Structural and Maturational Covariance in Early Childhood Brain Development
Open accessAbstract
Brain structural covariance networks (SCNs) composed of regions with correlated variation are altered in neuropsychiatric disease and change with age. Little is known about the development of SCNs in early childhood, a period of rapid cortical growth. We investigated the development of structural and maturational covariance networks, including default, dorsal attention, primary visual and sensorimotor networks in a longitudinal population of 118 children after birth to 2 years old and compared them with intrinsic functional connectivity networks. We found that structural covariance of all networks exhibit strong correlations mostly limited to their seed regions. By Age 2, default and dorsal attention structural networks are much less distributed compared with their functional maps. The maturational covariance maps, however, revealed significant couplings in rates of change between distributed regions, which partially recapitulate their functional networks. The structural and maturational covariance of the primary visual and sensorimotor networks shows similar patterns to the corresponding functional networks. Results indicate that functional networks are in place prior to structural networks, that correlated structural patterns in adult may arise in part from coordinated cortical maturation, and that regional co-activation in functional networks may guide and refine the maturation of SCNs over childhood development.
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The observed sequence fits the presence of basic touch and vision at birth and findings that primary sensory cortex matures earliest.
“These trends are consistent with the presence of basic somatosensory and visual functions at birth, and help contextualize findings that primary sensory regions are generally the first cortical areas to reach plateaus or peaks in growth (Geng et al., 2016; Gilmore et al., 2012; Lyall et al., 2015; Scott et al., 2015).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Geng et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Geng, X., Li, G., Lu, Z., Gao, W., Wang, L., Shen, D., Zhu, H., & Gilmore, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Korea University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Geng, Xiujuan
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-02-13
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- bhw022
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC6059236
- OpenAlex
- W2324745214
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 84 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 6.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- NIH
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- structural covariance networks, early childhood brain development, cortical maturation, default mode network, dorsal attention network, sensorimotor network, functional connectivity, longitudinal neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Organ Size, Sex Characteristics
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