Cited by 127Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Conditioned and sensitized responses to stimulant drugs in humans

Leyton, Marco·2007·Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.027

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Abstract

In animal models considerable evidence suggests that increased motivation to seek and ingest drugs of abuse are related to conditioned and sensitized activations of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. Direct evidence for these phenomena in humans, though, is sparse. However, recent studies support the following. First, the acute administration of drugs of abuse across pharmacological classes increases extracellular DA levels within the human ventral striatum. Second, individual differences in the magnitude of this response correlate with rewarding effects of the drugs and the personality trait of novelty seeking. Third, transiently diminishing DA transmission in humans decreases drug craving, the propensity to preferentially respond to reward-paired stimuli, and the ability to sustain responding for future drug reward. Finally, very recent studies suggest that repeated exposure to stimulant drugs, either on the street or in the laboratory, can lead to conditioned and sensitized behavioral responses and DA release. In contrast to these findings, though, in individuals with a long history of substance abuse, drug-induced DA release is decreased. This diminished DA release could reflect two different phenomena. First, it is possible that drug withdrawal related decrements in DA cell function persist longer than previously suspected. Second, drug-paired stimuli may gain marked conditioned control over the release of DA and the expression of sensitization leading to reduced DA release when drug-related cues are absent. Based on these observations a two-factor hypothesis of the role of DA in drug abuse is proposed. In the presence of drug cues, conditioned and sensitized DA release would occur leading to focused drug-seeking behavior. In comparison, in the absence of drug-related stimuli DA function would be reduced, diminishing the ability of individuals to sustain goal-directed behavior and long-term objectives. This conditioned control of the expression of sensitized DA release could aggravate susceptibility to relapse, narrow the range of interests and perturb decision-making, accounting for a wide range of addiction related phenomena.

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“The ventral striatum is activated by primary rewards such as stimulant drugs (Leyton, 2007), abstinence-induced cravings for primary rewards (Wang et al., 2007), and secondary rewards such as money (Seymour, Daw, Dayan, Singer, & Dolan, 2007).”

See all 127

Authors: Leyton, M.
Affiliations: McGill University (CA)
Corresponding author: Leyton, Marco
ORCID: Leyton, Marco
Venue: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-11
Volume: 31
Issue: 8
Pages: 1601-1613
ISSN: 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.027
OpenAlex: W1991899916
Cited by: 127
References: 197
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 0.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: McGill University
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: sensitization, mesolimbic dopamine system, dopamine release, ventral striatum, drug craving, novelty seeking, drug reward, relapse, drug withdrawal, stimulants, addiction, goal-directed behavior
MeSH terms: Central Nervous System Stimulants, Behavior, Conditioning, Psychological, Cues, Dopamine, Humans, Substance-Related Disorders

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Conditioned and sensitized responses to stimulant drugs in humans

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