The DOI matches its Crossref record; 75 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 22 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation in depressed children and adolescents: A meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Research findings on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and pediatric depression reflect a variety of methodological approaches that tap different facets of HPA-axis functions. Partly owing to the methodological heterogeneity of studies, descriptive reviews of this area have produced inconsistent conclusions. Therefore, we conducted formal meta-analyses of pertinent studies in order to advance our understanding of HPA-axis dysregulation in pediatric depression. We examined: (a) 17 published studies of HPA-axis response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in depressed youth (DST; N=926) and (b) 17 studies of basal HPA-axis functioning (N=1332). We also examined descriptively studies that used corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) infusion, and those that used psychological probes of the HPA-axis. The global standardized mean effect size difference in HPA-axis response to the DST between depressed and non-depressed youth was 0.57, z=4.18, p<0.01. The global standardized mean difference effect size in basal HPA-axis functioning was 0.20, z=4.53, p<0.01. Age, sex, timing of sampling, dexamethasone dosage, or type of control group was not a significant source of variability for the DST or basal studies. In addition, when compared to non-depressed peers, depressed youth have a normative response to CRH infusion but an overactive response to psychological stressors. In conclusion, the HPA-axis system tends to be dysregulated in depressed youth, as evidenced by atypical responses to the DST, higher baseline cortisol values, and an overactive response to psychological stressors. This pattern of dysregulation suggests anomalies within the axis's negative feedback system and CRH production, but intact pituitary and adrenal sensitivity.
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15 Not checked yet · 14 Own interpretation · 11 Own result · 4 Own method · 1 No basis given
In the paper
“Furthermore, Rao et al (2008) compared the cortisol response of depressed adolescents and a non-psychiatric control group after a social stress task and found mean effect size differences of .66 in peak cortisol levels, and of .91 to .96 during recovery.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Psychological (or naturally occurring) Challenge Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rao et al (2008)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, data on HPA-axis response to psychological stressors in this clinical population were noticeably scant.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, we found only three relevant studies of HPA-axis reactivity to psychological stressors in children or adolescents with depression.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Psychological (or naturally occurring) Challenge Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Four studies compared cortisol levels post CRH infusion, but none found a significant difference in cortisol or ACTH secretion between MDD and non-MDD groups (Birmaher et al., 1996; Dorn et al., 1996; Kaufman et al., 1997; Ronsaville et al., 2006).”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Additional Descriptive Analysis of HPA-Axis Probes
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age, sex, timing of sampling, dexamethasone dosage, or type of control group was not a significant source of variability for the DST or basal studies.”
- Also stated in: § Basal HPA Axis Functioning Studies: Meta Analysis · plain
“None of the factors examined predicted average effect size differences between the MDD and control groups.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Basal HPA Axis Functioning Studies: Meta Analysis · plain
In the paper
“Luby et al. (2004) also compared cortisol responses to a laboratory stressor in young children and found reduced percentage change in the MDD group when compared to healthy controls.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Psychological (or naturally occurring) Challenge Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luby et al. (2004) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the three studies of HPA-axis reactivity to psychological stressors (Luby et al., 2003, 2004; Rao et al., 2008) reported equivocal results.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, due to limited variance between the studies, we were unable to examine factors that had been proposed as possible moderators of the HPA-depression relation, such as depression severity, endogenous subtype, and atypicality (eg., Dahl et al., 1992; Nelson & Davis, 1997), and exposure to traumatic events (e.g., Kaufman et al., 1997; Rao et al., 2008).”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we found no evidence of a dysregulated response to corticotropin releasing hormone in depressed pediatric samples.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the DST appears to provide a more sensitive index of hypercortisolaemia in pediatric depression than baseline cortisol measures, extending the extant adult literature.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, we found no significant effects of time of sampling and type of control group (psychiatric vs. healthy peers).”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, group differences in baseline cortisol did not appear to be a function of sex, age, type of control group, or time of the sample collection.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimate of heterogeneity was not significant (.0000), z = .00, p > .20, suggesting limited between-study variability.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Basal HPA Axis Functioning Studies: Meta Analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The global standardized mean difference effect size in basal HPA-axis functioning was .20, z = 4.53, p < .01.”
- Also stated in: § Basal HPA Axis Functioning Studies: Meta Analysis · hedged
“Using a random effects model, the pooled effect size (k = 36) for group differences in basal cortisol levels was .20 (z = 4.53, p < .01; 95% CI .11 – .29) indicating a tendency for depressed children and adolescents to have higher basal cortisol levels than non-MDD controls.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 1,332 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Basal HPA Axis Functioning Studies: Meta Analysis · hedged
In the paper
“For Luby et al. (2003), the mean effect size differences between the MDD group and psychiatric and healthy controls at 30 minutes post-stress were .30 and .21, suggesting higher post stress cortisol in the depressed group.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Psychological (or naturally occurring) Challenge Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luby et al. (2003) source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimate of heterogeneity was significant (.26), z = 2.33, p < .01, suggesting large between-study variability.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Dexamethasone Suppression Test: Meta-Analysis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, contrary to previous descriptive reviews, which proposed that age influences HPA axis response in depressed youngsters (Birmaher & Heydl, 2001), our analysis found no significant age differences.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age, sex, timing of sampling, dexamethasone dosage, or type of control group was not a significant source of variability for the DST or basal studies.”
- Also stated in: § Dexamethasone Suppression Test: Meta-Analysis · plain
“None of the factors examined significantly predicted effect sizes in DST response.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Dexamethasone Suppression Test: Meta-Analysis · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The global standardized mean effect size difference in HPA-axis response to the DST between depressed and non-depressed youth was .57, z = 4.18 p< .01.”
- Also stated in: § Dexamethasone Suppression Test: Meta-Analysis · hedged
“Using a mixed, random effects model, the pooled effect size (k = 49) for group differences in DST response was .57 (z = 4.18, p < .01; 95% CI .28 – .86) indicating greater cortisol production (or less suppression) after the DST among depressed children and adolescents than among non-MDD controls.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 926- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Dexamethasone Suppression Test: Meta-Analysis · hedged
In the paper
“The effect sizes were -.13, -.14, and -.11, respectively.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Additional Descriptive Analysis of HPA-Axis Probes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kaufman et al., 1997 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depressed youth's dysregulated HPA-axis response to the DST suggests possible alterations in the mechanism in charge of regulating tonic cortisol levels.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“All in all, our results point towards possible anomalies within HPA-axis tonic system as reflected by dysregulated response to the DST and elevated basal cortisol levels.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, when compared to non-depressed peers, depressed youth have a normative response to CRH infusion but an overactive response to psychological stressors.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These contradictory findings are possibly due to group differences in baseline cortisol levels prior to the stress tasks, with the depressed preschool groups showing higher cortisol levels across the entire protocol (whether because of elevated tonic levels or chronic stress response to the entire laboratory experience), which could constrain the stress response to specific tasks.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, Luby et al. (2003) reported blunted reactivity (percentage change) in the depressed group, likely due to already elevated baseline values.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Psychological (or naturally occurring) Challenge Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Luby et al. (2003) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of timing effects are particularly remarkable, as this indicates that the dysregulation is not specific to any time point, as would be expected if the dysregulation was driven by anomalies within circadian systems.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with the DST results, our meta-analysis suggests that depressed youth have higher cortisol levels throughout the day than do non-depressed youth, also reflecting hypercortisolaemia.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, while Rao et al. (1997) reported significant reductions in basal cortisol after remission from an MDD episode, indicating that HPA-Axis dysregulation may be accentuated during depressive states, there is also evidence that HPA dysregulation is already present prior to the onset of depressive symptoms (Halligan et al., 2007) or MDD (Goodyer et al., 2000b).”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rao et al. (1997) source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three available studies suggest that, compared to non-depressed peers, depressed preschoolers show blunted reactivity (percentage change) but higher peak cortisol levels, while depressed adolescents show higher reactivity and delayed recovery.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Hypercortisolemia has been consistently found in depressed adults (Christensen & Kessing, 2001; Gillespie & Nemeroff, 2005), and has been examined as a potential predictor of various outcomes (e.g., treatment response; Ribeiro et al., 1993) as well as one cause of the brain structural anomalies observed in depressed patients (Videbech & Ravnkilde, 2004).”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Group differences in baseline cortisol also appear to be markedly less robust than differences in DST responses, suggesting that dysregulated responses to the DST do not necessarily translate to tonic HPA-axis dysregulation.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, most longitudinal studies were conducted with children who were “at-risk” due to the presence of subclinical signs of depression, raising the possibility that the observed cortisol differences prior to MDD onset may have reflected the disease process already underway (see for example Goodyer et al., 2003, 2000a, 2000b).”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goodyer et al., 2003 source
- Not checked yetcites Goodyer et al., 2000a
- Not checked yetcites Goodyer et al., 2000b
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, as compared to control peers, depressed youth tend to have a dysregulated response to the dexamethasone suppression test and moderately higher cortisol levels throughout the day.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In their meta-analysis, the mean cortisol difference between the depressed and non-depressed groups was .27 in stress response and 1.39 during recovery.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burke et al. (2005) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is of great importance given that HPA-axis dysregulation is not unique to depression and is observed in many other disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (de Kloet et al., 2006) and social anxiety (Beaton et al., 2006).”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern of dysregulation suggests anomalies within the axis's negative feedback system and CRH production, but intact pituitary and adrenal sensitivity.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is consistent with our findings on pediatric samples using psychological stressors that show a modest group difference in reactivity but much stronger difference during recovery.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Burke et al. (2005) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This normative cortisol response to CRH infusion among depressed youngsters suggests intact hypothalamic sensitivity to CRH and/or intact adrenal sensitivity to ACTH.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Relative suppression of ACTH and cortisol after CRH infusion indicates pituitary under-sensitivity to CRH.
The paper relies on this without support.
Relative suppression of ACTH and cortisol after CRH infusion indicates pituitary under-sensitivity to CRH.
“Relative suppression (limited increase) of ACTH and cortisol release after CRH infusion suggests pituitary under-sensitivity to CRH.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Responses to psychological probes can reflect negative feedback dysregulation, oversensitivity to CRH or ACTH, and/or cognitive factors.
“responses to psychological probes may reflect differences within various HPA-axis components, including dysregulation of the negative feedback system, oversensitivity to CRH or ACTH, and/or differences in cognitive factors (e.g., attention, depressive rumination) that could lead to acute activation of the HPA-axis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The general findings of studies omitted by the strict selection criteria are consistent with the meta-analysis results.
“Yet, the general findings of the omitted studies are consistent with our results, suggesting HPA-axis dysregulation in pediatric depression.”
The paper relies on this without support.
High total cortisol production over a 24-hour cycle indicates possible tonic hypercortisolaemia.
“For example, while high levels of total cortisol production during a 24-hour cycle indicate possible tonic hypercortisolaemia, samples obtained upon awakening (during the cortisol awakening response) are not necessarily reflective of tonic HPA-axis functioning and instead reflect stress reactivity (Edwards et al., 2001; Schmidt-Reinwald et al., 1999).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychological distress, including symptoms of depression and anxiety, have shown an inconsistent relationship with cortisol response.”
From Relationship of Mindfulness to Distress and Cortisol Response in Adolescent Girls At-Risk for Type 2 Diabetes. (2018) · cites this paper as Lopez-Duran, Kovacs, & George, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, other studies suggest that depressive and anxiety symptoms relate to hyper or prolonged cortisol response to acute stress (Lopez-Duran, Kovacs, & George, 2009).”
From Relationship of Mindfulness to Distress and Cortisol Response in Adolescent Girls At-Risk for Type 2 Diabetes. (2018) · cites this paper as Lopez-Duran, Kovacs, & George, 2009
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis of 651 depressed children and adolescents found greater basal cortisol levels in MDD children and adolescents compared to controls (156).”
From Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [156]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Depressed children and adolescents (N = 388) revealed higher cortisol post DST in a metaanalysis. Conversely, cortisol and ACTH levels post-CRH infusion were non-significant between groups (156).”
From Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis (2022) · cites this paper as [156]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Inflammatory cytokines may indirectly upregulate glucocorticoids in the body by interfering with the functional capacity of the glucocorticoid receptor (Pace, Hu, & Miller, 2007; Raison & Miller, 2003), resulting in continued synthesis of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and sustained activation of the HPA-axis which has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of depression (Lopez-Duran et a”
From The role of inflammation in core features of depression: Insights from paradigms using exogenously-induced inflammation. (2018) · cites this paper as Lopez-Duran et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“The pathophysiology of MDD is related to several neurobiological changes, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis malfunction and consequent increase [2][3][4] or decrease [5][6][7] in basal cortisol levels.”
From Can physical exercise modulate cortisol level in subjects with depression? A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Not confirmedz = 2.33reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .020
“z = 2.33, p < .01”
- Consistentz = 4.53reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“z = 4.53, p < .01”
- Consistentz = 4.18reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 4.18, p < .01”
- Consistentz = 4.53reported p < .01 · recomputed p < .001
“(z = 4.53, p < .01”
- Consistentz = 0reported p > .2 · recomputed p = 1.000
“z = .00, p > .20”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Basal HPA Axis Functioning Studies: Meta Analysis
“The studies contributed a total of 28 effect sizes.”
§ Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysregulation in Depressed Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis > Results > Basal HPA Axis Functioning Studies: Meta Analysis
“Using a random effects model, the pooled effect size (k = 36) for group differences in basal cortisol levels was .20”
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“…recent work showing an impact of childhood cortisol levels on adult functional connectivity (Burghy et al, 2012) and evidence of the importance of stressful life events and abnormal stress reactivity in the genesis and maintenance of depression (eg, Kendler et al, 1999; Lopez-Duran et al, 2009).”
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“Nevertheless, what is consistent across most studies using challenge paradigms in adult and pediatric MDD is a much larger variability in cortisol response within the depressed group versus the non-depressed individuals (Lopez-Duran et al., 2009).”
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“More recent research, however, has led some to the more nuanced conclusion that the association appears to be stronger or weaker depending upon which index of HPA functioning is examined and at what age depression is manifested (Lopez-Duran et al. 2009; Kaufman et al. 2001).”
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“…et al 2006), and demonstrate an overall increased CORT response to stress, which is more pronounced in young adults than in aged patients (Burke et al 2005; Lopez-Duran et al 2009) and is also normalized after successful treatment (Kunugi et al 2006; Holsboer and Ising 2010; ter Heegde et al 2015).”
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“Prior cross-sectional research relating cortisol to major depression in adolescents found that lower morning values, elevated evening values, and flatter cortisol slopes across the waking day were associated with the presence of MDD (for review and meta-analysis, see Lopez-Duran et al., 2009).”
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“Basal cortisol levels are found to be decreased in PTSD (Meewisse et al., 2007; Morris et al., 2012; Schumacher et al., 2019), whereas they are elevated in MDD (Lopez-Duran et al., 2009; Psarraki et al., 2021; Stetler and Miller, 2011).”
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“Children with ASD have high rates of co-morbid neurologic and psychiatric illnesses, including epilepsy and mood disorders, which may be associated with increased cortisol levels, exacerbating the risk for low bone density (Greaves-Lord et al. 2009; Lopez-Duran et al. 2009; Sheth et al. 2008).”
BackgroundDavis, E. P., Hankin, B. L., Swales, D. A., & Hoffman, M. C. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000470 · Cited by 95
Rumination and Impaired Cortisol Recovery Following a Social Stressor in Adolescent Depression
Stewart, J. G., Mazurka, R., Bond, L., Wynne‐Edwards, K. E., & Harkness, K. L. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9740-1 · Cited by 90
Harkness, K. L., Hayden, E. P., & Lopez‐Duran, N. L. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000041 · Cited by 96
Self-citationThe microbiome as a novel paradigm in studying stress and mental health.
Liu, R. T. (2017) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000058 · Cited by 96
“With a normally functioning HPA system, DST administration leads to a suppression of CRH and ACTH production, and a resulting decrease in circulating cortisol.”
BackgroundEisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Miller, A. B., Giletta, M., Hastings, P. D., Rudolph, K. D., Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0206-6 · Cited by 87
Calhoun, C. D., Helms, S. W., Heilbron, N., Rudolph, K. D., Hastings, P. D., & Prinstein, M. J. (2014) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579414000261 · Cited by 95
“, 2006; Shirtcliff & Essex, 2008), corticosteroid medications (Hastings, Fortier, Utendale, Simard, & Robaey, 2009), birth control (Bouma, Riese, Ormel, Verhulst, & Oldehinkel, 2009), depressive symptoms (Guerry & Hastings, 2011; Lopez-Duran et al., 2009), and negative life events (Lupien et al.”
Giletta, M., Slavich, G. M., Rudolph, K. D., Hastings, P. D., Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12804 · Cited by 87
Martinez‐Torteya, C., Bogat, G. A., Levendosky, A. A., & von Eye, A. (2015) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000280 · Cited by 88
“to psychosocial stress and higher resting cortisol levels (Essex et al., 2002; Lopez-Duran et al., 2009), as compared to”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDietrich, A., Ormel, J., Buitelaar, J. K., Verhulst, F. C., Hoekstra, P. J., & Hartman, C. A. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.013 · Cited by 90
“…symptoms not only in adults (Vreeburg et al., 2009, 2010; Knorr et al., 2010; Stetler and Miller, 2011) but also in children and adolescents (Lopez-Duran et al., 2009a; Ruttle et al., 2011; Stetler and Miller, 2011; Garcia de Miguel et al., 2012), albeit relationships in children are less…”
BackgroundWainwright, S. R., Lieblich, S. E., & Galea, L. A. M. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.004 · Cited by 83
Zajkowska, Z., Walsh, A. E. L., Zonca, V., Gullett, N., Pedersen, G. A., Kieling, C., Swartz, J. R., Karmacharya, R., Fisher, H. L., Kohrt, B. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.04.003 · Cited by 87
Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in unipolar major depression
Kahl, K. G., Greggersen, W., Schweiger, U., Cordes, J., Balijepalli, C., Lösch, C., & Moebus, S. (2012) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0277-4 · Cited by 79
Hastings, P. D., Shirtcliff, E. A., Klimes‐Dougan, B., Allison, A. L., DeRose, L. M., Kendziora, K. T., Usher, B. A., & Zahn‐Waxler, C. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000538 · Cited by 80
Latent trait cortisol (LTC) levels: Reliability, validity, and stability
Doane, L. D., Chen, F. R., Sladek, M. R., Van Lenten, S. A., & Granger, D. A. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.01.017 · Cited by 79
Dougherty, L. R., Tolep, M. R., Smith, V. C., & Rose, S. (2013) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9763-7 · Cited by 83
“…greater cortisol reactivity in our high-risk sample of preschool-age children is consistent with the literature documenting elevated cortisol reactivity in depressed adults (Burke et al. 2005) and youth (Lopez-Duran et al. 2009), as well as offspring of depressed parents (e.g. Brennan et al. 2008).”
BackgroundResultFisher, P. A., Lester, B. M., DeGarmo, D. S., LaGasse, L. L., Lin, H., Shankaran, S., Bada, H. S., Bauer, C. R., Hammond, J. A., Whitaker, T. M., et al. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000290 · Cited by 81
Hastings, P. D., Ruttle, P. L., Serbin, L. A., Mills, R. S. L., Stack, D. M., & Schwartzman, A. E. (2011) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20545 · Cited by 76
The role of inflammatory cytokines on the aetiopathogenesis of depression
Makhija, K., & Karunakaran, S. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413488220 · Cited by 81
“…the HPA axis is appropriately activated in the body’s response to environmental stress, but some depressed patients appear to have an abnormal negative feedback system in the setting of intact pituitary and adrenal sensitivity leading to excessive cortisol secretion (Lopez-Duran et al., 2009).”
BackgroundVaillancourt, T., Duku, E., Becker, S., Schmidt, L. A., Nicol, J. R., Muir, C., & MacMillan, H. L. (2011) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2011.06.012 · Cited by 75
“Depressed children typically have higher cortisol levels than non-depressed children (e.g., Lopez-Duran et al., 2009) and depressive symptoms have been linked to poorer memory in adults (Burt et al., 1995).”
BackgroundResultFrom Stress to Depression: Bringing Together Cognitive and Biological Science
LeMoult, J. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420964039 · Cited by 81
LeMoult, J., Ordaz, S. J., Kircanski, K., Singh, M. K., & Gotlib, I. H. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000087 · Cited by 72
Simanek, A. M., & Meier, H. C. S. (2015) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2015.06.008 · Cited by 70
Hett, D., Rogers, J., Humpston, C. S., & Marwaha, S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.058 · Cited by 53
Longitudinal Course of Adolescent Depression: Neuroendocrine and Psychosocial Predictors
Rao, U., Hammen, C. L., & Poland, R. E. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.09.008 · Cited by 70
Interaction between 5-HTTLPR and BDNF Val66Met polymorphisms on HPA axis reactivity in preschoolers
Dougherty, L. R., Klein, D. N., Congdon, E. L., Canli, T., & Hayden, E. P. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.10.009 · Cited by 67
“, 2001; McEwen, 2008), including depression (Burke et al., 2005; Lopez-Duran et al., 2009), anxiety disorders (Bremner et al.”
BackgroundBeauchaine, T. P., Crowell, S. E., & Hsiao, R. C.-J. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9933-2 · Cited by 68
“…comparing the three approaches across 34 child and adolescent samples (N=2258), the global standardized mean effect size for the DST between depressed and non-depressed youth (0.57) was almost three times larger than the mean effect size (0.20) for basal cortisol (Lopez-Duran et al. 2009).”
InfluentialCortisol awakening response and subsequent depression: prospective longitudinal study
Carnegie, R., Araya, R., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Glover, V. A. S., O’Connor, T. G., O’Donnell, K. J., Pearson, R. M., & Lewis, G. (2013) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.126250 · Cited by 67
“20,21 Methodological differences, including variation in salivary collection protocols, sample populations, outcome measures and varying adjustment for confounding factors 22 may account for some of the inconsistency.”
Relationship between psychological stress and recurrent miscarriage
Li, W., Newell-Price, J. D. C., Jones, G. L., Ledger, W. J., & Li, T. C. (2012) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.03.012 · Cited by 62
“Nonsuppression of the DST has been found to be a sensitive measure of stress due to the development of a reversible glucocorticoid resistance with dysregulated feedback of the HPA axis (Faravelli et al., 2010; Herman and Cullinan, 1997; Lopez-Duran et al., 2009).”
BackgroundFisher, P. A., Kim, H. K., Bruce, J., & Pears, K. C. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025411406863 · Cited by 65
“For example, MacMillan et al. (2009) compared a sample of 12- to 16-year-old females with histories of childhood maltreatment to a sample of aged-matched, nonmaltreated females.”
BackgroundInternalizing and externalizing behaviors predict elevated inflammatory markers in childhood
Slopen, N. B., Kubzansky, L. D., & Koenen, K. C. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.012 · Cited by 64
“Both internalizing and externalizing behaviors are associated with dysregulated hypothalamic—pituitary—adrenal axis (HPA) (Cappadocia et al., 2009; Lopez-Duran et al., 2009) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (Matthys et al., 2013; Obradović and Boyce, 2012) function, which could lead to the…”
BackgroundInfluentialNoonan, K., Carey, L. M., & Crewther, S. G. (2012) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.09.008 · Cited by 63
Doolin, K., Farrell, C. M., Tozzi, L., Harkin, A., Frodl, T., & O’Keane, V. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18102226 · Cited by 64
“This is a finding that has been reported widely in the literature, and the results from this study are in accordance with the existing evidence that stress is central to the pathophysiology of depression [4,29].”
ResultPsychobiological responses to unpleasant emotions in cannabis users
Somaini, L., Manfredini, M., Amore, M., Zaimovic, A., Raggi, M. A., Leonardi, C., Gerra, M. L., Donnini, C., & Gerra, G. (2011) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0223-5 · Cited by 64
“In contrast to our results, a meta-analysis on depressed youth not exposed to drugs evidenced an overactive response to psychological stressors and not a blunted one [23], underlying the possible role of cannabis itself in the impairment of emotional stress response.”
ResultZou, L., Wu, X., Tao, S., Xu, H., Xie, Y., Yang, Y., & Tao, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00822 · Cited by 66
Hankin, B. L., Badanes, L. S., Smolen, A., & Young, J. F. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000030 · Cited by 64
Biomarkers in Child and Adolescent Depression
Zwolińska, W., Dmitrzak‐Węglarz, M., & Słopień, A. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01246-y · Cited by 65
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Reactivity in the Preschool-Age Offspring of Depressed Parents
Dougherty, L. R., Klein, D. N., Rose, S., & Laptook, R. S. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611404084 · Cited by 57
Metadata
- Authors
- Lopez-Duran, N. L., Kovacs, M., & George, C. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- ORCID
- George, Charles J.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1272-1283
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2796553
- OpenAlex
- W2059646524
- Cited by
- 425
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 1.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- National Institute of Mental Health (P01MH056193, MH 56193, T32MH018951, T32-MH18951)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, childhood depression, children and adolescents, dexamethasone suppression test, basal cortisol, corticotropin-releasing factor, psychological stress response, HPA axis dysregulation, negative feedback, glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Child, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Major Depressive Disorder, Dexamethasone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Dysthymic Disorder
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