Thalamus Modulates Consciousness via Layer-Specific Control of Cortex
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Functional MRI and electrophysiology studies suggest that consciousness depends on large-scale thalamocortical and corticocortical interactions. However, it is unclear how neurons in different cortical layers and circuits contribute. We simultaneously recorded from central lateral thalamus (CL) and across layers of the frontoparietal cortex in awake, sleeping, and anesthetized macaques. We found that neurons in thalamus and deep cortical layers are most sensitive to changes in consciousness level, consistent across different anesthetic agents and sleep. Deep-layer activity is sustained by interactions with CL. Consciousness also depends on deep-layer neurons providing feedback to superficial layers (not to deep layers), suggesting that long-range feedback and intracolumnar signaling are important. To show causality, we stimulated CL in anesthetized macaques and effectively restored arousal and wake-like neural processing. This effect was location and frequency specific. Our findings suggest layer-specific thalamocortical correlates of consciousness and inform how targeted deep brain stimulation can alleviate disorders of consciousness.
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The distal compartment gets signals from neuromodulatory sources, other cortical regions, and non-lemniscal thalamus.
“the distal compartment receives input from neuromodulatory centers [36], other cortical areas [37–39], and the non-lemniscal thalamus [40,41]”
From Testing circuit-level theories of consciousness in humans (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The citation is attached to the non-lemniscal thalamus clause, not the claims about neuromodulatory centers or other cortical areas. The Introduction (page unavailable) says the central lateral thalamic nucleus projects to superficial cortical layers, supporting a thalamic input to superficial cortex. The paper does not establish that this input reaches the distal compartment specifically. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent animal studies demonstrate reversal of the anesthetized state with central thalamus stimulation, leading to return of functional corticocortical connectivity.
“This is consistent with recent animal studies demonstrating the reversal of the anesthetized state with stimulation of the central thalamus (Donoghue et al., 2019; Redinbaugh et al., 2020), leading to a return of functional corticocortical connectivity.”
From Conscious Processing and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis (2020) · cites this paper as Redinbaugh et al., 2020
Electrical stimulation of the central thalamus reverses the anesthetized state in non-human primates and is associated with return of corticocortical connectivity.
“Indeed, electrical stimulation of the central thalamus has recently been shown to reverse the anesthetized state in non-human primates, in association with a return of corticocortical connectivity (Donoghue et al., 2019; Redinbaugh et al., 2020; J. Tasserie et al., 2019, Soc. Neurosci., conference).).”
From Conscious Processing and the Global Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis (2020) · cites this paper as Redinbaugh et al., 2020
Many current theories and adversarial collaborations do not explicitly say how subcortical structures such as the thalamus contribute to conscious states and contents, even though the thalamus is known to be important.
“while contemporary theories [2,3] and recent adversarial collaborations [49] often omit explicit claims about how subcortical structures like the thalamus support conscious states and content (but see [4,31,50–52]) despite its known importance [40,44,53–55]”
From Testing circuit-level theories of consciousness in humans (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
REM dreams are longer and more narrative than NREM dreams.
“For example, after just 5 minutes of REM sleep, raters could recognize an average of 5-6 concatenated “dramatic units” vs. ~1 unit after an arbitrary duration of NREM stage 2 sleep16 (but see17).”
From Consciousness and sleep (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
The STAR METHODS (METHOD DETAILS; page unavailable) describe identifying early NREM sleep in monkeys for neural recordings, not assessing dreams. Searches for REM versus NREM dream length, narrative content, and dramatic units found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Previous research found that the DBS frequency most effective in causing arousal in anaesthetized animals of 50 Hz approximately matched the frequency of thalamic activity when animals were awake.
“previous research 17 has found that the DBS frequency most effective in causing arousal in anaesthetized animals of 50 Hz approximately matched the frequency of thalamic activity when animals were awake”
From Thalamic oscillations distinguish natural states of consciousness in humans (2026) · cites this paper as [17]
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Chowdhury, A., Wu, X., Beilner, T., Schreiner, T., Koeglsperger, T., Mehrkens, J.-H., Remi, J., Vollmar, C., Kaufmann, E., & Staudigl, T. (2026) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02446-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Redinbaugh, M. J., Phillips, J. M., Kambi, N. A., Mohanta, S., Andryk, S., Dooley, G. L., Afrasiabi, M., Raz, A., & Saalmann, Y. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Redinbaugh, Michelle J.
- Saalmann, Yuri B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 66-75.e12
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7243351
- OpenAlex
- W3005621022
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 57 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 31
- FWCI
- 26.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- United States-Israel Binational Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- consciousness, thalamus, cortical layers, thalamocortical interactions, deep-layer neurons, frontoparietal cortex, sleep, anesthesia, arousal, deep brain stimulation, disorders of consciousness, macaque
- MeSH terms
- Anesthesia, General, Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Consciousness, Electric Stimulation, Electroencephalography, Feedback, Frontal Lobe, Isoflurane, Macaca, Neural Pathways, Parietal Lobe, Sleep, Wakefulness, Propofol, Anesthetics, Inhalation, Anesthetics, Intravenous, Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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