Cited by 400Misinformation and Its ImpactsParanormal Experiences and BeliefsSchizophrenia research and treatment

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Belief in conspiracy theories. The role of paranormal belief, paranoid ideation and schizotypy

Darwin, Hannah, Neave, Nick, Holmes, Joni·2011·Personality and Individual Differences

DOI 10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.027

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“…such as nonclinical delusional thinking (Dagnall, Drinkwater, Parker, Denovan, & Parton, 2015) and schizotypy (Barron, Morgan, Towell, Altemeyer, & Swami, 2014; Bruder et al., 2013; Darwin et al., 2011; Swami, Pietschnig, Tran, Nader, Stiener, & Voracek, 2013; van der Tempel & Alcock, 2015).”
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Measuring Individual Differences in Generic Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories Across Cultures: Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire
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“…recent publications on the topic (e.g., Leman and Cinnirella, 2007; Douglas and Sutton, 2008, 2011; Bogart et al., 2010; Swami et al., 2010, 2011, 2013; Darwin et al., 2011; Newheiser et al., 2011; Swami, 2012; Wood et al., 2012; Jolley and Douglas, 2013) suggests that research is gaining momentum.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
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“esteem, cynicism, and agreeableness (Abalakina-Paap et al. 1999; Darwin et al. 2011; Douglas and Sutton 2008; Goertzel 1999; Swami et al., 2011), but these studies have severe data limitations and their findings remain inconclusive.”
Background
Speaking (Un–)Truth to Power: Conspiracy Mentality as A Generalised Political Attitude
Imhoff, R., & Bruder, M. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1930 · Cited by 831
“4We also included the Conspiracy Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ; Darwin et al., 2011) that assesses the endorsement of specific conspiracy theories rather than a general mentality.”
Background
Analytic thinking reduces belief in conspiracy theories
Swami, V., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., Tran, U. S., & Furnham, A. (2014) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.08.006 · Cited by 726
“…hand, there is evidence that those aspects of schizotypy that mirror disorganised thought processes and a rejection of analytic information genera tion are significantly associated with belief in conspiracy theories (Barron, Morgan, Towell, Altemeyer, & Swami, 2014; Darwin, Neave, & Holmes, 2011).”
The Role of Conspiracist Ideation and Worldviews in Predicting Rejection of Science
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“It is not surprising, therefore, that conspiracist ideation has been found to be associated with stable personality variables, such as a subset of the ‘Big Five’ [45] or paranoid ideation and schizotypy [47].”
Background
Why Education Predicts Decreased Belief in Conspiracy Theories
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“Further, paranormal beliefs strongly correlate with endorsement of conspiracy theories (Darwin et al., 2011; Newheiser et al., 2011; Stieger et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
The conspiracy-effect: exposure to conspiracy theories (about global warming) decreases pro-social behavior and science acceptance
van der Linden, S. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.045 · Cited by 391
“…theories is sometimes associated with a latent psychopathology such as paranoid schizophrenia (Barron, Morgan, Towell, Altemeyer, & Swami, 2014; Darwin, Neave, & Holmes, 2011), social-personality psychologists have developed an increased interest in explaining conspiracy ideation in the…”
Background
Belief in conspiracy theories: Basic principles of an emerging research domain
van Prooijen, J., & Douglas, K. M. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2530 · Cited by 483
Connecting the dots: illusory pattern perception predicts belief in conspiracies and the supernatural
van Prooijen, J., Douglas, K. M., & De Inocencio, C. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2331 · Cited by 355
“A robust finding in irrational belief research is that conspiracy beliefs and supernatural beliefs are strongly intercorrelated (Barron et al., 2014; Darwin et al., 2011; Lobato et al., 2014; Newheiser et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011), a finding that we replicated in the current research (see Tables 1–3).”
BackgroundResult
Does Self-Love or Self-Hate Predict Conspiracy Beliefs? Narcissism, Self-Esteem, and the Endorsement of Conspiracy Theories
Cichocka, A. K., Marchlewska, M., & de Zavala, A. G. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550615616170 · Cited by 390
Social psychological origins of conspiracy theories: the case of the Jewish conspiracy theory in Malaysia
Swami, V. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280 · Cited by 337
“In addition, belief in conspiracy theories has also been found to correlate positively with paranormal beliefs (Darwin et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011), that is beliefs in processes for which there is currently little supportive empirical evidence.”
Background
Antecedents and consequences of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs: A systematic review
van Mulukom, V., Pummerer, L., Alper, S., Bai, H., Čavojová, V., Farias, J. E. M., Kay, C. S., Lazarević, L. B., Lobato, E. J. C., Marinthe, G., et al. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114912 · Cited by 437
“Individual differences People differ in the degree to which they endorse conspiracy theories (Darwin et al., 2011), and some of this variation may be attributable to characteristics of the individual.”
Examining the Relationship Between Conspiracy Theories, Paranormal Beliefs, and Pseudoscience Acceptance Among a University Population
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“, 2013) and between conspiracy theory and paranormal acceptance (Darwin et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011).”
Background
Conspiracy Theories and Their Societal Effects During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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“48), including interpersonal paranoia (Darwin et al., 2011), narcissism (Cichocka, Marchlewska, & Golec de Zavala, 2016), generalized distrust (Abalakina-Paap et al.”
Background
What Are Conspiracy Theories? A Definitional Approach to Their Correlates, Consequences, and Communication
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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Psychological Research on Conspiracy Beliefs: Field Characteristics, Measurement Instruments, and Associations With Personality Traits
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“The significant correlation between conspiracist ideation and paranormal beliefs observed in the present study, as well as previous research (Darwin et al., 2011; Newheiser et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011) , adds support to the idea that similar factors give rise to both kinds of anomalous belief.”
Result
Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them
(2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190844073.001.0001 · Cited by 294
How paranoid are conspiracy believers? Toward a more fine-grained understanding of the connect and disconnect between paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories
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“…self-relevant without necessarily turning pathological (e.g., beliefs that people are talking about someone behind the person’s back; see also Darwin et al., 2011; Kramer, 1998; Fenigstein & Vanable, 1992), and a relevant question is whether or not the present findings generalize to these…”
Background
Too special to be duped: need for uniqueness motivates conspiracy beliefs
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An Existential Threat Model of Conspiracy Theories
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“This scale was originally composed of seven dimensions but as in previous investigations we chose to only use a single score, by summing all the items, to form a total paranormal belief score (Darwin et al., 2011; Tobacyk, 2004).”
Method
Conspiracy theory and cognitive style: a worldview
Dagnall, N., Drinkwater, K. G., Parker, A., Denovan, A., & Parton, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00206 · Cited by 227
“This measure has excellent internal consistency of 0.96 (Darwin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
“What about building 7?” A social psychological study of online discussion of 9/11 conspiracy theories
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“…et al., 2010); feelings of powerlessness and low self-esteem (Abalakina-Paap et al., 1999); superstition, beliefs in the paranormal, and schizotypy (Darwin et al., 2011); a perceived lack of control (Hamsher et al., 1968; Whitson and Galinsky, 2008); a Machiavellian approach to social interaction…”
Background
An examination of the factorial and convergent validity of four measures of conspiracist ideation, with recommendations for researchers
Swami, V., Barron, D. S., Weis, L., Voracek, M., Stieger, S., & Furnham, A. F. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172617 · Cited by 212
Climate Change Conspiracy Theories
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Associations between schizotypy and belief in conspiracist ideation
Barron, D. S., Morgan, K., Towell, T., Altemeyer, B., & Swami, V. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.040 · Cited by 124
Individual difference factors and beliefs in medical and political conspiracy theories
Galliford, N., & Furnham, A. F. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12382 · Cited by 163
Lunar Lies: The Impact of Informational Framing and Individual Differences in Shaping Conspiracist Beliefs About the Moon Landings
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Why conspiracy theories matter: A social psychological analysis
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Better the devil you know than a world you don't? Intolerance of uncertainty and worldview explanations for belief in conspiracy theories
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What's in a Term? Paranormal, Superstitious, Magical and Supernatural Beliefs by Any Other Name Would Mean the Same
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“beliefs and superstitions (Dudley, 1999; Kane, Core, & Hunt; Wain & Spinella, 2007). Other researchers, in turn, saw some of the concepts as more general than others. For example, according to Subbotsky (2004), magical events involve supernatural ones and according to Yorulmaz, Inozu, and Gultepe (2010), magical think…”
Background
Bored to fears: Boredom proneness, paranoia, and conspiracy theories
Brotherton, R., & Eser, S. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.011 · Cited by 151
“…beliefs and experiences, including belief in the paranormal, superstitions, and New Age beliefs (Bruder, Haffke, Neave, Nouripanah, & Imhoff, 2013; Darwin et al., 2011; Drinkwater, Dagnall, & Parker, 2012; Newheiser, Farias, & Tausch, 2011; Stieger, Gumhalter, Tran, Voracek, & Swami, 2013; Swami…”
The impact of economic inequality on conspiracy beliefs
Casara, B. G. S., Suitner, C., & Jetten, J. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104245 · Cited by 138
Political paranoia and conspiracy theories
Swami, V., & Furnham, A. F. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139565417.016 · Cited by 136
“…or as a means of maintaining selfesteem in the face of external threats (Robins and Post, 1997), coping with persecution (Combs, Penn, and Fenigstein, 2002), reasserting individualism (Davis, 1969; Melley, 2000), or expressing negative feelings towards out-groups (Ungerleider and Wellisch, 1979).”
Background
Mistrust and Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories Differently Mediate the Effects of Psychological Factors on Propensity for COVID-19 Vaccine
Simione, L., Vagni, M., Gnagnarella, C., Bersani, G., & Pajardi, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.683684 · Cited by 146
Believing in Conspiracy Theories: Evidence from an Exploratory Analysis of Italian Survey Data
Mancosu, M., Vassallo, S., & Vezzoni, C. (2017) · South European Society & Politics · doi:10.1080/13608746.2017.1359894 · Cited by 142
Parental Decision-Making on Childhood Vaccination
Damnjanović, K., Graeber, J., Ilić, S., Lam, W. Y., Lep, Ž., Morales, S., Pulkkinen, T., & Vingerhoets, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00735 · Cited by 140
Thinking Preferences and Conspiracy Belief: Intuitive Thinking and the Jumping to Conclusions-Bias as a Basis for the Belief in Conspiracy Theories
Pytlik, N., Soll, D., & Mehl, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568942 · Cited by 151
“In line with this contention, two studies have demonstrated an association of CB and paranoia in non-clinical samples (17, 18).”
Conspiracy suspicions as a proxy for beliefs in conspiracy theories: Implications for theory and measurement
Wood, M. (2017) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12231 · Cited by 80
Intention Seekers: Conspiracist Ideation and Biased Attributions of Intentionality
Brotherton, R., & French, C. C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124125 · Cited by 138
“To speculate further about the relationship between conspiracism and anthropomorphism, previous studies have found conspiracism to correlate with traits reflecting openness to unusual ideas [24,22,76].”
BackgroundResult
An examination of the underlying dimensional structure of three domains of contaminated mindware: paranormal beliefs, conspiracy beliefs, and anti-science attitudes
Rizeq, J., Flora, D., & Toplak, M. E. (2020) · Thinking and Reasoning · doi:10.1080/13546783.2020.1759688 · Cited by 92
“…have been mostly studied either independently or in pairs, but they tend to be positively associated (e.g. Browne et al., 2015; Bruder et al. 2013; Darwin et al., 2011; Douglas et al., 2016; Drinkwater et al., 2012; Lewandowsky et al., 2013; Stanovich et al., 2016; van den Bulck & Custers, 2010).”
Associations between belief in conspiracy theories and the maladaptive personality traits of the personality inventory for DSM-5.
Swami, V., Weis, L., Lay, A., Barron, D. S., & Furnham, A. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.12.027 · Cited by 76
“Additionally, characteristics associated with paranoid ideation may result in distorted perceptions and a misappreciation of intention that result in conspiracist ideation (Darwin et al., 2011; van der Tempel & Alcock, 2015).”
The entertainment value of conspiracy theories
van Prooijen, J., Ligthart, J., Rosema, S., & Xu, Y. (2021) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12522 · Cited by 131
The social dimension of belief in conspiracy theories
van Prooijen, J., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139565417.017 · Cited by 112
The relationship between schizotypal facets and conspiracist beliefs via cognitive processes.
Barron, D. S., Furnham, A., Weis, L., Morgan, K., Towell, T., & Swami, V. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.001 · Cited by 94
“as a mediating variable between schizotypy and conspiracist beliefs (Dagnall et al., 2015; Darwin et al., 2011); that is, it has been suggested that the continual fear of external agents and deficits of perception typified by paranoid ideation may mediate the relationship between schizotypy and conspiracist beliefs (s…”
Influential
Pathways to conspiracy: The social and linguistic precursors of involvement in Reddit’s conspiracy theory forum
Klein, C., Clutton, P., & Dunn, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225098 · Cited by 108
“Psychopathology [28,29] affection, aggression, confusion, death, emotional, fear, healing, health, help, medical_emergency, negative_emotion, nervousness, pain, prison, rage, sexual, shame, suffering”
Predictors of belief in conspiracy theory: The role of individual differences in schizotypal traits, paranormal beliefs, social dominance orientation, right wing authoritarianism and conspiracy mentality
Dyrendal, A., Kennair, L. E., & Bendixen, M. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110645 · Cited by 79
Stigmatized beliefs: Conspiracy theories, anticipated negative evaluation of the self, and fear of social exclusion
Lantian, A., Müller, D., Nurra, C., Klein, O., Berjot, S., & Pantazi, M. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2498 · Cited by 117
Online communication as a window to conspiracist worldviews
Wood, M. J., & Douglas, K. M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00836 · Cited by 110
“…2014), many researchers have interpreted this key finding as evidence for a general conspiracy worldview, a belief system in which conspiracy is the dominant force in history and the truth of major events is hidden from the public as a matter of course (Goertzel, 1994; Imhoff and Bruder, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
The Conspiracy Mentality Scale
Stojanov, A., & Halberstadt, J. (2019) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000381 · Cited by 78
Relationships between conspiracy mentality, hyperactive agency detection, and schizotypy: Supernatural forces at work?
van der Tempel, J., & Alcock, J. E. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.010 · Cited by 120
Conspiracy Thinking in Europe and America: A Comparative Study
Walter, A., & Drochon, H. (2020) · Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0032321720972616 · Cited by 81
“These studies have looked at personality traits (e.g. Darwin et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011), sociodemographic factors (e.g. Freeman and Bentall, 2017; Hogg et al., 2017; Stempel et al., 2007), political ideology (e.g. Galliford and Furnham, 2017; Krouwel et al., 2017; Uscinski and Parent, 2014;…”
Background
Individual, intergroup and nation-level influences on belief in conspiracy theories
Hornsey, M., Bierwiaczonek, K., Sassenberg, K., & Douglas, K. M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00133-0 · Cited by 86
Adherence to safety and self-isolation guidelines, conspiracy and paranoia-like beliefs during COVID-19 pandemic in Poland - associations and moderators
Kowalski, J., Marchlewska, M., Molenda, Z., Górska, P., & Gawęda, Ł. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113540 · Cited by 103
Conspiracy beliefs in the general population: The importance of psychopathology, cognitive style and educational attainment
Georgiou, N., Delfabbro, P., & Balzan, R. P. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109521 · Cited by 98
Bridging the great divide: Conspiracy theory research for the 21st century
Bütter, M., & Knight, P. (2015) · Diogenes · doi:10.1177/0392192116669289 · Cited by 95
Commercial conspiracy theories: a pilot study
Furnham, A. F. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00379 · Cited by 92
Populist Gullibility: Conspiracy Theories, News Credibility, Bullshit Receptivity, and Paranormal Belief
van Prooijen, J., Rodrigues, T. C., Bunzel, C., Georgescu, O., Komáromy, D., & Krouwel, A. P. M. (2022) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12802 · Cited by 105
Examining conspiracist beliefs about the disappearance of Amelia Earhart
Swami, V., & Furnham, A. (2012) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2012.697932 · Cited by 88
The Robust Relationship Between Conspiracism and Denial of (Climate) Science
Lewandowsky, S., Gignac, G. E., & Oberauer, K. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614568432 · Cited by 88
Girl in the cellar: a repeated cross-sectional investigation of belief in conspiracy theories about the kidnapping of Natascha Kampusch
Stieger, S., Gumhalter, N., Tran, U. S., Voracek, M., & Swami, V. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00297 · Cited by 86
“…distrust, greater support for democratic principles, greater openness to experience, and stronger New Age beliefs (e.g., Abalakina-Paap et al., 1999; Swami et al., 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013; Darwin et al., 2011; Newheiser et al., 2011; Swami, 2012; Swami and Furnham, 2012; Jolley and Douglas, 2013).”
Background
Science as a Vaccine
Fasce, A., & Picó, A. (2019) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-018-00022-0 · Cited by 86
Something’s Going on Here
Hart, J., & Graether, M. (2018) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000268 · Cited by 83
The role of system identity threat in conspiracy theory endorsement
Federico, C. M., Williams, A. L., & Vitriol, J. A. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2495 · Cited by 85
Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion
Wood, M. J., & Douglas, K. (2018) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004382022 · Cited by 79
Medical conspiracy theories: cognitive science and implications for ethics
Andrade, G. E. (2020) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6 · Cited by 79
“On a psychological level, research shows that belief in conspiracy theories is associated with paranoia (Darwin et al 2011) , schizotypy, narcissism (Cichocka et al.”
Background
The usual suspects: How psychological motives and thinking styles predict the endorsement of well‐known and COVID ‐19 conspiracy beliefs
Gligorić, V., da Silva, M. M., Eker, S., van Hoek, N., Nieuwenhuijzen, E., Popova, U., & Zeighami, G. (2021) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3844 · Cited by 74
“It is likely that susceptibility to paranormal beliefs, of which New Age spirituality represents an integral part (Tobacyk, 2004), is behind this relationship, given the positive association between paranormal and conspiracy beliefs (e.g., Darwin et al., 2011; Lobato et al., 2014).”
Background
Unpacking the relationship between religiosity and conspiracy beliefs in Australia
Jasinskaja‐Lahti, I., & Jetten, J. (2019) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12314 · Cited by 80
Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs in the German-speaking general population: endorsement rates and links to reasoning biases and paranoia
Kuhn, S. A. K., Lieb, R., Freeman, D. H., Andreou, C., & Zander-Schellenberg, T. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001124 · Cited by 97
Measuring adolescents' beliefs in conspiracy theories: Development and validation of the Adolescent Conspiracy Beliefs Questionnaire (ACBQ).
Jolley, D., Douglas, K. M., Skipper, Y., Thomas, E., & Cookson, D. (2021) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12368 · Cited by 58
Differential susceptibility to misleading flat earth arguments on youtube
Landrum, A., Olshansky, A., & Richards, O. (2019) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2019.1669461 · Cited by 65
Suspicious binds: Conspiracy thinking and tenuous perceptions of causal connections between co‐occurring and spuriously correlated events
van der Wal, R. C., Sutton, R. M., Lange, J., & Braga, J. N. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2507 · Cited by 71
Antecedents and consequences of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs: a systematic reviewPreprint
van Mulukom, V., Pummerer, L., Alper, S., Bai, H., Čavojová, V., Farias, J. E. M., Kay, C. S., Lazarević, L. B., Lobato, E. J. C., Marinthe, G., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/u8yah · Cited by 71
Conspiratorial thinking during COVID-19: The roles of paranoia, delusion-proneness, and intolerance of uncertainty
Larsen, E. M., Donaldson, K. R., Liew, M., & Mohanty, A. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mb65f · Cited by 71
“Paranoia–a construct highly related to schizotypy (34) characterized by mistrust and beliefs that others harbor malintentions—is also associated with CT (23, 30, 35), including in the context of COVID-19-specific CT (36), and this relationship may in fact be separable from that between delusionproneness and CT (23, 30…”
BackgroundResult
Who Believes in Conspiracy Theories? Network Diversity, Political Discussion, and Conservative Conspiracy Theories on Social Media
Min, S. J. (2021) · American Politics Research · doi:10.1177/1532673x211013526 · Cited by 70
“Those who believe in conspiracy theories may have a latent psychopathology (Clarke, 2002), are predisposed to authoritarianism, cynicism, and anomie (Darwin et al., 2011; Swami et al., 2011), and have proclivities to supernatural and paranormal beliefs (Oliver & Wood, 2014).”
Background
Different Conspiracy Theories Have Different Psychological and Social Determinants: Comparison of Three Theories About the Origins of the COVID-19 Virus in a Representative Sample of the UK Population
Hartman, T. K., Marshall, M., Stocks, T. V. A., McKay, R., Bennett, K. M., Butter, S., Miller, J. G., Hyland, P., Levita, L., Martínez, A. P., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.642510 · Cited by 76
Dynamic relationships between different types of conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and protective behaviour: A four-wave panel study in Poland
Oleksy, T., Wnuk, A., Gambin, M., & Łyś, A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114028 · Cited by 35
Online Conspiracy Groups: Micro-Bloggers, Bots, and Coronavirus Conspiracy Talk on Twitter
Greve, H. R., Rao, H., Vicinanza, P. J., & Zhou, E. Y. (2022) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/00031224221125937 · Cited by 74
“Conspiratorial beliefs are stronger among individuals with paranoid personalities (Darwin, Neave, and Holmes 2011) and are associated with belief in supernatural phenomena (Oliver and Wood 2014; Van Prooi-jen, Douglas, and De Inocencio 2018) and low feelings of social control (Uscinski and Parent…”
Background
'The Government Spies Using Our Webcams': The Language of Conspiracy Theories in Online Discussions
Samory, M., & Mitra, T. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274421 · Cited by 74
“…[31, 54, 62] a vast, insidious, preternaturally effective international conspiratorial network designed to perpetrate acts of the most fiendish character [1, 19, 67, 70] involve multiple actors working together in secret to achieve hidden goals that are perceived to be unlawful or malevolent.”
Background
Are misinformation, antiscientific claims, and conspiracy theories for political extremists?
Enders, A. M., & Uscinski, J. E. (2021) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430220960805 · Cited by 69
“This comports with literature showing a strong connection between conspiracy and paranormal beliefs (Darwin et al., 2011; Drinkwater et al., 2012).”
Background
Perceptual Biases in Relation to Paranormal and Conspiracy Beliefs
van Elk, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130422 · Cited by 75
“At the end of the experiment, participants completed the RPBS, the Conspiracy Belief Questionnaire (CBQ; [18]) and indicated their highest level of education.”
Influential
Conspirituality Reconsidered: How Surprising and How New is the Confluence of Spirituality and Conspiracy Theory?
Asprem, E., & Dyrendal, A. (2015) · Journal of Contemporary Religion · doi:10.1080/13537903.2015.1081339 · Cited by 108
Recursive Fury: Conspiracist Ideation in the Blogosphere in Response to Research on Conspiracist Ideation
Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Oberauer, K., & Marriott, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00073 · Cited by 69
“low trust (Goertzel, 1994) and paranoid ideation (Darwin et al., 2011) – were observable in the response to LOG12.”
BackgroundResult
Retracted
Rationality in Conspiracy Beliefs: The Role of Perceived Motive
Bost, P. R., & Prunier, S. G. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/17.04.pr0.113x17z0 · Cited by 65
Social media skepticism and belief in conspiracy theories about COVID-19: the moderating role of the dark triad
Ahadzadeh, A. S., Ong, F. S., & Wu, S. L. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02198-1 · Cited by 64
An Assessment of the Dimensionality and Factorial Structure of the Revised Paranormal Belief Scale
Drinkwater, K. G., Denovan, A., Dagnall, N., & Parker, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01693 · Cited by 64
“This issue is problematic because numerous studies use RPBS total scores to assess belief in the paranormal (see Wolfradt, 1997; Hergovich, 2003; Aarnio and Lindeman, 2005; Darwin et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Conspiracy theories and their societal effects during the COVID-19 pandemic
Pummerer, L., Böhm, R., Lilleholt, L., Winter, K., Zettler, I., & Sassenberg, K. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y5grn · Cited by 67
Who Are Conspiracy Theorists? A Comprehensive Approach to Explaining Conspiracy Beliefs
Enders, A. M., & Smallpage, S. M. (2019) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12711 · Cited by 63
Conspiracy Theories and the Manufacture of Dissent: QAnon, the ‘Big Lie’, Covid-19, and the Rise of Rightwing Propaganda
DiMaggio, A. R. (2022) · Critical Sociology · doi:10.1177/08969205211073669 · Cited by 68
“Some research identifies specific traits as affiliated with a conspiratorial mindset, including resentment of elites, psychoticism, lack of critical thinking, paranoia, anxiety, anger, and delusion (Carey et al., 2016; Dagnall et al., 2015; Darwin et al., 2011; Dyer and Hall, 2019; Klein et al., 2019; Stahl and Van Pr…”
Background

Authors: Darwin, H., Neave, N., & Holmes, J.
Affiliations: Northumbria University (GB)
Corresponding author: Neave, Nick
ORCID: Neave, Nick
Holmes, Joni
Venue: Personality and Individual Differences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2011-06
Volume: 50
Issue: 8
Pages: 1289-1293
ISSN: 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.027
OpenAlex: W2036898417
Cited by: 400
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 28.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (submittedVersion)
UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Keywords: conspiracy theories, supernatural beliefs, paranoid ideation, schizotypy, sex differences, spiritualism, precognition, extrasensory perception, paranoia, personality traits

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Belief in conspiracy theories. The role of paranormal belief, paranoid ideation and schizotypy

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