Shape shifting pain: chronification of back pain shifts brain representation from nociceptive to emotional circuits
Open accessAbstract
Chronic pain conditions are associated with abnormalities in brain structure and function. Moreover, some studies indicate that brain activity related to the subjective perception of chronic pain may be distinct from activity for acute pain. However, the latter are based on observations from cross-sectional studies. How brain activity reorganizes with transition from acute to chronic pain has remained unexplored. Here we study this transition by examining brain activity for rating fluctuations of back pain magnitude. First we compared back pain-related brain activity between subjects who have had the condition for ∼2 months with no prior history of back pain for 1 year (early, acute/subacute back pain group, n = 94), to subjects who have lived with back pain for >10 years (chronic back pain group, n = 59). In a subset of subacute back pain patients, we followed brain activity for back pain longitudinally over a 1-year period, and compared brain activity between those who recover (recovered acute/sub-acute back pain group, n = 19) and those in which the back pain persists (persistent acute/sub-acute back pain group, n = 20; based on a 20% decrease in intensity of back pain in 1 year). We report results in relation to meta-analytic probabilistic maps related to the terms pain, emotion, and reward (each map is based on >200 brain imaging studies, derived from neurosynth.org). We observed that brain activity for back pain in the early, acute/subacute back pain group is limited to regions involved in acute pain, whereas in the chronic back pain group, activity is confined to emotion-related circuitry. Reward circuitry was equally represented in both groups. In the recovered acute/subacute back pain group, brain activity diminished in time, whereas in the persistent acute/subacute back pain group, activity diminished in acute pain regions, increased in emotion-related circuitry, and remained unchanged in reward circuitry. The results demonstrate that brain representation for a constant percept, back pain, can undergo large-scale shifts in brain activity with the transition to chronic pain. These observations challenge long-standing theoretical concepts regarding brain and mind relationships, as well as provide important novel insights regarding definitions and mechanisms of chronic pain.
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The NAc-vmPFC pathway was previously shown to be important for emotion/pain regulation, and valuation in a range of contexts.
“the NAc-vmPFC pathway previously shown to be important for emotion/pain regulation, and valuation in a range of contexts [6],[53],[74]–[77]”
From Distinct Brain Systems Mediate the Effects of Nociceptive Input and Self-Regulation on Pain (2015) · cites this paper as [53]
The exact NAc-vmPFC pathway tested was recently shown to predict the transition from acute to chronic back pain, demonstrating a functional role in pain chronification.
“the exact NAc-vmPFC pathway we tested was recently shown to predict the transition from acute to chronic back pain [53],[54], demonstrating a functional role in pain chronification.”
From Distinct Brain Systems Mediate the Effects of Nociceptive Input and Self-Regulation on Pain (2015) · cites this paper as [53]
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- Authors
- Hashmi, J. A., Baliki, M. N., Huang, L., Baria, A. T., Torbey, S., Hermann, K. M., Schnitzer, T. J., & Apkarian, A. V.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Apkarian, A. Vania
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-08-26
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2751-2768
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- PMC
- PMC3754458
- OpenAlex
- W1975954553
- Cited by
- 762
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 22
- FWCI
- 25.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Northwestern University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-035115, R01NS035115)
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R01DE022746)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- chronic back pain, pain chronification, acute to chronic pain transition, emotional processing, reward systems, pain perception, pain recovery
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Back Pain, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cross-Sectional Studies, Emotions, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Oxygen, Pain Measurement, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reward, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Linear Models, Observation, Chronic Pain
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