Episodic memories
Abstract
An account of episodic memories is developed that focuses on the types of knowledge they represent, their properties, and the functions they might serve. It is proposed that episodic memories consist of episodic elements, summary records of experience often in the form of visual images, associated to a conceptual frame that provides a conceptual context. Episodic memories are embedded in a more complex conceptual system in which they can become the basis of autobiographical memories. However, the function of episodic memories is to keep a record of progress with short-term goals and access to most episodic memories is lost soon after their formation. Finally, it is suggested that developmentally episodic memories form the basis of the conceptual system and it is from sets of episodic memories that early non-verbal conceptual knowledge is abstracted.
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Under conditions in which access to episodic memories is compromised, studies using SenseCam support the proposal that there is an alternative long-term store of consciously experienced visual memories.
“Furthermore, under conditions in which access to episodic memories is compromised, studies using SenseCam support the proposal that there is an alternative long-term store of consciously experienced visual memories (M. A. Conway, 2009).”
From Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. (2014) · cites this paper as M. A. Conway, 2009
Later versions of the theory proposed a separate memory system that retains detailed sensory and perceptual knowledge over relatively brief retention intervals measured in minutes and hours, but then suggested that its contents, although hard to access without the necessary retrieval cues, may be permanent.
“Later versions of the theory proposed a separate memory system that retains detailed sensory and perceptual knowledge over relatively brief retention intervals measured in minutes and hours (M. A. Conway, 2001, 2005), but then suggested that its contents, although hard to access without the necessary retrieval cues, may be permanent (M. A. Conway, 2009).”
From Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. (2014) · cites this paper as M. A. Conway, 2009
Retrieval from this perceptual memory system is proposed to be involuntary rather than deliberate and corresponds to a recollective experience or reliving.
“Retrieval from this perceptual memory system is proposed to be involuntary rather than deliberate and corresponds to a recollective experience or reliving.”
From Episodic memory, perceptual memory, and their interaction: Foundations for a theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. (2014) · cites this paper as M. A. Conway, 2009
Episodic memory represents unique occurrences, located within a specific spatiotemporal framework, bearing emotional and self-referential connotations, and is typically imbued with autonoetic consciousness.
“Episodic memory represents unique occurrences, located within a specific spatiotemporal framework, bearing emotional and self-referential connotations (Conway, 2009), and is typically imbued with autonoetic consciousness (Tulving, 1985;Irish et al., 2008).”
From Considering the role of semantic memory in episodic future thinking: evidence from semantic dementia (2012) · cites this paper as Conway, 2009
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Brewin, C. R., Gregory, J. D., Lipton, M., & Burgess, N. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018113 · Cited by 1,226 · see citing works
“By contrast, observer memories would correspond to egocentric representations in the precuneus generated top-down from C-reps, in that they require generation of an image from a nonexperienced viewpoint and relate to older and more abstracted information (see also Conway, 2009).”
BackgroundLong-axis specialization of the human hippocampus
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Episodic memory and beyond: the hippocampus and neocortex in transformation
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Mind-wandering: Phenomenology and function as assessed with a novel experience sampling method
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“…that retains detailed sensory and perceptual knowledge over relatively brief retention intervals measured in minutes and hours (M. A. Conway, 2001, 2005), but then suggested that its contents, although hard to access without the necessary retrieval cues, may be permanent (M. A. Conway, 2009).”
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“Episodic memory represents unique occurrences, located within a specific spatiotemporal framework, bearing emotional and self-referential connotations (Conway, 2009), and is typically imbued with autonoetic consciousness (Tulving, 1985; Irish et al., 2008).”
BackgroundEvent memory: A theory of memory for laboratory, autobiographical, and fictional events.
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“Within each of these slots, one can search for and retrieve more summarized or specific autobiographical memories that may be linked to more specific memory images from the episodic memory system (Conway, 2008, 2009).”
BackgroundAndrews-Hanna, J. R., Saxe, R., & Yarkoni, T. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.01.032 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Tracking the construction of episodic future thoughts
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Wang, C., Chen, X., Lee, H., Deshmukh, S. S., Yoganarasimha, D., Savelli, F., & Knierim, J. J. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau4940 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Out-of-body-induced hippocampal amnesia
Bergouignan, L., Nyberg, L., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1318801111 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Hardy, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00697 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“…specific, everyday events is primarily a function of episodic memory, processed in the structures of the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus, and prefrontal areas (Tulving et al., 1991; Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Brewin, 2001, 2014; Conway, 2001, 2005, 2009; Brewin et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAutobiographical memory decline in Alzheimer’s disease, a theoretical and clinical overview
Haj, M. E., Antoine, P., Nandrino, J., & Kapogiannis, D. (2015) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.001 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
How do we engage with activity trackers?
Gouveia, R. H. D. F., Karapanos, E., & Hassenzahl, M. (2015) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2750858.2804290 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“First, presenting additional memory cues (such as places and commutes) supports the recall of episodic memories [8,14], enabling users to identify particular instances of walking that contributed to their daily walking goal.”
BackgroundStawarczyk, D., & D'Argembeau, A. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22818 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“…are hierarchically organized mental representations of desired endstates that impact and drive cognition and behavior [Austin and Vancouver, 1996; Conway, 2005, 2009; Fishbach and Ferguson, 2007], and an important function of EFT may precisely be to construct detailed representations or…”
McCormick, C., St‐Laurent, M., Ty, A., Valiante, T. A., & McAndrews, M. P. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht324 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Consolidation of complex events via reinstatement in posterior cingulate cortex
Bird, C. M., Keidel, J. L., Ing, L. P., Horner, A. J., & Burgess, N. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1774-15.2015 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
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Cognitive processing of food rewards
Higgs, S. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.003 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“Memory for an event is far from an exact replica of what was actually experienced because there is selectivity in encoding (Conway, 2009).”
InfluentialMemory, autonoetic consciousness, and the self
Markowitsch, H. J., & Staniloiu, A. (2010) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.005 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Kalnikaitė, V., Sellen, A. J., Whittaker, S., & Kirk, D. S. (2010) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1753326.1753638 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Duval, C., Desgranges, B., de La Sayette, V., Belliard, S., Eustache, F., & Piolino, P. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.019 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Passively recognising human activities through lifelogging
Doherty, A., Caprani, N., Conaire, C. Ó., Kalnikaitė, V., Gurrin, C. G., Smeaton, A. F., & O'Connor, N. E. (2011) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.05.002 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Why Forget? On the Adaptive Value of Memory Loss
Nørby, S. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615596787 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Indeed, people quickly forget most events that they experience, and with a retention interval of 1 week or more, very few episodic memories are recallable (Conway, 2009; Linton, 1986; Williams, Conway, & Baddeley, 2008).”
BackgroundJust Tell Us What Happened to You: Autobiographical Memory and Seeking Asylum
Herlihy, J., Jobson, L., & Turner, S. W. (2012) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2852 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“Further, Conway (2009) reports work in which participants were asked to list as many specific memories as they can for yesterday, two days ago, three days ago, and so on.”
BackgroundGrady, C. L. (2019) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23164 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“There is some evidence that autobiographical memories are indeed retrieved in this way, with an early construction phase and a later elaboration phase (Addis et al., 2007; Conway, 2009), and that these phases are associated with anterior and posterior hippocampal involvement, respectively (McCormick, St-Laurent, Ty, V…”
BackgroundBarzykowski, K., & Staugaard, S. R. (2015) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12160 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Remembering, imagining, false memories & personal meanings
Conway, M. A., & Loveday, C. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.12.002 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Lastly, the notion of episodic memory is developed further in this model of the SMS (Conway, 2009).”
InfluentialSelf-citationRemembering and imagining: the role of the self
Rathbone, C. J., Conway, M. A., & Moulin, C. J. A. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.02.013 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationAdult Neurogenesis Conserves Hippocampal Memory Capacity
Alam, M. J., 北村, 貴., Saitoh, Y., Ohkawa, N., Kondo, T., & Inokuchi, K. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2976-17.2018 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“The hippocampus is crucial for declarative memories in humans (Scoville and Milner, 1957; Ofen et al., 2007) and encodes episodic and spatial memories in animals (Conway, 2009; Buzsáki and Moser, 2013).”
BackgroundMoscovitch, D. A., Gavric, D. L., Merrifield, C., Bielak, T., & Moscovitch, M. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.05.009 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Autobiographical memory is considered a subtype of episodic memory that is involved in the encoding and retrieval of personally significant life experiences (e.g., Conway, 1990, 2009).”
BackgroundEpisodic memory and episodic foresight in 3- and 5-year-old children
Hayne, H., Gross, J., McNamee, S., Fitzgibbon, O., & Tustin, K. (2011) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2011.09.006 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Decoding fMRI Signatures of Real-world Autobiographical Memory Retrieval
Rissman, J., Chow, T. E., Reggente, N., & Wagner, A. D. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00920 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“This may stem from the greater degree to which spatiotemporal and self-referential contextual details are mentally re-constructed during the recall of real-world episodes (Rubin & Umanath, 2015; Conway, 2009; Cabeza & St Jacques, 2007; Hassabis & Maguire, 2007).”
BackgroundMemory for Distant Past Events in Chimpanzees and Orangutans
Martín-Ordás, G., Berntsen, D., & Call, J. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.017 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Changes in events alter how people remember recent information
Swallow, K. M., Barch, D. M., Head, D., Maley, C. J., Holder, D., & Zacks, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21524 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Research on autobiographical memory indicates that such integration is critical for delayed recall (Conway, 2009).”
Bonasia, K., Sekeres, M. J., Gilboa, A., Grady, C. L., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.017 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“…are all thought to be developed through the extraction of consistencies from multiple related events, resulting in the retention of common features and the loss of details unique to any specific event (Brady & Oliva, 2008; Conway, 2009; Posner & Keele, 1968; Richards et al., 2014; Tulving, 1972).”
BackgroundRemembering through lifelogging: A survey of human memory augmentation
Harvey, M., Langheinrich, M., & Ward, G. (2015) · Pervasive and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1016/j.pmcj.2015.12.002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“pictures or videos) are known for maximising the information they contain by representing objects in relation to each other [30].”
BackgroundWhat is episodic memory if it is a natural kind?
Cheng, S., & Werning, M. (2014) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-014-0628-6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The remembering–imagining system
Conway, M. A., Loveday, C., & Cole, S. N. (2016) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/1750698016645231 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“On the basis of this evidence, it was suggested (Conway, 2009) that perhaps we should be using the term remembering–imagining system (RIS) rather than simply memory system.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDistributed Patterns of Reactivation Predict Vividness of Recollection
St‐Laurent, M., Abdi, H., & Buchsbaum, B. R. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00839 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“The current study relied on well-remembered, complex, and multimodal stimuli that typically elicited some amount of mental imagery—a defining feature of recollection (Conway, 2009; Rubin et al., 2003; Brewer, 1986, 1995).”
MethodLlewellyn, S. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12003135 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“…is its focus on episodic memories: Defining properties of episodic memories already include several mnemonic features like representation in the form of visual images, having a personal perspective, being represented in given order, or being recollectively experienced when accessed (Conway 2009).”
BackgroundTransition theory: A minimalist perspective on the organization of autobiographical memory.
Brown, N. R. (2016) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.03.005 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Personal semantic memory: Insights from neuropsychological research on amnesia
Grilli, M. D., & Verfaellie, M. H. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.06.012 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“I grew up in California; Conway, 2005, 2009; Klein & Lax, 2010; Martinelli, Sperduti, & Piolino, 2013; Prebble et al., 2013; Renoult, Davidson, Palombo, Moscovitch, & Levine, 2012).”
BackgroundThe Emergence of Knowledge and How it Supports the Memory for Novel Related Information
Sommer, T. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw031 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 and episodic memory decline in Alzheimer’s disease: A review
Haj, M. E., Antoine, P., Amouyel, P., Lambert, J., Pasquier, F., & Kapogiannis, D. (2016) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.02.002 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A neural code for egocentric spatial maps in the human medial temporal lobe
Kunz, L., Brandt, A., Reinacher, P. C., Staresina, B. P., Reifenstein, E. T., Weidemann, C. T., Herweg, N. A., Patel, A., Tsitsiklis, M., Kempter, R., et al. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.019 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Lancaster, G. L. J., Vrij, A., Hope, L., et al. (2012) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2879 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Abram, M., Picard, L., Navarro, B., & Piolino, P. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.07.011 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Autobiographical event memory and aging: older adults get the gist
Grilli, M. D., & Sheldon, S. (2022) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Using SenseCam with an amnesic patient: Accessing inaccessible everyday memories
Loveday, C., & Conway, M. A. (2011) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2011.610803 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the representational systems underlying prospection: Evidence from the event-cueing paradigm
D’Argembeau, A., & Demblon, J. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.008 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Zooming In and Out on One's Life: Autobiographical Representations at Multiple Time Scales
D’Argembeau, A. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01556 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“Here, it is useful to distinguish between the experiential content of specific events (which involves episodic memory, as outlined above) and conceptual knowledge about the occurrence of events—representations of the essential content or themeof events, referred to as their gist (Brainerd & Reyna, 2002) or conceptual…”
BackgroundInfluentialOn the nature of autobiographical memory
Conway, M., & Jobson, L. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139021937.006 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationPlace and the self: An autobiographical memory synthesis
Knez, I. (2012) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2012.728124 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Dreaming and waking: Similarities and differences revisited
Kahan, T. L., & LaBerge, S. P. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.002 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“The report of a dream experience is influenced by the constructive memory processes and individual difference factors that guide any episodic recollection (Conway, 2009; Johnson, 1992; Tulving, 2002).”
BackgroundMastering the Art of Chain Analysis in Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Rizvi, S. L., & Ritschel, L. A. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.09.002 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Reinstatement of memory representations for lifelike events over the course of a week
Oedekoven, C., Keidel, J. L., Berens, S. C., & Bird, C. M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13938-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
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“…with the assumption of a continuum or dynamic interactions between semantic and episodic systems, which proposes that personal semantic memory is derived from a process of abstraction of autobiographical episodic memories (Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Conway, 2009; Renoult et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMemory sources of dreams: the incorporation of autobiographical rather than episodic experiences
Malinowski, J., & Horton, C. L. (2014) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12134 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“…which break from earlier theories, suggest that EMs are detailed summary accounts of short time-period experiences which are forgotten within 24 h unless they are consolidated during sleep, and subsequently become linked to autobiographical memories (AMs; Conway, 2001, 2009; Williams et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPhenomenological Reliving and Visual Imagery During Autobiographical Recall in Alzheimer’s Disease
Haj, M. E., Kapogiannis, D., & Antoine, P. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-151122 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“According to Conway [37], repeated retrieval, or rehearsal, serves to shape autobiographical knowledge into patterns of accessibility, improving retrieval and availability of this knowledge.”
A future-proof past: Designing for remembering experiences
van den Hoven, E. (2014) · Memory Studies · doi:10.1177/1750698014530625 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“This should not be confused with the use of the term experience in memory literature, where it signifies the event that results in a memory, for example, Conway (2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Many Faces of Forgetting: Toward a Constructive View of Forgetting in Everyday Life
Fawcett, J. M., & Hulbert, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.11.002 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…and a simultaneous loss of detail Nadel & Moscovitch, 1997; Winocur & Moscovitch, 2011). vidence for such transformation has been shown for real-life utobiographical memories (see Conway, 2009), as well as for erbal narratives and film clips (Bahrick, 1984; Sekeres et al., 016; Thorndyke, 1977).”
BackgroundThe perceptual richness of complex memory episodes is compromised by medial temporal lobe damage
St‐Laurent, M., Moscovitch, M., Jadd, R., & McAndrews, M. P. (2014) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22249 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The consciousness state space (CSS)—a unifying model for consciousness and self
Berkovich‐Ohana, A., & Glicksohn, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00341 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Here, we adopt Conway’s phenomenological description of autobiographic memory (Conway and Pleydell-Pearce, 2000; Conway, 2009), as well as Tulving’s (1985) conceptualization of long-term memory.”
MethodBrain mechanisms underlying the subjective experience of remembering
Simons, J. S., Ritchey, M., & Fernyhough, C. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-030221-025439 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Horton, C. L., & Malinowski, J. E. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00874 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Indeed it has been suggested that bizarreness arises out of the joining together of disparate elements (often from waking life; e.g., Revonsuo and Tarkko, 2002; Levin and Nielsen, 2007), which is also indicative of hyperassociativity.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGouveia, R. H. D. F., & Karapanos, E. (2013) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2470654.2481405 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Event segmentation and the temporal compression of experience in episodic memory
Jeunehomme, O., & D’Argembeau, A. (2018) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-018-1047-y · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Episodic memories are summary records of experience (Conway, 2009) that represent the unfolding of events in a temporally compressed form (Jeunehomme & D’Argembeau, 2018, in press).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAn historical perspective on Endel Tulving's episodic-semantic distinction
Renoult, L., & Rugg, M. D. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107366 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Commentary: These latter perspectives are a better match than the original one to contemporary conceptions of episodic memory that put an important focus on its constructive nature (Addis, 2018; Barry & Maguire, 2019; Cheng, Werning, & Suddendorf, 2016; Conway, 2009; Irish, 2019; Schacter & Addis, 2007; Yassa & Reagh,…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe effect of cue content on retrieval from autobiographical memory
Uzer, T., & Brown, N. R. (2016) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.11.012 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Classification of general and personal semantic details in the Autobiographical Interview
Renoult, L., Armson, M. J., Diamond, N. B., Fan, C. L., Jeyakumar, N., Levesque, L., Oliva, L., McKinnon, M. C., Papadopoulos, A., Selarka, D., et al. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107501 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
van den Hoven, E., & Eggen, B. H. (2014) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000172 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Measuring consistency of autobiographical memory recall in depression
Semkovska, M., Noone, M., Carton, M., & McLoughlin, D. M. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12.010 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Habermas, T., & Diel, V. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00110 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Other authors use the term “recollective experience” for remembering personal experiences (e.g., Conway, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-images and related autobiographical memories in schizophrenia
Bennouna-Greene, M., Berna, F., Conway, M. A., Rathbone, C. J., Vidailhet, P., & Danion, J.-M. (2012) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.10.006 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationArts as a vehicle for community building and post‐disaster development
Huss, E., Kaufman, R., Avgar, A., & Shuker, E. (2015) · Disasters · doi:10.1111/disa.12143 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Cue generation and memory construction in direct and generative autobiographical memory retrieval
Harris, C. B., O’Connor, A. R., & Sutton, J. D. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.12.012 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…with the view that recalling generatively involves different processes of construction of the memory content, since differences in visuo-spatial perspective in particular have been suggested to be a consequence of different processes of memory construction (see Conway, 2009; Nigro & Neisser, 1983).”
BackgroundThe retrieval of perceptual memory details depends on right hippocampal integrity and activation
St‐Laurent, M., Moscovitch, M., & McAndrews, M. P. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.08.010 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Perceptual richness is a core feature of episodic memory that contributes to how vividly we re-experience past life events (Brewer, 1986, 1995; Conway, 2009; Rubin, Schrauf, & Greenberg, 2003).”
BackgroundMotivating participation and improving quality of contribution in ubiquitous crowdsourcing
Gonçalves, J., Hosio, S. J., Rogstadius, J., Karapanos, E., & Kostakos, V. (2015) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2015.07.002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Our finding that pictures, but not location, had an effect on our participants agrees with prior theory that argues for the evocative power of images but not location per se [4,11], while others have reported the importance of images in everyday memory [4,12].”
BackgroundResultBrown, N. R., Schweickart, O., & Svob, C. (2016) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.129.3.0259 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self, cortical midline structures and the resting state: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease
Weiler, M., Northoff, G., Damasceno, B. P., & Balthazar, M. L. F. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.028 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
‘Moments to be Had’: Understanding The Experience of Memorable Tourism Moments
Anaya, G. J., & Lehto, X. Y. (2022) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104674 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Eren, A. (2012) · Australian Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/000494411205600308 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Longitudinal or experimental studies or both, in which prospective teachers’ interest in teaching, professional engagement, career development aspirations or a combination of these factors are manipulated through diverse methods—such as priming or evoking career-related episodic memories or future images (Conway, 2009…”
BackgroundTemporal compression in episodic memory for real-life events
Jeunehomme, O., Folville, A., Stawarczyk, D., der Linden, M. V., & D’Argembeau, A. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1406120 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Note that these moments of prior experience might not necessarily be stored as “snapshots” (although they could be) but might be dynamic, representing short-time slices or segments of prior experience (Conway, 2008, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialAutobiographical memory and future thinking
D’Argembeau, A. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139021937.022 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Contribution of past and future self-defining event networks to personal identity
Demblon, J., & D’Argembeau, A. (2016) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2016.1205095 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“…abstract knowledge about the self (e.g., conceptual self-representations and personal goals) and speci fi c representations of life events are closely interconnected (see e.g., Conway, 2005, 2009; Conway et al., 2004; D ’ Argembeau et al., 2012; D ’ Argembeau & Mathy, 2011; Rathbone et al., 2011).”
BackgroundIntroducing Memory and Association Mechanism Into a Biologically Inspired Visual Model
Qiao, H., Li, Y., Tang, T., & Wang, P. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/tcyb.2013.2287014 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Episodic memory refers to the memory which is explicitly located in the past involving the specific events and situations, such as times, places, associated emotions and other contextual knowledge [44], [45].”
BackgroundBerna, F. S., Schönknecht, P., Seidl, U., Toro, P., & Schröder, J. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.03.022 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Picard, L., Mayor-Dubois, C., Maeder, P. P., Kalenzaga, S., Abram, M., Duval, C., Eustache, F., Roulet‐Perez, E., & Piolino, P. (2012) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Memory Retrieval in Mice and MenPreprint
Ben-Yakov, A., Dudai, Y., & Mayford, M. R. (2015) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a021790 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Llewellyn, S., & Hobson, J. A. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.04.005 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Generating a visual image (in the absence of sensory input) depends on imagination which relies on imaging (Conway, 2009).”
BackgroundA case of hyperthymesia: rethinking the role of the amygdala in autobiographical memory
Ally, B. A., Hussey, E. P., & Donahue, M. J. (2012) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554794.2011.654225 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Jacques, 2007; Conway & PleydellPearce, 2000), which collectively provoke the subjective perception of re-experiencing a past event (Conway, 2009).”
Adult Recollections of Childhood Memories: What Details can be Recalled?
Wells, C. E., Morrison, C. M., & Conway, M. A. (2013) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2013.856451 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…that adult recall of early childhood events may entail much in the way of nonconscious and conscious inferences of details that “scaffold” the few fragments that can be recalled or known, producing what appears to be a complex and detailed memory (Conway 2005, 2009; Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMemories as Useful Outcomes of Residential Outdoor Environmental Education
Liddicoat, K. R., & Krasny, M. E. (2014) · The Journal of Environmental Education · doi:10.1080/00958964.2014.905431 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…memories that relate particularly to one’s own experiences are typically considered autobiographical memories (Kopelman & Kapur, 2001; Tulving, 2002), although some researchers (e.g., Conway, 2002, 2009) are beginning to draw further distinctions between episodic and autobiographical memories.”
Background
- Authors
- Conway, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Conway, Martin A.
- ORCID
- Conway, Martin A.
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2305-2313
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4248135386
- Cited by
- 519
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 10.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- episodic memory, autobiographical memory, conceptual frames, visual imagery, memory function, short-term goals, memory retention, conceptual development
- MeSH terms
- Autobiographies as Topic, Humans, Memory, Models, Psychological
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