Sleep restriction alters plasma endocannabinoids concentrations before but not after exercise in humans
Open accessAbstract
Following binding to cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids regulate a variety of central nervous system processes including appetite and mood. Recent evidence suggests that the systemic release of these lipid metabolites can be altered by acute exercise and that their levels also vary across the 24-h sleep-wake cycle. The present study utilized a within-subject design (involving 16 normal-weight men) to determine whether daytime circulating endocannabinoid concentrations differ following three nights of partial sleep deprivation (4.25-h sleep opportunity, 2:45-7a.m. each night) vs. normal sleep (8.5-h sleep opportunity, 10:30p.m.-7a.m. each night), before and after an acute bout of ergometer cycling in the morning. In addition, subjective hunger and stress were measured. Pre-exercise plasma concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) were 80% higher 1.5h after awakening (vs. normal sleep, p<0.05) when participants were sleep-deprived. This coincided with increased hunger ratings (+25% vs. normal sleep, p<0.05). Moreover, plasma 2AG was elevated 15min post-exercise (+44%, p<0.05). Sleep duration did not however modulate this exercise-induced rise. Finally, subjective stress was generally lower on the day after three nights of short sleep vs. normal sleep, especially after exercise (p<0.05). Given that activation of the endocannabinoid system has been previously shown to acutely increase appetite and mood, our results could suggest that behavioral effects of acute sleep loss, such as increased hunger and transiently improved psychological state, may partially result from activation of this signaling pathway. In contrast, more pronounced exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids appear to be less affected by short sleep duration.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 16 healthy normal-weight men, three nights of partial sleep restriction increased fasting morning plasma 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) before exercise and coincided with higher hunger, but sleep duration did not alter the exercise-induced rise in 2AG. Acute ergometer cycling transiently raised 2AG at 15 min post-exercise, while subjective stress was generally lower after short sleep.
Key findings
- Pre-exercise morning plasma 2AG was 80% higher after short vs normal sleep (3.99 ± 0.74 vs 2.22 ± 0.21 pmol/ml, p = 0.014), with no difference the prior evening (p = 0.830); hunger was also +25% higher at 8:30 a.m. after short sleep (p = 0.034).
- Exercise increased plasma 2AG at 15 min post-exercise (+44%; 2.94 ± 0.40 vs 2.04 ± 0.16 pmol/ml, p = 0.012), and this rise did not differ by sleep condition; OEA differed only between pre-exercise and 4 h post-exercise (7.42 ± 0.33 vs 6.29 ± 0.33 pmol/ml, p = 0.001).
- AEA and PEA showed no significant main effects of exercise time point (p ≥ 0.058), and AEA, PEA, and OEA did not differ between sleep conditions.
- Subjective stress was generally lower after short sleep vs normal sleep (main effect p = 0.010), especially after exercise, but no correlations were found between hunger or stress ratings and plasma endocannabinoid concentrations (Pearson r range −0.072 to 0.159, p ≥ 0.210).
Methods
- Within-subject, randomized, counterbalanced design in 16 healthy non-smoking normal-weight men (age 22.9 ± 0.66 years; BMI 22.9 ± 0.46 kg/m²), comparing three nights of normal sleep (8.5-h opportunity, 10:30 p.m.–7 a.m.) vs partial sleep restriction (4.25-h opportunity, 2:45–7 a.m.).
- On day 4, fasted participants completed 35 min of ergometer cycling (5-min warm-up at 25% workload, then 30 min at 75% VO₂ reserve; average 177 ± 10 W); blood was sampled at day 3 7:30 p.m., day 4 8:30 a.m., ∼10 a.m., ∼15 min post-exercise, and ∼4 h post-exercise, with plasma 2AG (sum of 1AG + 2AG), AEA, PEA, and OEA measured by LC-MS/MS.
- Hunger and stress were rated on 100-mm visual analogue scales at 8:30 a.m., ∼10 a.m., ∼11 a.m., and ∼3 p.m.; repeated measures ANOVA with Greenhouse-Geisser correction and Pearson correlations were used, with two-tailed p < 0.05 considered significant.
Limitations
- The paper states that sleep-disorder breathing cannot be completely ruled out because the adaptation-night polysomnography lacked respiratory recordings, though this was considered unlikely in young, normal-weight, healthy participants; it also states that generalizability to females, older participants, obese humans under short sleep, or exercise after an energy preload is unknown.
- The paper notes that sleep deprivation may have modulated post-exercise endocannabinoid concentrations before, between, or after the measured 15-min and 4-h post-exercise time points, and that the late OEA rise could reflect circadian fluctuation or extended fasting rather than exercise.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (16 men only), the study used a single exercise intensity and morning timing, and no correlations supported a direct mediation of hunger or stress by circulating endocannabinoids.
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Claims the paper makes
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- Findingown data
No differences in plasma 2AG were observed in the evening of day 3 between sleep conditions (p=0.830).
“No differences were, however, observed in the evening of day 3 (i.e., following 2 experimental nights) between sleep conditions (p = 0.830, pairwise t-test comparison; Fig. 2A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the morning of day 4 at 8:30 a.m. following 3 experimental nights, plasma 2AG concentrations were on average 80% higher in the short vs normal sleep condition (3.99 ± 0.74 vs 2.22 ± 0.21 pmol/ml, p=0.014).
“In the morning of day 4 (i.e., at 8:30 a.m.following 3 experimental nights), plasma concentrations of 2AG were on average +80% higher in the short vs. normal sleep condition (3.99 ± 0.74 vs. 2.22 ± 0.21 pmol/ml, df = 15, t = 2.78, p = 0.014; Fig. 2A).”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Pre-exercise plasma concentrations of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) were 80% higher 1.5 h after awakening (vs.normal sleep, p < 0.05) when participants were sleep-deprived.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
- Findingown data
There was a main effect of Exercise time point on plasma OEA concentrations (p≤0.036).
“In contrast, main effects of Exercise time point on plasma concentrations of 2AG and OEA were found (p ≤ 0.036 for all main effects of Exercise time point; Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Plasma 2AG was significantly higher 15 min post-exercise than pre-exercise (2.94 ± 0.40 vs 2.04 ± 0.16 pmol/ml, p=0.012, Bonferroni-corrected).
“Post-hoc comparisons revealed that plasma concentrations of 2AG were only significantly different when pre-exercise and 15 min post-exercise time points were compared (15 min post-exercise vs. pre-exercise: 2.94 ± 0.40 vs. 2.04 ± 0.16 pmol/ml, p = 0.012; +4 h post-exercise, 2.25 ± 0.22 pmol/ml vs. pre-exercise: p = 0.196; 4 h post-exercise vs. 15 min post-exercise:p = 0.093; all Bonferroni-correct”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Plasma OEA did not differ significantly between 15 min post-exercise and pre-exercise (6.77 ± 0.45 vs 6.29 ± 0.33 pmol/ml, p=0.896, Bonferroni-corrected).
“Finally, plasma concentrations of OEA differed only between preexercise and 4 h post-exercise time points (15 min post-exercise vs. pre-exercise: 6.77 ± 0.45 vs. 6.29 ± 0.33 pmol/ml, p = 0.896; 4 h post-exercise, 7.42 ± 0.33 pmol/ml, vs. pre-exercise: p = 0.001; 4 h post-exercise vs. 15 min post-exercise:p = 0.466; all Bonferronicorrected; Fig. 3D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
No significant main effect of Exercise time point on plasma AEA concentrations was found (p≥0.058).
“There were no significant main effects of Exercise time point on plasma concentrations of AEA and PEA (p ≥ 0.058; Table 1 & Fig. 3B,C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the morning of day 4 following either 3 nights of short or normal sleep, participants felt hungrier at 8:30 a.m. in the short sleep condition than in the normal sleep condition (+25%, p=0.034).
“In the morning of day 4 following either 3 nights of short or normal sleep duration, participants felt hungrier at 8:30 a.m. in the short sleep condition than they did in the normal sleep condition (+25%, p = 0.034).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Plasma 2AG did not differ significantly between pre-exercise and 4 h post-exercise (2.25 ± 0.22 vs 2.04 ± 0.16 pmol/ml, p=0.196, Bonferroni-corrected).
“Post-hoc comparisons revealed that plasma concentrations of 2AG were only significantly different when pre-exercise and 15 min post-exercise time points were compared (15 min post-exercise vs. pre-exercise: 2.94 ± 0.40 vs. 2.04 ± 0.16 pmol/ml, p = 0.012; +4 h post-exercise, 2.25 ± 0.22 pmol/ml vs. pre-exercise: p = 0.196; 4 h post-exercise vs. 15 min post-exercise:p = 0.093; all Bonferroni-correct”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Morning values of PEA on day 4 were lower than those measured in the evening before.
“In contrast, significant main effects of Pre/Post-sleep on plasma concentrations of AEA and PEA were found, as morning values of day 4 were lower than those measured in the evening before (Table 1 & Fig. 2B,C).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Plasma OEA was significantly higher 4 h post-exercise than pre-exercise (7.42 ± 0.33 vs 6.29 ± 0.33 pmol/ml, p=0.001, Bonferroni-corrected).
“Finally, plasma concentrations of OEA differed only between preexercise and 4 h post-exercise time points (15 min post-exercise vs. pre-exercise: 6.77 ± 0.45 vs. 6.29 ± 0.33 pmol/ml, p = 0.896; 4 h post-exercise, 7.42 ± 0.33 pmol/ml, vs. pre-exercise: p = 0.001; 4 h post-exercise vs. 15 min post-exercise:p = 0.466; all Bonferronicorrected; Fig. 3D).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Plasma OEA did not differ significantly between 4 h post-exercise and 15 min post-exercise (p=0.466, Bonferroni-corrected).
“Finally, plasma concentrations of OEA differed only between preexercise and 4 h post-exercise time points (15 min post-exercise vs. pre-exercise: 6.77 ± 0.45 vs. 6.29 ± 0.33 pmol/ml, p = 0.896; 4 h post-exercise, 7.42 ± 0.33 pmol/ml, vs. pre-exercise: p = 0.001; 4 h post-exercise vs. 15 min post-exercise:p = 0.466; all Bonferronicorrected; Fig. 3D).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Morning values of AEA on day 4 were lower than those measured in the evening before.
“In contrast, significant main effects of Pre/Post-sleep on plasma concentrations of AEA and PEA were found, as morning values of day 4 were lower than those measured in the evening before (Table 1 & Fig. 2B,C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No other differences in hunger feelings were observed on day 4 between the sleep duration conditions.
“No other differences in hunger feelings were observed on day 4 between the sleep duration conditions (F(2.23,33.22)= 2.55, p = 0.088 for Sleep condition*Time; F(1.0,15.0)= 0.04, p = 0.843 for Sleep condition; F(2.74,41.08)= 14.94, p < 0.001 for Time; Fig. 4A).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Plasma 2AG did not differ significantly between 4 h post-exercise and 15 min post-exercise (p=0.093, Bonferroni-corrected).
“Post-hoc comparisons revealed that plasma concentrations of 2AG were only significantly different when pre-exercise and 15 min post-exercise time points were compared (15 min post-exercise vs. pre-exercise: 2.94 ± 0.40 vs. 2.04 ± 0.16 pmol/ml, p = 0.012; +4 h post-exercise, 2.25 ± 0.22 pmol/ml vs. pre-exercise: p = 0.196; 4 h post-exercise vs. 15 min post-exercise:p = 0.093; all Bonferroni-correct”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No main effect of Pre/Post-sleep on plasma OEA was observed (p=0.263).
“No such main effects of Pre/Post-sleep were, however, observed for plasma concentrations of OEA (p = 0.263, Table 1 & Fig. 2D).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Repeated measures ANOVA revealed neither main effects of Sleep condition nor interaction effects of Sleep condition with Exercise time point on plasma concentrations of 2AG, AEA, PEA, and OEA.
“As summarized in Table 1, repeated measures ANOVA revealed neither main effects of Sleep condition nor interaction effects of Sleep condition with Exercise time point on plasma concentrations of 2AG, AEA, PEA, and OEA (see also Fig. 3A-D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No significant main effect of Exercise time point on plasma PEA concentrations was found (p≥0.058).
“There were no significant main effects of Exercise time point on plasma concentrations of AEA and PEA (p ≥ 0.058; Table 1 & Fig. 3B,C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was a main effect of Exercise time point on plasma 2AG concentrations (p≤0.036).
“In contrast, main effects of Exercise time point on plasma concentrations of 2AG and OEA were found (p ≤ 0.036 for all main effects of Exercise time point; Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Plasma concentrations of AEA, PEA, and OEA did not differ between sleep conditions (p≥0.937 for main effects; p≥0.423 for interactions).
“Plasma concentrations of AEA, PEA, and OEA did not differ between the sleep conditions (p ≥ 0.937 for all main effects of Sleep condition; p ≥ 0.423 for all interaction effects of Sleep condition with Pre/Post-sleep; Table 1 & Fig. 2B-D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Exercise carried out in the fasted state induced a short-term rise (15 min into recovery post exercise) in plasma concentrations of 2AG.
“We found that exercise carried out in the fasted state induced a short-term rise (15-min into the recovery period post exercise) in plasma concentrations of 2AG”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Plasma concentrations of AEA, PEA, and OEA did not differ between the short and normal sleep duration conditions.
“Plasma concentrations of AEA (and its congeners PEA, and OEA) did not differ between the short and normal sleep duration conditions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No statistically significant effects on plasma AEA concentrations were found after exercise.
“whereas no statistically significant effects on plasma AEA concentrations were found.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The exercise-induced rise in plasma 2AG did not differ between sleep conditions.
“An additional finding of the present study is that the exerciseinduced rise in plasma concentrations of 2AG did not differ between sleep conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
An increase of plasma OEA was found at 4 h post-exercise.
“Finally, an increase of plasma concentrations of OEA (AEA congener) was found at 4 h post-exercise.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No correlations were found between plasma endocannabinoid concentrations and subjective hunger ratings.
“Supporting the notion of a more short-term effect of elevated endocannabinoids, no correlations were found between plasma endocannabinoid concentrations and subjective hunger ratings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No correlations were found between subjective stress and plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids.
“It must however be kept in mind that we did not find any correlations between subjective stress and plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Participants generally felt less stressed following three nights of short sleep vs. normal sleep, particularly following the physical exercise protocol.
“An additional observation of our study is that participants generally felt less stressed following three nights of short sleep vs. normal sleep, particularly following the physical exercise protocol.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Only two studies have linked systemic release of plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids to acute sleep loss in humans.
“However, to date, only two studies have been able to link systemic release of plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids to acute sleep loss in humans (Hanlon et al., 2016;Vaughn et al., 2010), and have not tested how further physiological stress impacts this signaling system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Physical exercise activates the endocannabinoid system.
“Another stressor that has been shown to activate the endocannabinoid system is physical exercise (Dietrich and McDaniel, 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dietrich and McDaniel, 2004 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The existing studies linking plasma endocannabinoids to acute sleep loss have not tested how further physiological stress impacts this signaling system.
“However, to date, only two studies have been able to link systemic release of plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids to acute sleep loss in humans (Hanlon et al., 2016;Vaughn et al., 2010), and have not tested how further physiological stress impacts this signaling system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Self-reported sleep duration in the week before each experimental session did not differ between the short and normal sleep conditions.
“A sleep diary that was kept by the participants confirmed that average self-reported sleep duration in the week before the start of each experimental session did not differ between the short and normal sleep conditions (range 7-9 h per night; p > 0.10, as determined by a paired t-test).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Behavioral effects of acute sleep loss, such as increased hunger and transiently improved psychological state, may partially result from activation of the endocannabinoid signaling pathway.
“our results could suggest that behavioral effects of acute sleep loss, such as increased hunger and transiently improved psychological state, may partially result from activation of this signaling pathway.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Endocannabinoids can readily cross the blood-brain barrier.
- Rests on an assumption: Plasma endocannabinoid concentrations reflect central endocannabinoid signaling relevant to behavioral effects such as hunger and mood.
- Interpretationcitation
The extent by which sleep loss alters endocannabinoid signaling may vary across tissues and/or sampled biological fluids.
“The latter finding is of particular importance for the interpretation of our null results, as it suggests that the extent by which sleep loss alters endocannabinoid signaling may vary across tissues and/or sampled biological fluids.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
More pronounced exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids appear to be less affected by short sleep duration.
“In contrast, more pronounced exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids appear to be less affected by short sleep duration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The elevated 2AG levels after ergometer cycling may partially have been due to the concurrent natural rise along its diurnal pattern in blood.
“the elevated 2AG levels after ergometer cycling may nevertheless partially have been due to the concurrent natural rise along its diurnal pattern in blood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The increase in 2AG only shortly after awakening is not likely to represent the main mechanism that promotes overeating across 24 h in sleep-deprived people.
“which is therefore not likely to represent the main mechanism that promotes overeating across 24-h in sleep-deprived people (St-Onge et al., 2011)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids appear to be less affected by short sleep duration.
“In contrast, exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids appear to be less affected by short sleep duration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The exercise-induced rise in 2AG is representative of exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids generally.
- May combine two claims. 25
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 46
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThere was a main effect of time on plasma PEA concentrations across all time points and both sleep conditions (p<0.001), with lowest at 8:30 a.m. day 4 (14.48 ± 0.53 pmol/ml) and highest at ~3 p.m. day 4 (18.58 ± 0.68 pmol/ml).
“PEA (p < 0.001, lowest concentration at 8:30 a.m. on day 4, 14.48 ± 0.53 pmol/ml; highest concentration at ∼3 p.m. on day 4, 18.58 ± 0.68 pmol/ml)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the normal sleep condition, subjects slept 7.95 ± 0.13 h, 7.91 ± 0.10 h, and 8.02 ± 0.10 h on nights 1-3.
“In the normal sleep condition (i.e., where subjects could sleep for 8.5 h each night), the polysomnographic analysis revealed that subjects slept in total 7.95 ± 0.13 h on the first night, 7.91 ± 0.10 h on the second night, and 8.02 ± 0.10 h on the third night.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThere was a main effect of time on plasma AEA concentrations across all time points and both sleep conditions (p<0.001), with lowest at 8:30 a.m. day 4 (0.82 ± 0.04 pmol/ml) and highest at 7:30 p.m. day 3 (1.16 ± 0.06 pmol/ml).
“AEA (p < 0.001, lowest concentration at 8:30 a.m. on day 4, 0.82 ± 0.04 pmol/ml; highest concentration at 7:30 p.m. on day 3, 1.16 ± 0.06 pmol/ml)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThere was a main effect of time on plasma OEA concentrations across all time points and both sleep conditions (p<0.001), with lowest at 8:30 a.m. day 4 (5.18 ± 0.26 pmol/ml) and highest at ~3 p.m. day 4 (7.42 ± 0.33 pmol/ml).
“OEA (p < 0.001, lowest concentration at 8:30 a.m. on day 4, 5.18 ± 0.26 pmol/ml; highest concentration at ∼3 p.m. on day 4, 7.42 ± 0.33 pmol/ml)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThere was a main effect of time on plasma 2AG concentrations across all time points and both sleep conditions (p<0.001), with lowest at 10 a.m. day 4 (2.04 ± 0.16 pmol/ml) and highest at 8:30 a.m. day 4 (3.10 ± 0.44 pmol/ml).
“repeated measures ANOVA revealed a strong main effect of time on plasma concentrations of 2AG (p < 0.001, lowest concentration at 10 a.m. on day 4, 2.04 ± 0.16 pmol/ml; highest concentration at 8:30 a.m. on day 4, 3.10 ± 0.44 pmol/ml)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn the short sleep condition, subjects slept 3.97 ± 0.05 h, 4.07 ± 0.03 h, and 4.12 ± 0.02 h on nights 1-3.
“In the short sleep condition (i.e., subjects had an sleep opportunity of 4.25 h each night), they slept in total 3.97 ± 0.05 h on the first night, 4.07 ± 0.03 h on the second night, and 4.12 ± 0.02 h on the third night (F(1,12) = 3495, p < 0.001 for the main effect of Sleep condition).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataNo correlations were found of subjective hunger and stress ratings with plasma endocannabinoid concentrations.
“When considering individual ratios (i.e., individual values at each time points on day 4 in the short sleep condition were divided by corresponding time-matched individual values in the normal sleep condition, e.g.plasma concentration of 2AG at 8:30 a.m. in the short sleep condition was divided by plasma concentration of 2AG at 8:30 a.m. in the normal sleep condition), no correlations were found”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataParticipants in general felt more stressed in the normal sleep condition than in the short sleep condition (p=0.010 for Sleep condition), especially for ratings done after physical exercise (15 min and 4 h post-exercise).
“Concerning stress, participants in general felt more stressed in the normal sleep condition than they did in the short sleep condition (F(2.26,33.95)= 0.95, p = 0.407 for Sleep condition*Time; F(1.0,15.0)= 8.57, p = 0.010 for Sleep condition; F(2.47,37.03)= 2.83, p = 0.061 for Time), especially for ratings done after the physical exercise task had been completed (i.e., 15 min post-exercise and 4 h”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThis study observed an increase in plasma 2AG of about 44%, much greater than the 17% diurnal fluctuation.
“While we observed an increase much greater (about 44%) than this observed diurnal fluctuation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataPartial sleep loss increased pre-exercise plasma concentrations of 2AG only at 8:30 a.m. but not at 10 a.m.
“In light of our findings that partial sleep loss increased pre-exercise plasma concentrations of 2AG only at 8:30 a.m. but not at 10 a.m.”
- Also stated in: § 4.3. Sleep loss increases hunger feelings: possible role of 2AG · plain
“However, three nights of partial sleep loss increased plasma concentrations of 2AG only shortly after awakening in the present study (i.e., 8:30 a.m.)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § 4.3. Sleep loss increases hunger feelings: possible role of 2AG · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAcute sleep loss accentuates the brain's hedonic response to food.
“Acute sleep loss increases food intake and ideal portion sizes (Hogenkamp et al., 2013;St-Onge et al., 2011), accentuates the brain's hedonic response to food (Benedict et al., 2012), and relatedly, impairs the ability to cognitively inhibit pre-potent responses to rewarding food stimuli (Cedernaes et al., 2014; topics reviewed in Cedernaes et al., 2015a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Benedict et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation2AG is more linked to hedonic motivation for food whereas AEA is more involved in driving homeostatic eating.
“In relation to the latter, recent findings suggest 2AG to be more linked to hedonic motivation for food whereas AEA seems to be more involved in driving homeostatic eating (Monteleone et al., 2016).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Monteleone et al., 2016
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEndocannabinoids AEA and 2AG are endogenously produced lipids that are elevated in blood in response to psychological stress.
“The endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) are endogenously produced lipids that have been found, for instance, to be elevated in blood in response to psychological stress (Hill et al., 2009;Dlugos et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAcute sleep loss increases food intake and ideal portion sizes.
“Acute sleep loss increases food intake and ideal portion sizes (Hogenkamp et al., 2013;St-Onge et al., 2011), accentuates the brain's hedonic response to food (Benedict et al., 2012), and relatedly, impairs the ability to cognitively inhibit pre-potent responses to rewarding food stimuli (Cedernaes et al., 2014; topics reviewed in Cedernaes et al., 2015a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFollowing binding to central nervous system receptors such as CB1, endocannabinoids reduce anxiety and increase food intake.
“Following their binding to central nervous system receptors (e.g.CB1 receptors), endocannabinoids have been shown, e.g., to reduce anxiety (Marsicano et al., 2002;Lutz et al., 2015) and increase food intake (Di Marzo et al., 2001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAcute sleep loss impairs the ability to cognitively inhibit pre-potent responses to rewarding food stimuli.
“Acute sleep loss increases food intake and ideal portion sizes (Hogenkamp et al., 2013;St-Onge et al., 2011), accentuates the brain's hedonic response to food (Benedict et al., 2012), and relatedly, impairs the ability to cognitively inhibit pre-potent responses to rewarding food stimuli (Cedernaes et al., 2014; topics reviewed in Cedernaes et al., 2015a).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cedernaes et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Cedernaes et al., 2015a
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPlasma AEA concentrations are increased during and shortly after intense exercise (60 min at 55% followed by 30 min at 75% Wmax) in healthy trained male cyclists.
“For instance, a recent study involving 11 healthy trained male cyclists found plasma AEA concentrations to be increased during and shortly after intense exercise (i.e., 60 min at 55% followed by 30 min at 75% W max ; Heyman et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Heyman et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTreadmill running increases blood levels of AEA only at moderate versus low or high exercise intensity (70-85% of age-adjusted maximum heart rate).
“In another study, treadmill running resulted in increased blood levels of AEA; however, only at moderate -versus low or high -exercise intensity (i.e., at 70-85% of age-adjusted maximum heart rate) (Raichlen et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Raichlen et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationOne hour of moderate intensity exercise increases plasma AEA concentrations in young males.
“Finally, a study involving 24 young males demonstrated that 1 h of moderate intensity exercise increased plasma AEA concentrations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sparling et al., 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAcute sleep deprivation acutely alleviates symptoms of depression.
“Moreover, similar to the anxiolytic effects of endocannabinoids, acute sleep deprivation has repeatedly been shown to acutely alleviate symptoms of depression (Wu et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wu et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPlasma 2AG concentrations show a trend to increase following exercise but do not reach statistical significance.
“In the same study, plasma 2AG concentrations showed a similar trend to increase following exercise, but failed to reach statistical significance (Sparling et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Sparling et al., 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe assay's intrabatch, intra-assay and inter-assay imprecision were 0.5-11.2%, 2.0-13.9% and 0.6-17.1% for all analytes at low and high level.
“Intrabatch, intra-assay and inter-assay imprecision was, respectively, 0.5-11.2%,2.0-13.9%and 0.6-17.1% for all analytes at low and high level.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningPlasma endocannabinoid samples from the same subject were processed in the same batch, with low and high level quality controls, to minimize analytical variability.
“In order to minimize the analytical variability caused by this phenomenon, samples from the same subject were processed in the same batch, and each batch included two replicates of low and high level quality controls (QCs).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationExercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoid levels have been proposed to account partially for anxiolytic, anti-nociceptive and neuroprotective properties of exercise.
“Exerciseinduced elevations of endocannabinoid levels have been proposed to account partially for anxiolytic (Tantimonaco et al., 2014;Fuss et al., 2015), anti-nociceptive (Galdino et al., 2014) and neuroprotective (Hill et al., 2010a) properties of exercise, which are all responses that instead are affected in a negative direction by sleep loss (e.g.Roy-Byrne et al., 1986;Schuh-Hofer et al., 2013;”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe order of experimental conditions was randomized and counterbalanced across subjects.
“The order of experimental conditions was randomized and counterbalanced across subjects (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Study design and conductcitationSleep was measured by polysomnography and scored by an experienced scorer according to standard criteria.
“Sleep was subsequently scored by an experienced scorer (J.E.B.) according to standard criteria (Silber et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Silber et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisenone givenNo study has yet investigated whether exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids are affected by short sleep duration.
“To our best knowledge, no study has yet investigated whether exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids are affected by short sleep duration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAnxiolytic, anti-nociceptive and neuroprotective properties of exercise are affected in a negative direction by sleep loss.
“Exerciseinduced elevations of endocannabinoid levels have been proposed to account partially for anxiolytic (Tantimonaco et al., 2014;Fuss et al., 2015), anti-nociceptive (Galdino et al., 2014) and neuroprotective (Hill et al., 2010a) properties of exercise, which are all responses that instead are affected in a negative direction by sleep loss (e.g.Roy-Byrne et al., 1986;Schuh-Hofer et al., 2013;”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOne night of total sleep deprivation disrupted the normal pattern of circulating AEA, indicating significant dysregulation of circulating AEA.
“this pattern was disrupted following one night of total sleep deprivation (e.g.concentrations of plasma AEA did not decline over the day), indicating that the absence of sleep produces a significant dysregulation of circulating AEA (Vaughn et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vaughn et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTotal sleep loss did not alter circulating AEA concentrations.
“others have reported that total sleep loss did not alter circulating AEA concentrations (Koethe et al., 2009)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Koethe et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe increase in plasma 2AG due to sleep restriction was transient, occurring shortly after awakening at 8:30 a.m. but no longer apparent at 10 a.m. on day 4.
“The increase we observed in plasma 2AG due to sleep restriction was transient, as it occurred shortly after awakening at 8:30 a.m., but was no longer apparent at 10 a.m. on day 4.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTotal sleep loss increased OEA levels in CSF but not in plasma.
“whereas they instead found increased levels of OEA in CSF but not in plasma (Koethe et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Koethe et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSimilar effects (a rise in 2AG) have been found after acute psychological stress.
“Similar effects have been found after acute psychological stress (Hill et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hill et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn a study of five healthy humans under a normal sleep-wake cycle, circulating AEA concentrations increased from nighttime to morning and then declined closer to nighttime.
“in a study involving five healthy humans, circulating AEA concentrations increased from nighttime to morning and then declined again closer to nighttime when participants were kept under a normal sleep-wake cycle.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vaughn et al., 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe increase of circulating endocannabinoids following exercise has been proposed to partially account for anxiolytic, anti-nociceptive, and neuroprotective properties of physical exercise.
“The increase of circulating levels of endocannabinoids following exercise has been proposed to partially account for the anxiolytic (Tantimonaco et al., 2014), anti-nociceptive (Galdino et al., 2014) and neuroprotective (Hill et al., 2010a) properties of physical exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningSleep deprivation may have modulated post-exercise plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids before, in between, or after the time points measured (15 min and 4 h after exercise).
“Importantly however, sleep deprivation may have modulated post-exercise plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids before, in between, or after, the time points measured in our study, i.e., 15 min and 4 h after exercise.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningDifferences in exercise intensity, circadian timing, blood sampling timing, and pre-exercise conditions could explain why this study observed an increase in 2AG but not AEA, whereas previous studies found the opposite.
“Differences in exercise intensity, circadian timing of exercise, timing of blood sampling (i.e., during or different time points after exercise), and pre-exercise conditions (e.g.photic preload, time since last meal, macronutrient composition of last meal, and gender distribution) could offer possible explanations for why we observed an increase in plasma concentrations of 2AG but not AEA, whereas”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationStudies using acute physical exercise as stressor found an increase of plasma AEA but not 2AG.
“Studies utilizing acute physical exercise as stressor have however found different responses, i.e., an increase of plasma concentrations of AEA but not 2AG (Heyman et al., 2012;Raichlen et al., 2013;Sparling et al., 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationA previous study found plasma 2AG concentrations to increase by around 17% under resting conditions from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m.
“a previous study found plasma 2AG concentrations to increase by around 17% under resting conditions from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m.(Hanlon et al., 2015)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hanlon et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningRecurrent partial sleep loss does not alter the centrally acting benefits of exercise.
“Our results could therefore indirectly suggest that recurrent partial sleep loss does not alter these centrally acting benefits of exercise.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Plasma endocannabinoid concentrations reflect central endocannabinoid signaling relevant to behavioral effects such as hunger and mood.
- Rests on an assumption: The exercise-induced rise in 2AG is representative of exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids generally.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings in mice about CB1/CB2 receptors and running-induced anxiolysis/analgesia apply to humans.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationIn mice, central and peripheral CB1 and CB2 receptors are necessary for inducing anxiolysis and analgesia after running.
“Indeed, recent research suggests that at least in mice, central and peripheral CB1 and CB2 receptors are necessary for inducing anxiolysis and analgesia after running (Fuss et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Fuss et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningDifferences in plasma endocannabinoid concentrations between sleep conditions might have occurred if exercise had been scheduled closer to awakening.
“differences in plasma endocannabinoid concentrations between sleep conditions might have occurred if exercise would have been scheduled closer to awakening.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAdministration of 2AG into the shell of the nucleus accumbens increases food intake.
“Furthermore, administration of 2AG into the shell of the nucleus accumbens, an extra-hypothalamic area strongly linked to eating motivation increases food intake (Kirkham et al., 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kirkham et al., 2002 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOEA activates PPAR-alpha, a major regulator of lipid metabolism activated to induce a metabolic adaptive response to prolonged fasting.
“Since OEA has been shown to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-alpha) (Guzmán et al., 2004), a major regulator of lipid metabolism that is activated to induce a metabolic adaptive response to prolonged fasting (Kersten et al., 1999)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCannabinoids increase food craving and calorie intake.
“A well-known effect of cannabinoids is increased food craving and calorie intake (Kirkham, 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kirkham, 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe rise of OEA in plasma could stem from extended energy deprivation, exacerbated by the exercise intervention.
“the rise of this lipid metabolite in plasma could also stem from extended energy deprivation, exacerbated by the exercise intervention.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe rise in plasma OEA at 4 h post-exercise could represent a circadian fluctuation rather than an exercise effect.
“since this rise in plasma OEA occurred relatively late after physical exercise, this could also represent a circadian fluctuation, rather than an exercise effect”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep restriction increases craving and intake of food during morning hours.
“which have demonstrated that sleep restriction increases craving and intake of food during morning hours (Benedict et al., 2012;Cedernaes et al., 2014;Chapman et al., 2013;Hogenkamp et al., 2013;St-Onge et al., 2011)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIntraperitoneal administration of rimonabant reduces food intake and induces neuronal activation in hypothalamic nuclei involved in food intake regulation, such as the paraventricular nucleus.
“For instance, intraperitoneal administration of rimonabant (an antagonist for the cannabinoid receptor CB 1 ) reduces food intake (Thornton-Jones et al., 2006) and induces neuronal activation in several hypothalamic nuclei involved in food intake regulation, such as the paraventricular nucleus (Verty et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAcute sleep deprivation, foremost total sleep deprivation, has been shown to exert transient mood-improving effects.
“acute sleep deprivation -foremost total sleep deprivation -has been shown to exert transient mood-improving effects (Wu et al., 1999).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wu et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationHumans are more responsive to the effects of psychological stress when sleep-deprived compared to when well-rested.
“For instance, there is some evidence that humans are more responsive to the effects of psychological stress when sleepdeprived compared to when they are well-rested (Cedernaes et al., 2015b;Minkel et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Cedernaes et al., 2015b
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Minkel et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe small but significant increase in plasma 2AG shortly after awakening may have mediated the subjective stress-reducing effects of short sleep duration.
“it could be that the small but significant increase in plasma concentrations of 2AG shortly after awakening may have mediated the subjective stressreducing effects of short sleep duration.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Plasma endocannabinoid concentrations reflect central endocannabinoid signaling relevant to behavioral effects such as hunger and mood.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationChronic sleep loss has been associated with increased psychological stress.
“While chronic sleep loss has been associated with increased psychological stress (Akerstedt, 2006)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Akerstedt, 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSleep restriction has been shown to promote adverse psychological symptoms.
“Finally, sleep restriction has also been shown to promote adverse psychological symptoms (Roy-Byrne et al., 1986).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roy-Byrne et al., 1986 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationChronic insufficient sleep is associated with elevated risk of long-term weight gain and obesity.
“and possibly also a reason for the previously observed elevated risk of long term weight gain and obesity in those who chronically suffer from insufficient sleep (Cappuccio et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cappuccio et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLow doses of CB1 agonists tend to be anxiolytic and high doses tend to increase aversion and anxiety-related behaviors.
“Given that low doses of CB1 agonists tend to be anxiolytic and high doses tend to increase aversion and anxiety-related behaviors (Ganon-Elazar and Akirav, 2012; also reviewed in Viveros et al., 2005)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ganon-Elazar and Akirav, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Viveros et al., 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationActivation of the endocannabinoid system has been previously shown to increase acutely appetite and mood.
“Given that activation of the endocannabinoid system has been previously shown to increase acutely appetite and mood (Di Marzo et al., 2001;Lutz et al., 2015)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
The paper relies on this without support.
Endocannabinoids can readily cross the blood-brain barrier.
“Due to their highly lipophilic properties, endocannabinoids can readily cross the blood-brain barrier.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Plasma endocannabinoid concentrations reflect central endocannabinoid signaling relevant to behavioral effects such as hunger and mood.
“Our results could therefore indirectly suggest that recurrent partial sleep loss does not alter these centrally acting benefits of exercise.”
“our results could suggest that behavioral effects of acute sleep loss, such as increased hunger and transiently improved psychological state, may partially result from activation of this signaling pathway.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The exercise-induced rise in 2AG is representative of exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids generally.
“In contrast, exercise-induced elevations of endocannabinoids appear to be less affected by short sleep duration.”
“An additional finding of the present study is that the exerciseinduced rise in plasma concentrations of 2AG did not differ between sleep conditions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings in mice about CB1/CB2 receptors and running-induced anxiolysis/analgesia apply to humans.
“Indeed, recent research suggests that at least in mice, central and peripheral CB1 and CB2 receptors are necessary for inducing anxiolysis and analgesia after running (Fuss et al., 2015).”
“Our results could therefore indirectly suggest that recurrent partial sleep loss does not alter these centrally acting benefits of exercise.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sleep restriction has effects on endocannabinoids which regulate a variety of central nervous system processes including appetite.
“Sleep restriction has effects on endocannabinoids which regulate a variety of central nervous system processes including appetite. 68”
From Sleep duration and incidence of obesity in infants, children, and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies (2018) · cites this paper as [68]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(1, 12) = 3495reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,12) = 3495, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(2.23, 33.22) = 2.55reported p = .088 · recomputed p = .088
“F(2.23,33.22)= 2.55, p = .088”
- ConsistentF(1, 15) = 0.04reported p = .843 · recomputed p = .844
“F(1.0,15.0)= 0.04, p = .843”
- ConsistentF(2.74, 41.08) = 14.94reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2.74,41.08)= 14.94, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(2.26, 33.95) = 0.95reported p = .407 · recomputed p = .406
“F(2.26,33.95)= 0.95, p = .407”
- ConsistentF(1, 15) = 8.57reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .010
“F(1.0,15.0)= 8.57, p = .010”
- ConsistentF(2.47, 37.03) = 2.83reported p = .061 · recomputed p = .061
“F(2.47,37.03)= 2.83, p = .061”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
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Dysregulation of the Peripheral and Adipose Tissue Endocannabinoid System in Human Abdominal Obesity
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Endocannabinoid system and stress and anxiety responses
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Exercise activates the endocannabinoid system
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Acute Sleep Deprivation Enhances the Brain's Response to Hedonic Food Stimuli: An fMRI Study
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“Introduction The endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2- rachidonoylglycerol (2AG) are endogenously produced lipids hat have been found, for instance, to be elevated in blood in esponse to psychological stress (Hill et al., 2009; Dlugos et al., 012).”
BackgroundScheduled exercise phase shifts the circadian clock in skeletal muscle
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Heart rate reserve is equivalent to %VO2Reserve, not to %VO2max
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Sleep deprivation potentiates HPA axis stress reactivity in healthy adults.
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Acute stress increases circulating anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines in healthy humans
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Night Watch in One Brain Hemisphere during Sleep Associated with the First-Night Effect in Humans
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A runner's high depends on cannabinoid receptors in mice
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Self-citationCannabinoids and appetite: food craving and food pleasure
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“For instance, there is some evidence that humans are more responsive to the effects of psychological stress when sleepdeprived compared to when they are well-rested (Cedernaes et al., 2015b; Minkel et al., 2014).”
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Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes
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- Authors
- Cedernaes, J., Fanelli, F., Fazzini, A., Pagotto, U., Broman, J.-E., Vogel, H., Dickson, S. L., Schiöth, H. B., & Benedict, C.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedliero-Universitaria di Bologna Policlinico di Sant'Orsola (IT)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Cedernaes, Jonathan
- Benedict, Christian
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 74
- Pages
- 258-268
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2522874465
- Semantic Scholar
- 7dd989f9d2e902b25b17de3187858d97b9806d5f
- Cited by
- 59
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 4.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- AFA Försäkring (140006)
- Erik, Karin and Gösta Selanders Foundation
- Fredrik och Ingrid Thurings Stiftelse
- Lars Hiertas Minne Foundation
- Novo Nordisk Foundation
- Tore Nilson Foundation
- Swedish Research Society
- Swedish Society for Medicine
- Swedish Brain Foundation
- Swedish Research Council
- Åke Wiberg Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, sleep deprivation, endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, acute exercise, hunger, appetite, subjective stress, sleep-wake cycle, endocannabinoid system, cycle ergometry
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Hunger, Male, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Stress, Psychological, Exercise, Young Adult, Endocannabinoids
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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