Belief in conspiracy theories. the role of paranormal belief, paranoid ideation and schizotypy
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Conspiracist ideation has been found to be associated with stable personality variables, such as a subset of the Big Five or paranoid ideation and schizotypy.
“conspiracist ideation has been found to be associated with stable personality variables, such as a subset of the ‘Big Five’ [45] or paranoid ideation and schizotypy [47]”
From The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science (2013) · cites this paper as [47]
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Understanding Conspiracy Theories
Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12568 · Cited by 1,511 · see citing works
“…such as nonclinical delusional thinking (Dagnall, Drinkwater, Parker, Denovan, & Parton, 2015) and schizotypy (Barron, Morgan, Towell, Altemeyer, & Swami, 2014; Bruder et al., 2013; Darwin et al., 2011; Swami, Pietschnig, Tran, Nader, Stiener, & Voracek, 2013; van der Tempel & Alcock, 2015).”
BackgroundBruder, M., Haffke, P., Neave, N., Nouripanah, N., & Imhoff, R. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00225 · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale
Brotherton, R., French, C. C., & Pickering, A. D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
“…recent publications on the topic (e.g., Leman and Cinnirella, 2007; Douglas and Sutton, 2008, 2011; Bogart et al., 2010; Swami et al., 2010, 2011, 2013; Darwin et al., 2011; Newheiser et al., 2011; Swami, 2012; Wood et al., 2012; Jolley and Douglas, 2013) suggests that research is gaining momentum.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialConspiracy Theories and the Paranoid Style(s) of Mass Opinion
Oliver, J., & Wood, T. (2014) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12084 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
“esteem, cynicism, and agreeableness (Abalakina-Paap et al. 1999; Darwin et al. 2011; Douglas and Sutton 2008; Goertzel 1999; Swami et al., 2011), but these studies have severe data limitations and their findings remain inconclusive.”
BackgroundSpeaking (Un–)Truth to Power: Conspiracy Mentality as A Generalised Political Attitude
Imhoff, R., & Bruder, M. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1930 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
“4We also included the Conspiracy Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ; Darwin et al., 2011) that assesses the endorsement of specific conspiracy theories rather than a general mentality.”
BackgroundAnalytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories
Swami, V., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., Tran, U. S., & Furnham, A. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.006 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
“…hand, there is evidence that those aspects of schizotypy that mirror disorganised thought processes and a rejection of analytic information genera tion are significantly associated with belief in conspiracy theories (Barron, Morgan, Towell, Altemeyer, & Swami, 2014; Darwin, Neave, & Holmes, 2011).”
The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science
Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., & Oberauer, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075637 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
“It is not surprising, therefore, that conspiracist ideation has been found to be associated with stable personality variables, such as a subset of the ‘Big Five’ [45] or paranoid ideation and schizotypy [47].”
BackgroundWhy Education Predicts Decreased Belief in Conspiracy Theories
van Prooijen, J. (2016) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3301 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Someone is pulling the strings: hypersensitive agency detection and belief in conspiracy theories
Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., Callan, M. J., Dawtry, R. J., & Harvey, A. J. (2016) · Thinking & Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2015.1051586 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
“Further, paranormal beliefs strongly correlate with endorsement of conspiracy theories (Darwin et al., 2011; Newheiser et al., 2011; Stieger et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialvan der Linden, S. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.045 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
“…theories is sometimes associated with a latent psychopathology such as paranoid schizophrenia (Barron, Morgan, Towell, Altemeyer, & Swami, 2014; Darwin, Neave, & Holmes, 2011), social-personality psychologists have developed an increased interest in explaining conspiracy ideation in the…”
BackgroundBelief in conspiracy theories: Basic principles of an emerging research domain
van Prooijen, J., & Douglas, K. M. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2530 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
van Prooijen, J., Douglas, K. M., & De Inocencio, C. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2331 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
“A robust finding in irrational belief research is that conspiracy beliefs and supernatural beliefs are strongly intercorrelated (Barron et al., 2014; Darwin et al., 2011; Lobato et al., 2014; Newheiser et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011), a finding that we replicated in the current research (see Tables 1–3).”
BackgroundResultCichocka, A., Marchlewska, M., & de Zavala, A. D. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550615616170 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Swami, V. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
“In addition, belief in conspiracy theories has also been found to correlate positively with paranormal beliefs (Darwin et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011), that is beliefs in processes for which there is currently little supportive empirical evidence.”
BackgroundAntecedents and consequences of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs: A systematic review
van Mulukom, V., Pummerer, L., Alper, S., Bai, H., Čavojová, V., Farias, J., Kay, C. S., Lazarević, L., Lobato, E. J. C., Marinthe, G., et al. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114912 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
“Individual differences People differ in the degree to which they endorse conspiracy theories (Darwin et al., 2011), and some of this variation may be attributable to characteristics of the individual.”
Lobato, E. J. C., Mendoza, J., Sims, V., & Chin, M. G. (2014) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3042 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“, 2013) and between conspiracy theory and paranormal acceptance (Darwin et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011).”
BackgroundConspiracy Theories and Their Societal Effects During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Pummerer, L., BOHM, R. M., Lilleholt, L., Winter, K., Zettler, I., & Sassenberg, K. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211000217 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Conspiracy Theories: Evolved Functions and Psychological Mechanisms
van Prooijen, J.-W., & van Vugt, M. (2018) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618774270 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
“48), including interpersonal paranoia (Darwin et al., 2011), narcissism (Cichocka, Marchlewska, & Golec de Zavala, 2016), generalized distrust (Abalakina-Paap et al.”
BackgroundDouglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031329 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Goreis, A., & Voracek, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00205 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
van der Linden, S., Panagopoulos, C., Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2020) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12681 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy
Brotherton, R., & French, C. C. (2014) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2995 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
“The significant correlation between conspiracist ideation and paranormal beliefs observed in the present study, as well as previous research (Darwin et al., 2011; Newheiser et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011) , adds support to the idea that similar factors give rise to both kinds of anomalous belief.”
ResultConspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them
(2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.001.0001 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2494 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Belief in conspiracy theories: The influence of uncertainty and perceived morality
van Prooijen, J., & Jostmann, N. B. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1922 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
“…self-relevant without necessarily turning pathological (e.g., beliefs that people are talking about someone behind the person’s back; see also Darwin et al., 2011; Kramer, 1998; Fenigstein & Vanable, 1992), and a relevant question is whether or not the present findings generalize to these…”
BackgroundToo special to be duped: need for uniqueness motivates conspiracy beliefs
Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. K. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2265 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Ståhl, T., & van Prooijen, J.-W. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.026 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
An Existential Threat Model of Conspiracy Theories
van Prooijen, J. (2019) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000381 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
The concomitants of conspiracy concerns
Freeman, D., & Bentall, R. (2017) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1354-4 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Measuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories: Validation of a French and English Single-Item Scale
Lantian, A., Muller, D., Nurra, C., & Douglas, K. M. (2016) · International Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.5334/irsp.8 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“This scale was originally composed of seven dimensions but as in previous investigations we chose to only use a single score, by summing all the items, to form a total paranormal belief score (Darwin et al., 2011; Tobacyk, 2004).”
MethodConspiracy theory and cognitive style: a worldview
Dagnall, N., Drinkwater, K., Parker, A., Denovan, A., & Parton, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00206 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“This measure has excellent internal consistency of 0.96 (Darwin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialWood, M. J., & Douglas, K. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00409 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“…et al., 2010); feelings of powerlessness and low self-esteem (Abalakina-Paap et al., 1999); superstition, beliefs in the paranormal, and schizotypy (Darwin et al., 2011); a perceived lack of control (Hamsher et al., 1968; Whitson and Galinsky, 2008); a Machiavellian approach to social interaction…”
BackgroundSwami, V., Barron, D. S., Weis, L., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., & Furnham, A. F. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172617 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Climate Change Conspiracy Theories
Uscinski, J. E., Douglas, K. M., & Lewandowsky, S. (2016) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.328 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Mistrust and misinformation: A two-component, socio-epistemic model of belief in conspiracy theories
Pierre, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v8i2.1362 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Beyond “Monologicality”? Exploring Conspiracist Worldviews
Franks, B., Bangerter, A., Bauer, M. W., Hall, M., & Noort, M. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00861 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Associations between schizotypy and belief in conspiracist ideation
Barron, D. S., Morgan, K., Towell, T., Altemeyer, B., & Swami, V. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.040 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Individual difference factors and beliefs in medical and political conspiracy theories
Galliford, N., & Furnham, A. F. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12382 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Swami, V., Pietschnig, J., Tran, U. S., Nader, I. W., Stieger, S., & Voracek, M. (2012) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2873 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Why conspiracy theories matter: A social psychological analysis
Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2018) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2018.1537428 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Moulding, R., Nix-Carnell, S., Schnabel, A., Nedeljkovic, M., Burnside, E. E., Lentini, A., & Mehzabin, N. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.04.060 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Lindeman, M., & Svedholm‐Häkkinen, A. M. (2012) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027158 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“beliefs and superstitions (Dudley, 1999; Kane, Core, & Hunt; Wain & Spinella, 2007). Other researchers, in turn, saw some of the concepts as more general than others. For example, according to Subbotsky (2004), magical events involve supernatural ones and according to Yorulmaz, Inozu, and Gultepe (2010), magical think…”
BackgroundBored to fears: Boredom proneness, paranoia, and conspiracy theories
Brotherton, R., & Eser, S. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.011 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…beliefs and experiences, including belief in the paranormal, superstitions, and New Age beliefs (Bruder, Haffke, Neave, Nouripanah, & Imhoff, 2013; Darwin et al., 2011; Drinkwater, Dagnall, & Parker, 2012; Newheiser, Farias, & Tausch, 2011; Stieger, Gumhalter, Tran, Voracek, & Swami, 2013; Swami…”
The impact of economic inequality on conspiracy beliefs
Casara, B. G. S., Suitner, C., & Jetten, J. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104245 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Political paranoia and conspiracy theories
Swami, V., & Furnham, A. F. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139565417.016 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“…or as a means of maintaining selfesteem in the face of external threats (Robins and Post, 1997), coping with persecution (Combs, Penn, and Fenigstein, 2002), reasserting individualism (Davis, 1969; Melley, 2000), or expressing negative feelings towards out-groups (Ungerleider and Wellisch, 1979).”
BackgroundSimione, L., Vagni, M., Gnagnarella, C., Bersani, G., & Pajardi, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.683684 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Believing in Conspiracy Theories: Evidence from an Exploratory Analysis of Italian Survey Data
Mancosu, M., Vassallo, S., & Vezzoni, C. (2017) · South European Society & Politics · doi:10.1080/13608746.2017.1359894 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Parental Decision-Making on Childhood Vaccination
Damnjanović, K., Graeber, J., Ilić, S., Lam, W. Y., Lep, Ž., Morales, S., Pulkkinen, T., & Vingerhoets, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00735 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Pytlik, N., Soll, D., & Mehl, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568942 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“In line with this contention, two studies have demonstrated an association of CB and paranoia in non-clinical samples (17, 18).”
Wood, M. (2017) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12231 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Intention Seekers: Conspiracist Ideation and Biased Attributions of Intentionality
Brotherton, R., & French, C. C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124125 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“To speculate further about the relationship between conspiracism and anthropomorphism, previous studies have found conspiracism to correlate with traits reflecting openness to unusual ideas [24,22,76].”
BackgroundResultRizeq, J., Flora, D., & Toplak, M. E. (2020) · Thinking and Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2020.1759688 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“…have been mostly studied either independently or in pairs, but they tend to be positively associated (e.g. Browne et al., 2015; Bruder et al. 2013; Darwin et al., 2011; Douglas et al., 2016; Drinkwater et al., 2012; Lewandowsky et al., 2013; Stanovich et al., 2016; van den Bulck & Custers, 2010).”
Swami, V., Weis, L., Lay, A., Barron, D. S., & Furnham, A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.12.027 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Additionally, characteristics associated with paranoid ideation may result in distorted perceptions and a misappreciation of intention that result in conspiracist ideation (Darwin et al., 2011; van der Tempel & Alcock, 2015).”
The entertainment value of conspiracy theories
van Prooijen, J., Ligthart, J., Rosema, S., & Xu, Y. (2021) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12522 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The social dimension of belief in conspiracy theories
van Prooijen, J., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139565417.017 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
The relationship between schizotypal facets and conspiracist beliefs via cognitive processes.
Barron, D. S., Furnham, A., Weis, L., Morgan, K., Towell, T., & Swami, V. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.001 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“as a mediating variable between schizotypy and conspiracist beliefs (Dagnall et al., 2015; Darwin et al., 2011); that is, it has been suggested that the continual fear of external agents and deficits of perception typified by paranoid ideation may mediate the relationship between schizotypy and conspiracist beliefs (s…”
InfluentialKlein, C., Clutton, P., & Dunn, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225098 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Psychopathology [28,29] affection, aggression, confusion, death, emotional, fear, healing, health, help, medical_emergency, negative_emotion, nervousness, pain, prison, rage, sexual, shame, suffering”
Dyrendal, A., Kennair, L. E., & Bendixen, M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110645 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Lantian, A., Müller, D., Nurra, C., Klein, O., Berjot, S., & Pantazi, M. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2498 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Online communication as a window to conspiracist worldviews
Wood, M. J., & Douglas, K. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00836 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“…2014), many researchers have interpreted this key finding as evidence for a general conspiracy worldview, a belief system in which conspiracy is the dominant force in history and the truth of major events is hidden from the public as a matter of course (Goertzel, 1994; Imhoff and Bruder, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Conspiracy Mentality Scale
Stojanov, A., & Halberstadt, J. (2019) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000381 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
van der Tempel, J., & Alcock, J. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.010 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Conspiracy Thinking in Europe and America: A Comparative Study
Walter, A., & Drochon, H. (2020) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0032321720972616 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“These studies have looked at personality traits (e.g. Darwin et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011), sociodemographic factors (e.g. Freeman and Bentall, 2017; Hogg et al., 2017; Stempel et al., 2007), political ideology (e.g. Galliford and Furnham, 2017; Krouwel et al., 2017; Uscinski and Parent, 2014;…”
BackgroundIndividual, intergroup and nation-level influences on belief in conspiracy theories
Hornsey, M., Bierwiaczonek, K., Sassenberg, K., & Douglas, K. M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00133-0 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kowalski, J., Marchlewska, M., Molenda, Z., Górska, P., & Gawęda, Ł. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113540 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Georgiou, N., Delfabbro, P., & Balzan, R. P. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109521 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Bridging the great divide: Conspiracy theory research for the 21st century
Bütter, M., & Knight, P. (2015) · Diogenes · doi:10.1177/0392192116669289 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Commercial conspiracy theories: a pilot study
Furnham, A. F. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00379 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
van Prooijen, J., Rodrigues, T. C., Bunzel, C., Georgescu, O., Komáromy, D., & Krouwel, A. P. M. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12802 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Examining conspiracist beliefs about the disappearance of Amelia Earhart
Swami, V., & Furnham, A. (2012) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2012.697932 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Robust Relationship Between Conspiracism and Denial of (Climate) Science
Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., & Oberauer, K. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614568432 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Stieger, S., Gumhalter, N., Tran, U. S., Voracek, M., & Swami, V. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00297 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…distrust, greater support for democratic principles, greater openness to experience, and stronger New Age beliefs (e.g., Abalakina-Paap et al., 1999; Swami et al., 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013; Darwin et al., 2011; Newheiser et al., 2011; Swami, 2012; Swami and Furnham, 2012; Jolley and Douglas, 2013).”
BackgroundFasce, A., & Picó, A. (2019) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-018-00022-0 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Hart, J., & Graether, M. (2018) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000268 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The role of system identity threat in conspiracy theory endorsement
Federico, C. M., Williams, A. L., & Vitriol, J. A. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2495 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion
Wood, M. J., & Douglas, K. (2018) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004382022 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Medical conspiracy theories: cognitive science and implications for ethics
Andrade, G. E. (2020) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“On a psychological level, research shows that belief in conspiracy theories is associated with paranoia (Darwin et al 2011) , schizotypy, narcissism (Cichocka et al.”
BackgroundGligorić, V., da Silva, M. M., Eker, S., van Hoek, N., Nieuwenhuijzen, E., Popova, U., & Zeighami, G. (2021) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3844 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“It is likely that susceptibility to paranormal beliefs, of which New Age spirituality represents an integral part (Tobacyk, 2004), is behind this relationship, given the positive association between paranormal and conspiracy beliefs (e.g., Darwin et al., 2011; Lobato et al., 2014).”
BackgroundUnpacking the relationship between religiosity and conspiracy beliefs in Australia
Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I., & Jetten, J. (2019) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12314 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Kuhn, S. A. K., Lieb, R., Freeman, D. H., Andreou, C., & Zander-Schellenberg, T. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001124 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Jolley, D., Douglas, K. M., Skipper, Y., Thomas, E., & Cookson, D. (2021) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12368 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Differential susceptibility to misleading flat earth arguments on youtube
Landrum, A., Olshansky, A., & Richards, O. (2019) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2019.1669461 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
van der Wal, R. C., Sutton, R. M., Lange, J., & Braga, J. N. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2507 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Antecedents and consequences of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs: a systematic reviewPreprint
van Mulukom, V., Pummerer, L., Alper, S., Bai, H., Čavojová, V., Farias, J. E. M., Kay, C. S., Lazarević, L. B., Lobato, E. J. C., Marinthe, G., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/u8yah · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Larsen, E. M., Donaldson, K. R., Liew, M., & Mohanty, A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mb65f · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Paranoia–a construct highly related to schizotypy (34) characterized by mistrust and beliefs that others harbor malintentions—is also associated with CT (23, 30, 35), including in the context of COVID-19-specific CT (36), and this relationship may in fact be separable from that between delusionproneness and CT (23, 30…”
BackgroundResultMin, S. J. (2021) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x211013526 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Those who believe in conspiracy theories may have a latent psychopathology (Clarke, 2002), are predisposed to authoritarianism, cynicism, and anomie (Darwin et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011), and have proclivities to supernatural and paranormal beliefs (Oliver & Wood, 2014).”
BackgroundHartman, T., Marshall, M., Stocks, T., McKay, R. T., Bennett, K., Butter, S., Gibson-Miller, J., Hyland, P., Levita, L., Martinez, A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.642510 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Oleksy, T., Wnuk, A., Gambin, M., & Łyś, A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114028 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Online Conspiracy Groups: Micro-Bloggers, Bots, and Coronavirus Conspiracy Talk on Twitter
Greve, H. R., Rao, H., Vicinanza, P. J., & Zhou, E. Y. (2022) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224221125937 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Conspiratorial beliefs are stronger among individuals with paranoid personalities (Darwin, Neave, and Holmes 2011) and are associated with belief in supernatural phenomena (Oliver and Wood 2014; Van Prooi-jen, Douglas, and De Inocencio 2018) and low feelings of social control (Uscinski and Parent…”
Background'The Government Spies Using Our Webcams': The Language of Conspiracy Theories in Online Discussions
Samory, M., & Mitra, T. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274421 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…[31, 54, 62] a vast, insidious, preternaturally effective international conspiratorial network designed to perpetrate acts of the most fiendish character [1, 19, 67, 70] involve multiple actors working together in secret to achieve hidden goals that are perceived to be unlawful or malevolent.”
BackgroundAre misinformation, antiscientific claims, and conspiracy theories for political extremists?
Enders, A. M., & Uscinski, J. E. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220960805 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“This comports with literature showing a strong connection between conspiracy and paranormal beliefs (Darwin et al., 2011; Drinkwater et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPerceptual Biases in Relation to Paranormal and Conspiracy Beliefs
van Elk, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130422 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“At the end of the experiment, participants completed the RPBS, the Conspiracy Belief Questionnaire (CBQ; [18]) and indicated their highest level of education.”
InfluentialAsprem, E., & Dyrendal, A. (2015) · Journal of Contemporary Religion · doi:10.1080/13537903.2015.1081339 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Oberauer, K., & Marriott, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00073 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“low trust (Goertzel, 1994) and paranoid ideation (Darwin et al., 2011) – were observable in the response to LOG12.”
BackgroundResultRetractedRationality in Conspiracy Beliefs: The Role of Perceived Motive
Bost, P. R., & Prunier, S. G. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/17.04.pr0.113x17z0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Ahadzadeh, A. S., Ong, F. S., & Wu, S. L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02198-1 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
An Assessment of the Dimensionality and Factorial Structure of the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale
Drinkwater, K. G., Denovan, A., Dagnall, N., & Parker, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01693 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“This issue is problematic because numerous studies use RPBS total scores to assess belief in the paranormal (see Wolfradt, 1997; Hergovich, 2003; Aarnio and Lindeman, 2005; Darwin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialConspiracy theories and their societal effects during the COVID-19 pandemic
Pummerer, L., Böhm, R., Lilleholt, L., Winter, K., Zettler, I., & Sassenberg, K. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y5grn · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Who Are Conspiracy Theorists? A Comprehensive Approach to Explaining Conspiracy Beliefs
Enders, A. M., & Smallpage, S. M. (2019) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12711 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
DiMaggio, A. R. (2022) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/08969205211073669 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Some research identifies specific traits as affiliated with a conspiratorial mindset, including resentment of elites, psychoticism, lack of critical thinking, paranoia, anxiety, anger, and delusion (Carey et al., 2016; Dagnall et al., 2015; Darwin et al., 2011; Dyer and Hall, 2019; Klein et al., 2019; Stahl and Van Pr…”
Background
- Authors
- Darwin, H., Neave, N., & Holmes, J.
- Affiliations
- Northumbria University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Neave, Nick
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1289-1293
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2036898417
- Cited by
- 400
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 28.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- conspiracy theories, supernatural beliefs, paranoid ideation, schizotypy, sex differences, spiritualism, precognition, extrasensory perception, paranoia, personality traits
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