interact in resting-state functional connectivity of basolateral and superficial amygdala subregions in 122 healthy adolescents aged 10–16. It reports sex-specific developmental shifts in amygdala coupling with parieto-occipital and medial prefrontal regions, suggesting different maturational timing for BLA- and SFA-based networks.
Key findings
- Across age, both BLA and SFA showed weaker connectivity with parieto-occipital cortices and stronger connectivity with mPFC, but the direction of change differed by sex.
- Girls showed a shift from positive to negative BLA–parieto-occipital connectivity with age, whereas boys showed the reverse, with both shifting around age 14; for SFA–parieto-occipital connectivity, boys became more negative and girls more positive with age.
- mPFC coupling was lateralized by sex: boys showed increased left SFA–left vmPFC connectivity with age, while girls showed increased right SFA–dmPFC connectivity; neither sex showed increased mPFC–BLA coupling.
- Adding puberty as a covariate did not significantly change the connectivity results (all r² ≥ 0.52, p ≤ 0.001).
Methods
- Cross-sectional sample of 122 adolescents (71 boys), ages 10–16, without current DSM-IV psychiatric disorders, significant substance use, neurological illness, or other exclusionary conditions; scanned at 3T with two resting-state fMRI runs.
- Amygdala subregion ROIs were defined by intersecting Eickhoff-Zilles maximum probability maps with FIRST-based segmentation; BLA and SFA were analyzed, while CMA was excluded because many participants had zero or very few CMA voxels (BLA mean voxel count 905.1 ± 232.4; SFA 180.8 ± 85.6; CMA 0.9 ± 2.2).
- Whole-brain voxel-wise partial correlations modeled age, sex, sex-by-age, and residual framewise displacement; Monte Carlo correction used 53 contiguous voxels at z ≥ 2.25. Post-hoc models added puberty as a covariate.
Limitations
- The paper states that the cross-sectional design cannot capture developmental change or causal effects, that CMA could not be reliably analyzed, that the puberty measure had only modest agreement with clinician or Tanner assessments, and that a supplementary motion-censoring analysis was consistent but some effects became trend-like.
- The paper also notes the lack of adult comparison data, which limits conclusions about whether the observed adolescent patterns represent immature or transitional connectivity.
- Evident from the text: the sample is healthy and restricted to ages 10–16, and the authors describe behavioral and clinical interpretations as speculative because no direct behavioral or psychopathology outcomes were tested.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
41 Not checked yet · 40 Own result · 12 Own interpretation · 6 Own method · 2 Supported · 1 Partly supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Strict motion correction procedures were applied to resting state functional maps, due to the sensitivity of RSFC data to head motion (Power et al., 2012, Satterthwaite et al., 2012, Van Dijk et al., 2012).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.4 Motion correction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Power et al., 2012 source
The Discussion concludes that head-motion artifacts contribute substantially to resting-state functional connectivity MRI signals and produce spurious correlation patterns. The Results also show motion-related BOLD changes persisting after standard correction, supporting the stated sensitivity to head motion. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Satterthwaite et al., 2012 source
The Discussion reports that in-scanner head motion influences multiple measures of functional connectivity and concludes that it affects common analyses of resting-state functional MRI data. The Conclusions section also recommends accounting for motion when comparing connectivity. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Van Dijk et al., 2012 source
The Introduction states that resting-state functional connectivity MRI is sensitive to head motion, even after common preprocessing. The Discussion reports that head motion systematically affects functional connectivity estimates, supporting the reason given for careful motion correction. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Notably, studies that have examined amygdalar RSFC in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder have found increased connectivity of the amygdala with parietal and occipital cortices (Cullen et al., 2014, Jacobs et al., 2014, Pannekoek et al., 2014);”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Cullen et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract Results and Discussion (‘Amygdala-Precuneus RSFC’; page not provided) report greater amygdala–precuneus connectivity in adolescents with MDD than in healthy controls, supporting the parietal-cortex part of the claim. Our copy does not report increased connectivity with occipital cortex; a search for ‘occipital’ found no such result. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites Jacobs et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Amygdala hyperconnectivity; page unavailable) report greater left-amygdala connectivity with a medial parietal region in participants with remitted MDD, but do not report increased connectivity with occipital cortex. The Methods (Cross-Correlation Analysis; page unavailable) add that the left-amygdala differences became nonsignificant after accounting for movement. The sample was aged 18–23, not children and adolescents at the time of scanning. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked yetcites Pannekoek et al., 2014 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but age was still negatively correlated with FD (r2 = −0.31, p = 0.001);”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Connectivity between left SFA and vmPFC followed the patterns observed in RSFC of BLA with cortical brain regions.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prior to data scrubbing, FD values were statistically similar in boys and girls (t120 = −1.91, p = 0.06)”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, boys showed increased coupling between similar regions with age, with a shift from negative to positive connectivity, also around the age of 14 years.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following data scrubbing, there were no sex differences in FD (i.e. FD remaining mean) (t120 = 0.27, p = 0.79),”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In right BLA, an interaction was observed in left superior frontal gyrus (SFG), IPL, precuneus (PC), middle occipital gyrus (MOG) and postcentral gyrus with the same dissociation as left BLA RSFC patterns across the sexes.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Introducing puberty into partial correlation analyses did not significantly change the aforementioned RSFC results (all r2 ≥ 0.52, p ≤ 0.001).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results > 3.1 Post-hoc Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age distribution by sex was also statistically similar (see Supplementary Figure 6).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These and other studies suggest that the amygdala is positively connected with subcortical and limbic regions, and that functional connectivity between these brain regions is stabilized early in childhood development (Gabard-Durnam et al., 2014);”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gabard-Durnam et al., 2014 source
Discussion §4.1 (page not supplied) reports positive resting-state coupling between the amygdala and subcortical and limbic regions. It says these connections were stable in young childhood and suggests they stabilize largely before childhood. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In left SFA an interaction was seen in right lingual gyrus (LG), left SFG, right cuneus and right culmen, and in all these regions, except left vmPFC, girls had increased positive connectivity with age, and boys had increased negative connectivity with age.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, increased positive connectivity between left SFA and left vmPFC with age was observed in boys, while girls showed increased positive connectivity between right SFA and a more dorsal mPFC region.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In left BLA, an interaction of sex and age was seen in left inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and right angular gyrus (AG) that displayed the pattern described above: increased positive connectivity with age in boys and increased negative connectivity with age in girls.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, voxel counts were not statistically different by sex for any sub-region (all t120 < 0.48, p > 0.05).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.5 Definition of amygdala sub-region ROIs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BLA size, based on voxel count, was larger in left compared to right hemisphere (t120 = 33.41, p < 0.001),”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.5 Definition of amygdala sub-region ROIs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This examination revealed a dissociation of RSFC of BLA, in which girls had positive RSFC at younger ages that decreased over adolescent development into negative RSFC, while boys had negative RSFC at younger ages that increased over development to positive RSFC.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, in right SFA, connectivity with left postcentral gyrus also followed the same patterns of RSFC observed with BLA, while connectivity with left dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) showed the opposite pattern, with girls having increased positive connectivity with age and boys having increased negative connectivity with age (Figures 1-3 and Table 2).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rather, with age, boys showed coupling between vmPFC and BLA, while girls showed coupling between dmPFC and SFA,”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings are specific to SFA and lateralized by sex, with functional connections to different regions of the mPFC.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while right SFA voxel count was larger than left SFA (t120 = −10.71, p < 0.001).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.5 Definition of amygdala sub-region ROIs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Boys and girls did not differ statistically by age, IQ or SES, but did differ in pubertal development, although on average, boys and girls reported the same pubertal stage (see Table 1).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, at younger ages, girls had more positive RSFC between BLA and posterior-occipital cortex that diminished to negative connectivity by the age of 14 years, reflecting increased decoupling of these regions with age.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the groups were not matched on pubertal status, the effect of puberty was examined post-hoc, and this maturational gap did not statistically affect the results of the present analyses.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but did differ in pubertal development, although on average, boys and girls reported the same pubertal stage (see Table 1).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both SFA and BLA sub-regions showed decreased connectivity with parieto-occipital cortices and increased connectivity with mPFC,”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average, BLA ROIs had larger voxel counts (905.1 ± 232.4), followed by SFA (180.8 ± 85.6) and CMA (0.9 ± 2.2), corresponding to anatomical size.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.5 Definition of amygdala sub-region ROIs
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, most CMA voxel counts were quite small and in many cases zero, so we chose not to include CMA ROIs in functional connectivity analyses.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.5 Definition of amygdala sub-region ROIs
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The opposite pattern was observed with functional connectivity of SFA and parieto-occipital brain regions: with age, boys had more robust negative RSFC, while girls had more positive RSFC between SFA and parieto-occipital cortex.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With increasing age, boys also displayed more mature decoupling of SFA and parieto-occipital cortex, compared to girls who showed immature functional coupling between these regions.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.3 Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of this analysis show consistency with the reported findings, albeit some findings, potentially due to reduced power, remained trend like and did not reach significance.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.2 Strengths and limitations
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many participants had CMA ROIs with as little as one voxel and as many as ten corresponding to this region; the majority of participants had zero voxels that confidently corresponded to the CMA (48% in left CMA and 100% in right CMA).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.2 Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, girls had more mature decoupling of BLA and parieto-occipital cortical regions, while boys showed immature functional coupling between these same areas.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.3 Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CMA is critical in the generation of behavioral responses through projections to the brainstem, striatum, and regions of the cortex (LeDoux, 2003).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites LeDoux, 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As such, it is believed that amygdalar functioning is not down-regulated effectively by medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) during adolescence (i.e. Dual Systems Model), which can manifest as heightened emotional reactivity typical of this developmental period (Hare et al., 2008, Perlman and Pelphrey, 2011, McRae et al., 2012, Gee et al., 2013).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, the SFA is relevant for olfactory (Price, 2003, Heimer and Van Hoesen, 2006) and affective processes (Bzdok et al., 2013a).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Price, 2003 source
- Not checked yetcites Heimer and Van Hoesen, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Bzdok et al., 2013a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The amygdala can be subdivided into basolateral (BLA), centromedial (CMA) and superficial (SFA) nuclei, each with distinct functional connections to the cortex supporting different brain functions.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The BLA facilitates associative learning processes, like fear conditioning, through afferent projections from the frontal cortex and other subcortical regions (LeDoux, 2003, Phelps and LeDoux, 2005).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to a residual correlation between FD remaining mean and age, this variable was included as a covariate in the analyses (see 3. Results).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.6 Data analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“while different studies have also shown protracted prefrontal cortical development through adolescence, with girls showing relative maturity as compared to boys (Giedd et al., 1996, Lenroot et al., 2007).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings are in line with the Dual Systems Model that posits increasing top-down regulation of the limbic system via mPFC with age (Galvan et al., 2006, Steinberg, 2010); however, the regional specificity of the present findings slightly deviate from this model.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“as well as in prefrontal cortices, with girls peaking in gray matter volume approximately two years earlier than boys (Lenroot et al., 2007).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lenroot et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, atypical functional connectivity of amygdala-mPFC neurocircuitry has been shown to underlie disrupted emotional and cognitive ability during psychopathologic states, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and mood disorders (Anand et al., 2005, Das et al., 2007, Henry et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2009, Berking and Wupperman, 2012, Cisler and Olatunji, 2012),”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Girls and boys exhibited opposing RSFC connectivity patterns that only partially reflect adult functional connectivity of parieto-occipital cortices with sub-regions of the amygdala, in which SFA RSFC is more mature in girls, while BLA RSFC is more mature in boys.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous work has found distinct functional connectivity patterns, as measured with RSFC, across amygdalar nuclei (Roy et al., 2009, Li et al., 2012, Qin et al., 2012, Gabard-Durnam et al., 2014), specifically different patterns of age-dependent positive connectivity between amygdalar nuclei and ventromedial PFC (vmPFC), temporal, and subcortical regions, as well as negative connectivity with pari”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“DVAR values, which are based in BOLD signal intensity, differ across datasets for a variety of reasons (e.g. blurring kernel size, frequency filter or data acquisition characteristics) (Power et al., 2014), effectively eliminating the need for a standard threshold.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.4 Motion correction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Power et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Self-report on the PDS has been shown to correlate moderately with other measurements of pubertal status, like Tanner's Sexual Maturation Scale (Bond et al., 2006).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.1. Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bond et al., 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous research has shown coupling of mPFC and all amygdala sub-regions with increasing age (Roy et al., 2009, Qin et al., 2012, Gabard-Durnam et al., 2014),”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No variables exceeded absolute skew/kurtosis values of 2.0, and thus were considered normally distributed.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 2. Materials and Methods > 2.6 Data analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies in adults have reported sex differences in amygdala sub-region shape and volume (Kim et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2012) and in RSFC of non-limbic brain regions using a variety of analytic methods (Kilpatrick et al., 2006, Biswal et al., 2010, Tian et al., 2011, Casanova et al., 2012, Satterthwaite et al., 2014).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, only one study performed a secondary analysis to examine sex differences in adolescents, which did not yield a significant effect of sex (Gabard-Durnam et al., 2014).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gabard-Durnam et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“we tested the robustness of our findings by adjusting the functional connectivity processing steps and employing a different method of motion censoring in a supplementary analysis (see Supplementary Methods), as suggested by prior reports (Hallquist et al., 2013, Power et al., 2014).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.2 Strengths and limitations
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these results indicate a sex-specific dissociation in amygdala sub-region RSFC with cortical brain regions, which underscores the importance of both the examination of sex differences in adolescent samples and of amygdalar function by sub-region, potentially in the contexts of socio-emotional processing and with populations at risk for, or suffering from, depression.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.3 Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“demonstrating that functional decoupling of SFA and parietal cortex is relevant for social communication and behavior, but that behavioral outcomes may differ depending on sex.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many studies in rodents and humans have functionally differentiated the dorsal and ventral mPFC, and there is general concensus that dmPFC supports cognitive processing, while vmPFC supports more emotional processing (Euston et al., 2012, Bzdok et al., 2013b) or internally-directed activity (Raichle et al., 2001).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The age range of the current sample (10-16 years) is more representative of the adolescent period, therefore he lack of RSFC between mPFC and BLA may also suggest that fronto-limbic connectivity is primarily supported by RSFC between mPFC and SFA during adolescence.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The vmPFC is a component of the “ventral affective system” described in the Dual Systems Model, which posits an imbalance in access to affective versus cognitive control brain regions leading to ineffective top-down regulation of the affective system by the cognitive control system (Steinberg, 2010).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steinberg, 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The SFA is the most conserved amygdala sub-region and it is thought to play an important role in social communication via olfactory (Bzdok et al., 2013a) and social cues (Goossens et al., 2009, Bzdok et al., 2013a);”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bzdok et al., 2013a
- Not checked yetcites Goossens et al., 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A different study showed that administration of allopregnanolone reduced connectivity between the amygdala and parietal cortex, which was also correlated with reductions in negative affect (Sripada et al., 2014).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sripada et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“If decoupling of SFA and parieto-occipital cortices is indeed the norm in adulthood as some studies suggest (Roy et al., 2009, Gabard-Durnam et al., 2014), then the sexually dimorphic trajectories of amygdala sub-regional connectivity observed in the current sample may give way to mature patterns observed in adults;”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous research examining RSFC of amygdala sub-regions found increased positive connectivity with age (10 – 25 years) between all sub-regions and the mPFC (Gabard-Durnam et al., 2014),”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gabard-Durnam et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A recent study comparing dmPFC and vmPFC function with meta-analytic connectivity modeling found that vmPFC is primarily involved in bottom-up, approach/avoidance, and evaluation-related processing, while dmPFC was mostly involved in top-down and metacognition-related processing in social cognition (Bzdok et al., 2013b).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bzdok et al., 2013b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the lack of coupling between BLA and mPFC, the current sample may be displaying some immaturity in fronto-limbic connectivity.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An additional limitation of this study is its cross sectional design, which is not ideal for capturing developmental effects.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.2 Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The large sample size, careful delineation of amygdala sub-regions, and meticulous assessment of head motion and subsequent data scrubbing (see 2.4 Motion Correction and Supplementary Data) inspires confidence in the reported results.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.2 Strengths and limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The relatively delayed maturation of cognitive control regions favors emotional processing by regions like the amygdala and vmPFC in early adolescence; however, with increasing age and maturity, cognitive control brain regions like dorsolateral PFC and dmPFC more effectively regulate limbic regions.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steinberg, 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although all sub-regions are relevant for emotional processing (Ball et al., 2007, Hurlemann et al., 2008, Bzdok et al., 2013a), BLA is additionally important for memory function (Bzdok et al., 2013a); therefore, males demonstrating positive RSFC between parieto-occipital and BLA may report problems with memory functions.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lastly, our measure of puberty shares only modest concordance with clinician evaluations of pubertal girls (Brooks-Gunn et al., 1987), which we did not have access to, and a moderate agreement with self-reported Tanner staging (Bond et al., 2006), limiting our interpretation of true pubertal effects.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.2 Strengths and limitations
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The mPFC has been strongly implicated in social cognition and also displays functional segregation along the dorsal-ventral axis (Amodio and Frith, 2006, Pfeifer and Allen, 2012, Bzdok et al., 2013b);”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An alternative interpretation is that RSFC between SFA and both ventral and dorsal mPFC support different components of social cognition.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies have shown that throughout the span of adolescence, different brain regions reach peak gray matter volume at distinct rates (Giedd, 2004, Gogtay et al., 2004, Creze et al., 2014), with concurrent changes in neurophysiology (Whitford et al., 2007).”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.2 Strengths and limitations
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Alternatively, girls may rely on regions such as the cuneus and LG, which are implicated in emotional face processing (Bremner et al., 2004, Kitada et al., 2010, Kret et al., 2011), for socio-emotional processing as a distinct mechanism supporting neural functional connectivity patterns that in turn manifest into sexually dimorphic social behavior.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Cytoarchitectonic maps based on adult samples may not be representative of adolescent populations.
“Although cytoarchitectonic maps are precise microstructural tools, they are based on adult samples that may not be representative of adolescent populations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
An imbalance in maturity of frontal and limbic brain regions is likely insufficient to explain the range of behavior in adolescents.
“An imbalance in maturity of frontal and limbic brain regions is likely insufficient, however, to explain the range of behavior in adolescents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sex differences may be obscured when collapsing data across a variety of developmental stages.
“however, sex differences may be obscured when collapsing data across a variety of developmental stages.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“some studies have shown more focal differences in the thalamus, corpus callosum, cingulum, and superior cerebellar peduncles 136, 137, and some studies also show regions of increased FA in adult females compared with males, including the corpus callosum and fronto-occipital fasciculus137, 138.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [138]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion
“in which SFA RSFC is more mature in girls, while BLA RSFC is more mature in boys.”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion > 4.1 Age-by-sex effects
“the present results support an interpretation of increased maturity of limbic-parietal-occipital networks supported by BLA in girls and SFA in boys”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 4. Discussion
“Rather, with age, boys showed coupling between vmPFC and BLA, while girls showed coupling between dmPFC and SFA”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > Abstract
“neither sex showed increased connectivity between mPFC and BLA”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“FD was negatively correlated with age (r2 = −0.22, p = 0.02). Following data scrubbing, there were no sex differences in FD (i.e. FD remaining mean) (t120 = 0.27, p = 0.79), but age was still negatively correlated with FD (r2 = −0.31, p = 0.001)”
§ Developmental sex differences in resting state functional connectivity of amygdala sub-regions > 3. Results
Reported -0.22 · recomputed 0.0484
Citations
Cites
The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory
Oldfield, R. C. (1971) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 · Cited by 35,900
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190
Complex network measures of brain connectivity: Uses and interpretations
Rubinov, M., & Sporns, O. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.003 · Cited by 11,522
AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Cox, R. W. (1996) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 · Cited by 10,913
Power, J. D., Barnes, K. A., Snyder, A. Z., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.018 · Cited by 7,429
Four Factor Index of Social Status
Paschou, R. (1975) · Cited by 6,989
Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402680101 · Cited by 5,604 · cited 4×
“, 2014); however, prefrontal cortical brain regions display a protracted rate of development that extends into the third decade of life (Giedd et al., 1996; Gogtay et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialWechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Dumont, R., Willis, J. O., Veizel, K., & Zibulsky, J. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2519 · Cited by 5,546
Four Factor Index of Social Status [1975]
Hollingshead, A. B. (1975) · Cited by 5,151
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood
Gilmore, J. H., Knickmeyer, R. C., & Gao, W. (2018) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.1 · Cited by 1,013
Sensitive periods of substance abuse: Early risk for the transition to dependence
Jordan, C. J., & Andersen, S. L. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.10.004 · Cited by 455
Puberty and the human brain: insights into adolescent development
Vijayakumar, N., Op de Macks, Z., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Pfeifer, J. H. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.004 · Cited by 437
Bailen, N. H., Green, L. M., & Thompson, R. J. (2019) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073918768878 · Cited by 427
Brain changes associated with cognitive and emotional factors in chronic pain: A systematic review
Malfliet, A., Coppieters, I., Van Wilgen, P., Kregel, J., De Pauw, R., Dolphens, M., & Ickmans, K. (2017) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1003 · Cited by 342
Metadata
- Authors
- Alarcón, G., Cservenka, A., Rudolph, M. D., Fair, D. A., & Nagel, B. J.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nagel, Bonnie J.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 115
- Pages
- 235-244
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4461484
- OpenAlex
- W2018473894
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 7.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01 AA017664, T32 AA007468-24)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- resting-state functional connectivity, basolateral amygdala, superficial amygdala, sex differences, adolescence, brain maturation, medial prefrontal cortex, parieto-occipital cortex, fronto-limbic network, memory processes, sex differences in brain development, anxiety disorders, mood disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aging, Amygdala, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Intelligence, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Puberty, Reference Values, Rest, Sex Characteristics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
