Reward Processing in Schizophrenia: A Deficit in the Representation of Value

Gold, J. M.; Waltz, J. A.; Prentice, K. J.; Morris, S. E.; Heerey, E. A.

doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn068

Cited by 521Schizophrenia research and treatmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Reward Processing in Schizophrenia: A Deficit in the Representation of Value

Open access

Gold, J. M., Waltz, J. A., Prentice, K. J., Morris, S. E., Heerey, E. A.·2008·Schizophrenia Bulletin

DOI 10.1093/schbul/sbn068PMC PMC2518641

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate deficits in motivation and learning that suggest impairment in different aspects of the reward system. In this article, we present the results of 8 converging experiments that address subjective reward experience, the impact of rewards on decision making, and the role of rewards in guiding both rapid and long-term learning. All experiments compared the performance of stably treated outpatients with schizophrenia and demographically matched healthy volunteers. Results to date suggest (1) that patients have surprisingly normal experiences of positive emotion when presented with evocative stimuli, (2) that patients show reduced correlation, compared with controls, between their own subjective valuation of stimuli and action selection, (3) that decision making in patients appears to be compromised by deficits in the ability to fully represent the value of different choices and response options, and (4) that rapid learning on the basis of trial-to-trial feedback is severely impaired whereas more gradual learning may be surprisingly preserved in many paradigms. The overall pattern of findings suggests compromises in the orbital and dorsal prefrontal structures that play a critical role in the ability to represent the value of outcomes and plans. In contrast, patients often (but not always) approach normal performance levels on the slow learning achieved by the integration of reinforcement signals over many trials, thought to be mediated by the basal ganglia.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/schbul/sbn068

Cites

81 of 81 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Behavioral studies report that sensitivity to reward is intact in schizophrenia, but deficits are evident in rapid reward learning on trial-to-trial feedback, such as reversal learning, and in reward-related decision-making.
“Behavioral studies of reward learning have reported that sensitivity to reward is intact in schizophrenia, but deficits are evident in rapid reward learning on the basis of trial-to-trial feedback, such as reversal learning, and in reward-related decision-making [406,409-413].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [410]
Reward learning may be typical in schizophrenia over longer learning trials, and in individuals with less severe symptoms.
“However, reward learning may be typical in schizophrenia over longer learning trials [410], and in individuals with less severe symptoms [414].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [410]
Individuals with schizophrenia discount delayed reinforcers at higher rates than healthy controls.
“A number of studies have found that individuals suffering from schizophrenia, a psychiatric illness characterized by a disintegration of emotional and cognitive processes (“Concise Medical Dictionary,” 2010), discount delayed reinforcers at higher rates than do healthy controls”
From Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence (2012) · cites this paper as Gold et al., 2008
Patients with schizophrenia who have social anhedonia are less able to modulate positive emotions, anticipate future pleasure, or use previous positive experiences to motivate future behaviors.
“Patients with schizophrenia who have social anhedonia are less able to modulate positive emotions (63), anticipate future pleasure (59), or use previous positive experiences to motivate future behaviors (63).”
From A transdiagnostic perspective on social anhedonia (2019) · cites this paper as [63]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 · Cited by 11,090 · see citing works
A neural substrate of prediction and reward
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5306.1593 · Cited by 9,388 · see citing works
Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons
Schultz, W. (1998) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1998.80.1.1 · Cited by 4,564 · see citing works
The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity.
Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.679 · Cited by 4,027 · see citing works
The Organization of Networks within the Orbital and Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Rats, Monkeys and Humans
Ongur, D. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.206 · Cited by 2,627 · see citing works
Getting formal with dopamine and reward
Schultz, W. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00967-4 · Cited by 2,574 · see citing works
Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls.
Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.1.78 · Cited by 2,171 · see citing works
By Carrot or by Stick: Cognitive Reinforcement Learning in Parkinsonism
Frank, M. J., Seeberger, L. C., & O'Reilly, R. C. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102941 · Cited by 1,964 · see citing works
Parsing reward
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00233-9 · Cited by 1,869 · see citing works
A neostriatal habit learning system in humans
Knowlton, B. J., Mangels, J. A., & Squire, L. R. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.273.5280.1399 · Cited by 1,777 · see citing works
Scales for physical and social anhedonia.
Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., & Raulin, M. L. (1976) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.85.4.374 · Cited by 1,557 · see citing works
Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: Insights from neuroimaging
O’Doherty, J. P. (2004) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.016 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
The NIMH-MATRICS Consensus Statement on Negative Symptoms
Kirkpatrick, B., Fenton, W. S., Carpenter, W. T., & Marder, S. R. (2006) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj053 · Cited by 1,311 · see citing works
Scales for physical and social anhedonia.
Chapman, L. J., Chapman, J. P., & Raulin, M. L. (1976) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.85.4.374 · Cited by 1,234 · see citing works
Computational roles for dopamine in behavioural control
Montague, P. R., Hyman, S. E., & Cohen, J. D. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03015 · Cited by 966 · see citing works
Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex
Kennerley, S. W., Walton, M. E., Behrens, T. E. J., Buckley, M. J., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1724 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
Dynamic Dopamine Modulation in the Basal Ganglia: A Neurocomputational Account of Cognitive Deficits in Medicated and Nonmedicated Parkinsonism
Frank, M. J. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/0898929052880093 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working memory: A computational model
FRANK, M. J., LOUGHRY, B., & O'REILLY, R. C. (2001) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.1.2.137 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
Anhedonia in schizophrenia: Distinctions between anticipatory and consummatory pleasure
Gard, D. E., Kring, A. M., Gard, M. G., Horan, W. P., & Green, M. F. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.008 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Defining the neural mechanisms of probabilistic reversal learning using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging
Cools, R., Clark, L., Owen, A. M., & Robbins, T. W. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-11-04563.2002 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Toward an objective characterization of an anhedonic phenotype: A signal-detection approach
Pizzagalli, D. A., Jahn, A. L., & O’Shea, J. P. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.026 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
The Structure of Negative Symptoms Within Schizophrenia: Implications for Assessment
Blanchard, J. J., & Cohen, A. S. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj013 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Half a century of antipsychotics and still a central role for dopamine D2 receptors
Kapur, S., & Mamo, D. (2003) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.004 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Separate neural pathways process different decision costs
Rudebeck, P. H., Walton, M. E., Smyth, A. N., Bannerman, D. M., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1756 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Anatomy of a decision: Striato-orbitofrontal interactions in reinforcement learning, decision making, and reversal.
Frank, M. J., & Claus, E. D. (2006) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.113.2.300 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Erratum to: “Parsing reward” [Trends Neurosci. 26 (2003) 507–513]
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2003.09.001 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Substantia nigra/ventral tegmental reward prediction error disruption in psychosis
Murray, G. K., Corlett, P. R., Clark, L., Pessiglione, M., Blackwell, A. D., Honey, G., Jones, P. B., Bullmore, E. T., Robbins, T. W., & Fletcher, P. C. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002058 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Further Evidence for Dementia of the Prefrontal Type in Schizophrenia?
Goldberg, T. E. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800230088014 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
From dopamine to salience to psychosis—Linking biology, pharmacology and phenomenology of psychosis
Kapur, S., Mizrahi, R., & Li, M. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.01.003 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Dopamine as the wind of the psychotic fire: new evidence from brain imaging studies
Laruelle, M., & Abi-Dargham, A. (1999) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119901300405 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Disrupted prediction-error signal in psychosis: Evidence for an associative account of delusions
Corlett, P. R., Murray, G. K., Honey, G. D., Aitken, M. R. F., Shanks, D. R., Robbins, T. W., Bullmore, E. T., Dickinson, A., & Fletcher, P. C. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm173 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Anhedonia, Positive and Negative Affect, and Social Functioning in Schizophrenia
Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., & Bellack, A. S. (1998) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033336 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Emotional experience and expression in schizophrenia and depression.
Berenbaum, H., & Oltmanns, T. F. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.101.1.37 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity and Impaired Self-Monitoring of Performance in Patients With Schizophrenia: An Event-Related fMRI Study
Carter, C. S., MacDonald, A. W., Ross, L. L., & Stenger, V. A. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1423 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal cortex, associative learning and expectancies
Schoenbaum, G., & Roesch, M. (2005) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.07.018 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Dysfunction of Early-Stage Visual Processing in Schizophrenia
Butler, P. D., Schechter, I., Zemon, V. M., Schwartz, S. G., Greenstein, V. C., Gordon, J., Schroeder, C. E., & Javitt, D. C. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.7.1126 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Comparison of set-shifting ability in patients with chronic schizophrenia and frontal lobe damage
Pantelis, C., Barber, F. Z., Barnes, T. R. E., Nelson, H. E., Owen, A. M., & Robbins, T. W. (1999) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00156-x · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Emotional experience and expression in schizophrenia and depression
Berenbaum, H., & Oltmanns, T. F. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.101.1.37 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Anhedonia in Schizophrenia: A Review of Assessment Strategies
Horan, W. P., Kring, A. M., & Blanchard, J. J. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj009 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Probabilistic reversal learning impairments in schizophrenia: Further evidence of orbitofrontal dysfunction
Waltz, J. A., & Gold, J. M. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.010 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Self-citation
Selective Reinforcement Learning Deficits in Schizophrenia Support Predictions from Computational Models of Striatal-Cortical Dysfunction
Waltz, J. A., Frank, M. J., Robinson, B. M., & Gold, J. M. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.09.042 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citation
Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenic patients treated with typical, not atypical, neuroleptics
Juckel, G., Schlagenhauf, F., Koslowski, M., Filonov, D., Wüstenberg, T., Villringer, A., Knutson, B., Kienast, T., Gallinat, J., Wrase, J., et al. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0405-4 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Weighing up the benefits of work: Behavioral and neural analyses of effort-related decision making
Walton, M. E., Kennerley, S. W., Bannerman, D. M., Phillips, P. E. M., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2006) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2006.03.005 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Forebrain substrates of reward and motivation
Wise, R. A. (2005) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.20689 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Neuropsychological evidence for frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia
Elliott, R., McKenna, P. J., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (1995) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700033523 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Human Midbrain Sensitivity to Cognitive Feedback and Uncertainty During Classification Learning
Aron, A. R., Daphna Shohamy, A., Clark, J. A., Myers, C. E., Gluck, M. A., & Poldrack, R. A. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01209.2003 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Delay discounting in schizophrenia
Heerey, E. A., Robinson, B. M., McMahon, R. P., & Gold, J. M. (2007) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800601005900 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citation
Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate dissociation between affective experience and motivated behavior.
Heerey, E. A., & Gold, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.2.268 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citation
Neural Mechanisms of Anhedonia in Schizophrenia
Crespo‐Facorro, B., Paradiso, S., Andreasen, N. C., OʼLeary, D. S., Watkins, G. L., Ponto, L. L. B., & Hichwa, R. D. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.4.427 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Learning and memory in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia
Goldberg, T. E., Torrey, Ε. F., Gold, J. M., Ragland, J. D., Bigelow, L. B., & Weinberger, D. R. (1993) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700038861 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citation
Decision-Making Impairments in the Context of Intact Reward Sensitivity in Schizophrenia
Heerey, E. A., Bell-Warren, K. R., & Gold, J. M. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.02.015 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citation
Does anhedonia in schizophrenia reflect faulty memory for subjectively experienced emotions?
Horan, W. P., Green, M. F., Kring, A. M., & Nuechterlein, K. H. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.3.496 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Impaired Central Error-Correcting Behavior in Schizophrenia
Malenka, R. C. (1982) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290010073013 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Assessment of procedural learning and problem solving in schizophrenic patients by Tower of Hanoi type tasks
Goldberg, T. E., Saint‐Cyr, J. A., & Weinberger, D. R. (1990) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2.2.165 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The Relationships Among Cognition, Motivation, and Emotion in Schizophrenia: How Much and How Little We Know
Barch, D. M. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbi040 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Reduced error-related activation in two anterior cingulate circuits is related to impaired performance in schizophrenia
Polli, F. E., Barton, J. J. S., Thakkar, K. N., Greve, D. N., GOFF, D. C., Rauch, S. L., & Manoach, D. S. (2007) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awm307 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Surface‐based morphometry of the anterior cingulate cortex in first episode schizophrenia
Fornito, A., Yücel, M., Wood, S. J., Adamson, C. L., Velakoulis, D., Saling, M. M., McGorry, P. D., & Pantelis, C. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20412 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Typical and atypical antipsychotic medications differentially affect two nondeclarative memory tasks in schizophrenic patients: a double dissociation
Beninger, R. J., Wasserman, J., Zanibbi, K., Charbonneau, D., Mangels, J. A., & Beninger, B. V. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(02)00315-8 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Anhedonia and the experience of emotion in individuals with schizophrenia.
Burbridge, J. A., & Barch, D. M. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.30 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Reading impairment and visual processing deficits in schizophrenia
Revheim, N., Butler, P. D., Schechter, I., Jalbrzikowski, M., Silipo, G., & Javitt, D. C. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.022 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Learning-related changes in brain activity following errors and performance feedback in schizophrenia
Morris, S. E., Heerey, E. A., Gold, J. M., & Holroyd, C. B. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.08.027 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citation
Failure of positive but not negative emotional valence to enhance memory in schizophrenia.
Herbener, E. S., Rosen, C., Khine, T. T., & Sweeney, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.43 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Habit and Skill Learning in Schizophrenia: Evidence of Normal Striatal Processing With Abnormal Cortical InputPreprint
Weickert, T. W., Terrazas, A., Bigelow, L. B., Malley, J. D., Hyde, T. M., Egan, M. F., Weinberger, D. R., & Goldberg, T. E. (2002) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.49102 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Reduced anterior cingulate gyrus volume correlates with executive dysfunction in men with first-episode schizophrenia
Szeszko, P. R., Bilder, R. M., Lencz, T., Ashtari, M., GOLDMAN, R. S., Reiter, G., Wu, H., & Lieberman, J. A. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00155-3 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The Influence of Antipsychotic Treatment on Brain Reward System Reactivity in Schizophrenia Patients
Kirsch, P., Ronshausen, S., Mier, D., & Gallhofer, B. (2007) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/s-2007-984463 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Procedural learning in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation
Kumari, V., Gray, J. A., Honey, G. D., Soni, W., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S., Ng, V., Vythelingum, G. N., Simmons, A., John Suckling, A., et al. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00270-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Affective and social-behavioral correlates of physical and social anhedonia in schizophrenia.
Blanchard, J. J., Bellack, A. S., & Mueser, K. T. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.103.4.719 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The Wisconsin Card Sorting impairment in schizophrenia is evident in the first four trials
Prentice, K. J., Gold, J. M., & Buchanan, R. W. (2008) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.07.015 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citation
Schizophrenics know more than they can tell: probabilistic classification learning in schizophrenia
Kéri, S., Kelemen, O., Szekeres, G., Bagóczky, N., Erdélyi, R., Antal, A., Benedek, G., & Janka, Z. (2000) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799001403 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Left temporo-limbic and orbital dysfunction in schizophrenia during odor familiarity and hedonicity judgments
Plailly, J., d’Amato, T., Saoud, M., & Royet, J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.056 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Abnormalities of cingulate gyrus neuroanatomy in schizophrenia
Wang, L., Hosakere, M., Trein, J. C. L., Miller, A., Ratnanather, J. T., Barch, D. M., Thompson, P. A., Qiu, A., Gado, M. H., Miller, M. I., et al. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.02.021 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Affective and social-behavioral correlates of physical and social anhedonia in schizophrenia.
Blanchard, J. J., Bellack, A. S., & Mueser, K. T. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.103.4.719 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Selective corticostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia: examination of motor and cognitive skill learning
Foerde, K., Poldrack, R. A., Knowlton, B. J., Sabb, F. W., Bookheimer, S. Y., Bilder, R. M., Guthrie, D., Granholm, E., Nuechterlein, K. H., Marder, S. R., et al. (2008) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.1.100 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Dissociation between medial temporal lobe and basal ganglia memory systems in schizophrenia
Kéri, S., Nagy, O., Kelemen, O., Myers, C. E., & Gluck, M. A. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.03.024 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Anhedonia in schizophrenia
Wolf, D. H. (2006) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-006-0069-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Procedural Learning in Schizophrenia: Evidence from Serial Reaction Time
Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Williams, O., McGurk, S. R., & Kee, K. S. (1997) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/135468097396360 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Implicit learning of visuospatial sequences in schizophenia.
Schwartz, B. L., Howard, D. V., Howard, J. H., Hovaguimian, A., & Deutsch, S. I. (2003) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.17.3.517 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Procedural learning in schizophrenia investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging
Zedkova, L., Woodward, N. D., Harding, I. H., Tibbo, P. G., & Purdon, S. E. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.039 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Novel Factor-Based Symptom Scores in Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia Implications for Clinical Trials
McMahon, R. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(01)00387-6 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Declarative and Procedural Learning in Schizophrenia: A Test of the Integrity of Divergent Memory Systems
Kern, R. S., Green, M. F., & Wallace, C. J. (1997) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/135468097396405 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Conditional Associative Learning in Drug-Free Schizophrenic Patients
KEMALI, D., Maj, M., Galderisi, S., Monteleone, P., & Mucci, A. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000118337 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

[22]22. hance memory in schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol . 2007; 116:43-55.
[18]18. medicated and nonmedicated Parkinsonism. J Cogn Neurosci . 2005;17:51-72.
[65]65. Butler PD, Schechter I, Zemon V, et al. Dysfunction of earlystage visual processing in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry . 2001;158:1126-1133.

Sorted by citations

Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: Lessons from translational neuroscience
Treadway, M. T., & Zald, D. H. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.006 · Cited by 1,579 · see citing works
The neurobiology of anhedonia and other reward-related deficits
Der-Avakian, A., & Markou, A. (2012) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2011.11.005 · Cited by 1,130 · see citing works
Mirror neurons: from origin to function
Cook, R., Bird, G., Catmur, C., Press, C., & Heyes, C. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13000903 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence
Bickel, W. K., Jarmolowicz, D. P., Mueller, E. T., Koffarnus, M. N., & Gatchalian, K. M. (2012) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.02.004 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia Are Associated with Abnormal Effort-Cost Computations
Gold, J. M., Strauss, G. P., Waltz, J. A., Robinson, B. M., Brown, J. K., & Frank, M. J. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.12.022 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Self-citation
Event-related potential studies of outcome processing and feedback-guided learning
San Martín, R. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00304 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings
Dichter, G. S., Damiano, C. A., & Allen, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-19 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Striatal dysfunction during reversal learning in unmedicated schizophrenia patients
Schlagenhauf, F., Huys, Q. J. M., Deserno, L., Rapp, M. A., Beck, A., Heinze, H.-J., Dolan, R., & Heinz, A. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.034 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Efficacy of PRIME, a mobile app intervention designed to improve motivation in young people with schizophrenia
Schlosser, D. A., Campellone, T. R., Truong, B., Etter, K., Vergani, S., Komaiko, K., & Vinogradov, S. (2018) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sby078 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Discrimination learning, reversal, and set-shifting in first-episode schizophrenia: stability over six years and specific associations with medication type and disorganization syndrome
Leeson, V. C., Robbins, T. W., Matheson, E., Hutton, S. B., Ron, M. A., Barnes, T. R. E., & Joyce, E. M. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.05.016 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Mechanisms Underlying Motivational Deficits in Psychopathology: Similarities and Differences in Depression and Schizophrenia
Barch, D. M., Pagliaccio, D., & Luking, K. (2015) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_376 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Corticostriatal Control of Goal-Directed Action Is Impaired in Schizophrenia
Morris, R. W., Quail, S., Griffiths, K. R., Green, M. J., & Balleine, B. W. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.005 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Apathy but not diminished expression in schizophrenia is associated with discounting of monetary rewards by physical effort
Hartmann, M. N., Hager, O. M., Reimann, A. V., Chumbley, J. R., Kirschner, M., Seifritz, E., Tobler, P. N., & Kaiser, S. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu102 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Context, emotion, and the strategic pursuit of goals: interactions among multiple brain systems controlling motivated behavior
Gruber, A. J., & McDonald, R. J. (2012) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2012.00050 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
A transdiagnostic perspective on social anhedonia
Barkus, E., & Badcock, J. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00216 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
More Is Less: A Disinhibited Prefrontal Cortex Impairs Cognitive Flexibility
Gruber, A. J., Calhoon, G. G., Shusterman, I., Schoenbaum, G., Roesch, M. R., & O'Donnell, P. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4623-10.2010 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Current perspectives on incentive salience and applications to clinical disorders
Olney, J. J., Warlow, S. M., Naffziger, E. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2018) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.01.007 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms regulating different forms of risk-related decision-making: Insights from animal models
Orsini, C. A., Moorman, D. E., Young, J. W., Setlow, B., & Floresco, S. B. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.009 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Disambiguating ventral striatum fMRI-related bold signal during reward prediction in schizophrenia
Morris, R. W., Vercammen, A., Lenroot, R., Moore, L., Langton, J. M., Short, B., Kulkarni, J., Curtis, J., O'Donnell, M., Weickert, C. S., et al. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.75 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Mapping anhedonia-specific dysfunction in a transdiagnostic approach: an ALE meta-analysis
Zhang, B., Lin, P., Shi, H., Öngür, D., Auerbach, R. P., Wang, X., Yao, S., & Wang, X. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9457-6 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Altered probabilistic learning and response biases in schizophrenia: Behavioral evidence and neurocomputational modeling.
Waltz, J. A., Frank, M. J., Wiecki, T. V., & Gold, J. M. (2011) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0020882 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citation
Common alterations in sensitivity to type but not amount of reward in ADHD and autism spectrum disorders
Demurie, E., Roeyers, H., Baeyens, D., & Sonuga‐Barke, E. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02374.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Translational assessment of reward and motivational deficits in psychiatric disorders
Der-Avakian, A., Barnes, S. A., Markou, A., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_5004 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Failure of Neural Responses to Safety Cues in Schizophrenia
Holt, D. J., Coombs, G., Zeidan, M. A., Goff, D. C., & Milad, M. R. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2310 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The neural basis of theory of mind and its relationship to social functioning and social anhedonia in individuals with schizophrenia
Dodell-Feder, D., Tully, L. M., Lincoln, S. H., & Hooker, C. I. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.11.006 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Translational studies of goal-directed action as a framework for classifying deficits across psychiatric disorders
Griffiths, K. R., Morris, R. W., & Balleine, B. W. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00101 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Feasibility of PRIME: A Cognitive Neuroscience-Informed Mobile App Intervention to Enhance Motivated Behavior and Improve Quality of Life in Recent Onset Schizophrenia
Schlosser, D., Campellone, T., Kim, D., Truong, B., Vergani, S., Ward, C., & Vinogradov, S. (2016) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.5450 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Reduced model-based decision-making in schizophrenia.
Culbreth, A. J., Westbrook, A., Daw, N. D., Botvinick, M., & Barch, D. M. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000164 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Altered activation in association with reward-related trial-and-error learning in patients with schizophrenia
Koch, K., Schachtzabel, C., Wagner, G., Schikora, J., Schultz, C., Reichenbach, J. R., Sauer, H., & Schlösser, R. G. M. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.031 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Assessment of reward responsiveness in the response bias probabilistic reward task in rats: implications for cross-species translational research
Der-Avakian, A., D'Souza, M. S., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Markou, A. (2013) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.74 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
A meta-review of literature reviews assessing the capacity of patients with severe mental disorders to make decisions about their healthcare
Calcedo-Barba, A., Fructuoso, A., Martinez-Raga, J., Paz, S., Sánchez de Carmona, M., & Vicens, E. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02756-0 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Confidence and psychosis: a neuro-computational account of contingency learning disruption by NMDA blockade
Vinckier, F., Gaillard, R., Palminteri, S., Rigoux, L., Salvador, A., Fornito, A., Adapa, R., Krebs, M. O., Pessiglione, M., & Fletcher, P. C. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.73 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Neural Circuitry of Salience and Reward Processing in Psychosis
Kesby, J. P., Murray, G. K., & Knolle, F. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.003 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Striatal dopamine, reward, and decision making in schizophrenia
Deserno, L., Schlagenhauf, F., & Heinz, A. (2016) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2016.18.1/ldeserno · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Are patients with schizophrenia rational maximizers? Evidence from an ultimatum game study
Csukly, G., Polgár, P., Tombor, L., Réthelyi, J., & Kéri, S. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.10.005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dopaminergic Circuitry and Risk/Reward Decision Making: Implications for Schizophrenia
Stopper, C. M., & Floresco, S. B. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu165 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The doxastic shear pin: Delusions as errors of learning and memory
Fineberg, S. K., & Corlett, P. R. (2016) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2015.1136206 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
General functioning predicts reward and punishment learning in schizophrenia
Somlai, Z., Moustafa, A. A., Kéri, S., Myers, C. E., & Gluck, M. A. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.028 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Deficits in context-dependent adaptive coding of reward in schizophrenia
Kirschner, M., Hager, O. M., Bischof, M., Hartmann-Riemer, M. N., Kluge, A., Seifritz, E., Tobler, P. N., & Kaiser, S. (2016) · npj Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/npjschz.2016.20 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Steeper discounting of delayed rewards in schizophrenia but not first-degree relatives
Yu, L. Q., Lee, S., Katchmar, N., Satterthwaite, T. D., Kable, J. W., & Wolf, D. H. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.062 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Reward-driven decision-making impairments in schizophrenia
Saperia, S., Da Silva, S., Siddiqui, I., Agid, O., Daskalakis, Z. J., Ravindran, A., Voineskos, A. N., Zakzanis, K. K., Remington, G., & Foussias, G. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.11.004 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Deciphering reward-based decision-making in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis and behavioral modeling of the Iowa Gambling Task
Betz, L. T., Brambilla, P., Ilankovic, A., Premkumar, P., Kim, M.-S., Raffard, S., Bayard, S., Hori, H., Lee, K.-U., Lee, S. J., et al. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.09.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Computational approaches to schizophrenia: A perspective on negative symptoms
Deserno, L., Heinz, A., & Schlagenhauf, F. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Reinforcement learning as an intermediate phenotype in psychosis? Deficits sensitive to illness stage but not associated with polygenic risk of schizophrenia in the general population
Montagnese, M., Knolle, F., Haarsma, J., Griffin, J. D., Richards, A., Vertes, P. E., Kiddle, B., Fletcher, P. C., Jones, P. B., Owen, M. J., et al. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.022 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Trait-related decision making impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from decision making under ambiguity but not decision making under risk
Zhang, L., Dong, Y., Ji, Y., Tao, R., Chen, X., Ye, J., Zhang, L., Yu, F., Zhu, C., & Wang, K. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep17312 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The remediation effects of working memory training in schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms
Li, X., Chu, M.-Y., Lv, Q.-Y., Hu, H.-X., Li, Z., Yi, Z.-H., Wang, J.-H., Zhang, J.-Y., Lui, S. S. Y., Cheung, E. F. C., et al. (2019) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2019.1674644 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Investigating disorder-specific and transdiagnostic alterations in model-based and model-free decision-making
Knolle, F., Sen, P., Culbreth, A., Koch, K., Schmitz-Koep, B., Gürsel, D. A., Wunderlich, K., Avram, M., Berberich, G., Sorg, C., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.240020 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Smoking as a common modulator of sensory gating and reward learning in individuals with psychotic disorders
Whitton, A. E., Lewandowski, K. E., & Hall, M.-H. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11121581 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Exploring the relationship of reward and punishment in reinforcement learning
Lowe, R. J., & Tom Ziemke, B. (2013) · IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement Learning · doi:10.1109/adprl.2013.6615000 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Towards Direct Policy Search Reinforcement Learning for Robot Control
El-Fakdi, A., Carreras, M., & Ridao, P. (2006) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros.2006.282342 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Online Sensor Selection in Reinforcement Learning Environment
ISHIKAWA, K., Sakurai, A., Fujinami, T., & Kunifuji, S. (2005) · IEEJ Transactions on Electronics Information and Systems · doi:10.1541/ieejeiss.125.870 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Monitoring and Updating of Action Selection for Goal-Directed Behavior through the Striatal Direct and Indirect Pathways
Nonomura, S., Nishizawa, K., Sakai, Y., Kawaguchi, Y., Kato, S., Uchigashima, M., Watanabe, M., Yamanaka, K., Enomoto, K., Chiken, S., et al. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.08.002 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Reinforcement learning-based dynamic scheduling for threat evaluation
Lilith, N., & Doğançay, K. (2008) · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Authors: Gold, J. M., Waltz, J. A., Prentice, K. J., Morris, S. E., & Heerey, E. A.
Affiliations: University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
Bangor University (GB)
ORCID: Gold, J. M.
Waltz, J. A.
Morris, S. E.
Heerey, E. A.
Venue: Schizophrenia Bulletin
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2008-07-21
Volume: 34
Issue: 5
Pages: 835-847
ISSN: 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
1745-1701
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbn068
PMC: PMC2518641
OpenAlex: W2101384549
Cited by: 521
References: 81
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 2.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5p30mh068580-03, 5k12rr023250-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (P30 MH-068580, R24MH072647, T32MH067533)
National Center for Research Resources (K12-RR023250)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: schizophrenia, reward processing
MeSH terms: Cognition Disorders, Decision Making, Humans, Learning, Motivation, Reward, Schizophrenia, Social Perception, Antipsychotic Agents

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Reward Processing in Schizophrenia: A Deficit in the Representation of Value

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks