Cited by 300Sleep and related disordersSleep and Work-Related FatigueCircadian rhythm and melatonin

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 126 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 39 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors

Open access

Grandner, Michael A., Chakravorty, Subhajit, Perlis, Michael L., Oliver, Linden, Gurubhagavatula, Indira·2014·Sleep Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.09.012PMC PMC3947242

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background Self-reported short and/or long sleep duration have been associated with adverse cardiometabolic health outcomes in laboratory and epidemiologic studies, but interpretation of such data has been limited by methodological issues. Methods Adult respondents of the 2007-2008 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were examined in a cross-sectional analysis (N=5,649). Self-reported sleep duration was categorized as very short (<5hrs), short (5-6hrs), normal (7-8hrs) or long (≥9hrs). Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were assessed by self-reported history and objectively. Statistical analyses included univariate comparisons across sleep duration categories for all variables. Binary logistic regression analyses, cardiometabolic factor as outcome and with sleep duration category as predictor, were assessed with and without covariates. Observed relationships were further assessed for dependence on race/ethnicity. Results In adjusted analyses, very short sleep was associated with self-reported hypertension (OR=2.02, 95%CI[1.45, 2.81], p<0.0001), self-reported hyperlipidemia (OR=1.96, 95%CI[1.43, 2.69], p<0.0001), objective hyperlipidemia (OR=1.41, 95%CI[1.04, 1.91], p=0.03), self-reported diabetes (OR=1.76, 95%CI[1.13, 2.74], p=0.01), and objective obesity (OR=1.53, 95%CI[1.13, 2.06], p=0.005). Regarding short sleep (5-6hrs), in adjusted analyses, elevated risk was seen for self-reported hypertension (OR=1.22, 95%CI[1.02, 1.45], p=0.03) self-reported obesity (OR=1.21, 95%CI[1.03, 1.43], p=0.02) and objective obesity (OR=1.17, 95%CI[1.00, 1.38], p<0.05). Regarding long sleep (≥9hrs), no elevated risk was found for any outcomes. Interactions with Race/Ethnicity were significant for all outcomes; race/ethnicity differences in patterns of risk varied by outcome studied. In particular, the relationship between very short sleep and obesity was strongest among Blacks/African-Americans and the relationship between short sleep and hypertension is strongest among non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African-Americans, and non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos. Conclusions Short sleep duration is associated with self-reported and objectively-determined adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, even after adjustment for many covariates. Also, these patterns of risk depend on race/ethnicity.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In 2007–2008 NHANES adults, very short sleep (<5 h) was associated with several self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors after adjustment, while long sleep (≥9 h) showed no elevated risk. These patterns varied by race/ethnicity.

Key findings

Very short sleep (<5 h) was associated in adjusted analyses with self-reported hypertension (OR=2.02, 95%CI[1.45, 2.81]), self-reported hyperlipidemia (OR=1.96, 95%CI[1.43, 2.69]), objective hyperlipidemia (OR=1.41, 95%CI[1.04, 1.91]), self-reported diabetes (OR=1.76, 95%CI[1.13, 2.74]), and objective obesity (OR=1.53, 95%CI[1.13, 2.06]).
Short sleep (5–6 h) was associated in adjusted analyses with self-reported hypertension (OR=1.22, 95%CI[1.02, 1.45]), self-reported obesity (OR=1.21, 95%CI[1.03, 1.43]), and objective obesity (OR=1.17, 95%CI[1.00, 1.38]).
Long sleep (≥9 h) showed no elevated risk for any outcomes after adjustment; elevated risk was found only for objective diabetes in unadjusted analyses.
Race/ethnicity interactions were significant for self-reported and objective hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity (p-values from <0.0001 to 0.007); for example, the very-short-sleep–obesity relationship was strongest among Blacks/African-Americans, and the short-sleep–hypertension relationship was strongest among non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African-Americans, and non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos.

Methods

Cross-sectional analysis of 2007–2008 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) adult respondents ages 18–80+ years with complete data (N=5,649), using census-weighted, nationally representative data.
Self-reported sleep duration was categorized as very short (<5 h), short (5–6 h), normal (7–8 h; reference), or long (≥9 h).
Outcomes were self-reported and objective hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity; analyses used chi-square tests and binary logistic regression with and without covariates, plus race/ethnicity interaction and stratified analyses in STATA/SE 12.

Limitations

The paper states that the cross-sectional design cannot infer causality; self-reported integer sleep duration may cause misclassification and attenuate associations; prospective diary and actigraphy would be better; extreme sleepers represent a small population subset; BMI does not capture central adiposity or some relevant factors, and residual confounding may exist.
The paper notes that race/ethnicity stratified analyses reduce statistical power, especially in less populous groups.
The text makes evident that self-reported versus objective outcome discrepancies may reflect recall bias, social desirability, state-dependent factors, or measurement error in the sleep duration item.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.09.012

Cites

126 of 126 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 39 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interactions with Race/Ethnicity were significant for all outcomes”
- Also stated in: § Race/Ethnicity Interactions · plain
  “In adjusted models, significant interactions between sleep duration category and race/ethnicity were found for self-reported hypertension (p<0.0001), objective hypertension (p<0.0001), self-reported hyperlipidemia (p=0.007), objective hyperlipidemia (p=0.005), self-reported diabetes (p=0.001), objective diabetes (p=0.0003), self-reported obesity (p<0.0001), and objective obesity (p=0.0001).”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both self-reported short and long sleep duration have been associated with elevated risk of obesity in both children and adults[1-7]”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Buxton OM Marcelli E Short and long sleep are positively associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2010 71 1027 36 20621406 source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Altman NG Izci-Balserak B Schopfer E Jackson N Rattanaumpawan P Gehrman PR Sleep duration versus sleep insufficiency as predictors of cardiometabolic health outcomes. Sleep Med 2012 13 1261 70 23141932 PMC3527631 source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Knutson KL Does inadequate sleep play a role in vulnerability to obesity? Am J Hum Biol 2012 24 361 71 22275135 PMC3323702 source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Morselli LL Guyon A Spiegel K Sleep and metabolic function. Pflugers Arch 2012 463 139 60 22101912 PMC3289068 source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Klingenberg L Sjodin A Holmback U Astrup A Chaput JP Short sleep duration and its association with energy metabolism. Obes Rev 2012 13 565 77 22440089 source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Estrada CL Danielson KK Drum ML Lipton RB Insufficient sleep in young patients with diabetes and their families. Biol Res Nurs 2012 14 48 54 21278167 PMC3617552 source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Kong AP Wing YK Choi KC Li AM Ko GT Ma RC Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med 2011 12 659 65 21689984 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Despite this limitation, sleep duration has been shown to correlate reasonably well with objectively measured sleep (r=0.47)[38].”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Study Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lauderdale DS Knutson KL Yan LL Liu K Rathouz PJ Self-reported and measured sleep duration: how similar are they? Epidemiology 2008 19 838 45 18854708 PMC2785092 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“as well as cardiovascular disease[8-10]”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Cappuccio FP Cooper D D'Elia L Strazzullo P Miller MA Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J 2011 32 1484 92 21300732 source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Cappuccio FP Miller MA Are short bad sleep nights a hindrance to a healthy heart? Sleep 2011 34 1457 8 22043114 PMC3198199 source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Cappuccio FP Stranges S Kandala NB Miller MA Taggart FM Kumari M Gender-specific associations of short sleep duration with prevalent and incident hypertension: the Whitehall II Study. Hypertension 2007 50 693 700 17785629 PMC3221967 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this would likely attenuate the association between sleep duration and cardiometabolic disease towards the null, indicating the present findings likely represent an underestimation of the true association.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Study Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Rests on an assumption: Residual confounding from unmeasured variables would likely attenuate the association between sleep duration and cardiometabolic disease towards the null.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, residual confounding may exist.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Study Limitations
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Rests on an assumption: BMI does not account for muscle mass, gender- or age-related differences in body fat distribution, or differences in relationships between adiposity and cardiometabolic disease among ethnoracial subgroups.

It may state two separate claims as one. 17
The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Probably not a substantial claim. 11

None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our distribution of sleep duration values is consistent with that reported by other cohorts.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Study Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] Patel SR Malhotra A Gao X Hu FB Neuman MI Fawzi WW A prospective study of sleep duration and pneumonia risk in women. Sleep 2012 35 97 101 22215923 PMC3242694 source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Patel SR Blackwell T Ancoli-Israel S Stone KL Osteoporotic Fractures in Men-Mr OSRG. Sleep characteristics of self-reported long sleepers. Sleep 2012 35 641 8 22547890 PMC3321423 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation[29-34], elevated inflammation[35, 36], and elevated blood pressure[37].”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Schmid SM Hallschmid M Jauch-Chara K Wilms B Lehnert H Born J Disturbed glucoregulatory response to food intake after moderate sleep restriction. Sleep 2011 34 371 7 21358855 PMC3041714 source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Darukhanavala A Booth JN 3rd Bromley L Whitmore H Imperial J Penev PD Changes in insulin secretion and action in adults with familial risk for type 2 diabetes who curtail their sleep. Diabetes Care 2011 34 2259 64 21836106 PMC3177719 source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Donga E van Dijk M van Dijk JG Biermasz NR Lammers GJ van Kralingen KW A single night of partial sleep deprivation induces insulin resistance in multiple metabolic pathways in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 95 2963 8 20371664 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Donga E van Dijk M van Dijk JG Biermasz NR Lammers GJ van Kralingen K Partial sleep restriction decreases insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010 33 1573 7 20357381 PMC2890361 source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Buxton OM Pavlova M Reid EW Wang W Simonson DC Adler GK Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes 2010 59 2126 33 20585000 PMC2927933 source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Spiegel K Leproult R Van Cauter E Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 1999 354 1435 9 10543671 source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Faraut B Boudjeltia KZ Vanhamme L Kerkhofs M Immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of sleep restriction and recovery. Sleep Med Rev 2012 16 137 49 21835655 source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Mullington JM Haack M Toth M Serrador JM Meier-Ewert HK Cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2009 51 294 302 19110131 PMC3403737 source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Robillard R Lanfranchi PA Prince F Filipini D Carrier J Sleep deprivation increases blood pressure in healthy normotensive elderly and attenuates the blood pressure response to orthostatic challenge. Sleep 2011 34 335 9 21358850 PMC3041709 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“hypertension[2, 13, 14]”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Altman NG Izci-Balserak B Schopfer E Jackson N Rattanaumpawan P Gehrman PR Sleep duration versus sleep insufficiency as predictors of cardiometabolic health outcomes. Sleep Med 2012 13 1261 70 23141932 PMC3527631 source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Mezick EJ Hall M Matthews KA Sleep duration and ambulatory blood pressure in black and white adolescents. Hypertension 2012 59 747 52 22275538 PMC3314491 source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Kim SJ Lee SK Kim SH Yun CH Kim JH Thomas RJ Genetic association of short sleep duration with hypertension incidence. Circ J 2012 76 907 13 22322875 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Epidemiologic studies, while typically more generalizable, carry methodological limitations such as inconsistent definitions of ‘short’ and ‘long’ sleep duration categories, inconsistent assessments (e.g., differently-worded survey items)[17], variable measurement techniques (e.g., diaries, actigraphy, polysomnography)[38], and occasionally non-representative samples”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Grandner MA Patel NP Gehrman PR Perlis ML Pack AI Problems associated with short sleep: Bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies. Sleep Med Rev 2010 14 239 47 19896872 PMC2888649 source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lauderdale DS Knutson KL Yan LL Liu K Rathouz PJ Self-reported and measured sleep duration: how similar are they? Epidemiology 2008 19 838 45 18854708 PMC2785092 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the data used in the following analyses were also weighted to control for representativeness, by following the procedures outlined in the current NHANES Analytic and Reporting Guidelines[52].”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > METHODS > Data Source
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Analytic and Reporting Guidelines: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2006 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, MD
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“previously established categories of self-reported sleep duration[2, 17, 47, 48]”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Altman NG Izci-Balserak B Schopfer E Jackson N Rattanaumpawan P Gehrman PR Sleep duration versus sleep insufficiency as predictors of cardiometabolic health outcomes. Sleep Med 2012 13 1261 70 23141932 PMC3527631 source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Grandner MA Patel NP Gehrman PR Perlis ML Pack AI Problems associated with short sleep: Bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies. Sleep Med Rev 2010 14 239 47 19896872 PMC2888649 source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Grandner MA Jackson N Gerstner JR Knutson KL Dietary nutrients associated with short and long sleep duration. Data from a nationally representative sample. Appetite 2013 64 71 80 23339991 PMC3703747 source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Grandner MA Buxton OM Jackson N Sands-Lincoln M Pandey A Jean-Louis G Extreme sleep durations and increased C-reactive protein: effects of sex and ethnoracial group. Sleep 2013 36 769 79 23633760 PMC3624831 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since NHANES limits self-reports of sleep duration to integer values, which likely reflect usual habits in recent times, some misclassification bias may have occurred, which would have mitigated the strength of the associations that were found in the present analysis.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Study Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: NHANES self-reports of sleep duration, limited to integer values, likely reflect usual habits in recent times.
In the paper
“It is also important to note that race/ethnicity can be recognized as a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease[87].”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Interactions by Race/Ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Truman BI Smith CK Roy K Chen Z Moonesinghe R Zhu J Rationale for regular reporting on health disparities and inequalities - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011 60 3 10 21430613
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The NHANES is designed to ensure generalizability to the entire population across all ages.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > METHODS > Data Source
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Phone Follow-Up Dietary Interviewer Procedures Manual 2008 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Hyattsville, MD
- Not checked yetcites [52] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Analytic and Reporting Guidelines: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2006 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, MD
- Not checked yetcites [53] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data 2008 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, MD
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“diabetes[4, 11, 12]”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Morselli LL Guyon A Spiegel K Sleep and metabolic function. Pflugers Arch 2012 463 139 60 22101912 PMC3289068 source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Zizi F Pandey A Murrray-Bachmann R Vincent M McFarlane S Ogedegbe G Race/ethnicity, sleep duration, and diabetes mellitus: analysis of the National Health Interview Survey. Am J Med 2012 125 162 7 22269619 PMC3266551 source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Kachi Y Ohwaki K Yano E Association of sleep duration with untreated diabetes in Japanese men. Sleep Med 2012 13 307 9 22305609 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

27 of 27

The paper relies on this without support.
NHANES self-reports of sleep duration, limited to integer values, likely reflect usual habits in recent times.
“Since NHANES limits self-reports of sleep duration to integer values, which likely reflect usual habits in recent times”
The paper relies on this without support.
Residual confounding from unmeasured variables would likely attenuate the association between sleep duration and cardiometabolic disease towards the null.
“However, this would likely attenuate the association between sleep duration and cardiometabolic disease towards the null”
The paper relies on this without support.
BMI is a useful measure of central obesity and cardiovascular risk.
“while many studies have shown BMI to be a useful measure of central obesity and cardiovascular risk”
The paper relies on this without support.
BMI does not account for muscle mass, gender- or age-related differences in body fat distribution, or differences in relationships between adiposity and cardiometabolic disease among ethnoracial subgroups.
“BMI does not account for muscle mass, gender-or age-related differences in body fat distribution, or differences in relationships between adiposity and cardiometabolic disease among ethnoracial subgroups.”

4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

Race-specific short-sleep hypertension result conflicts with the abstract
Major
The abstract says the association between short sleep and hypertension is strongest among non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African-Americans, and non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos. The stratified results report no elevated outcomes among short sleepers in the first two groups and identify short-sleep hypertension among Mexican-Americans instead.
Objective-diabetes interaction is both significant and excluded
Minor
The results report a significant sleep-duration-by-race/ethnicity interaction for objective diabetes (p=0.0003), but the discussion says objective diabetes is the exception to race/ethnicity differences.

2 of 2

Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function
Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01376-8 · Cited by 3,668 · cited 2×
“Other potential pathways may involve insulin dysregulation [33,34,114–117], decreased leptin (a hormone secreted by adipocytes that contributes to satiety), and increased ghrelin (a hormone secreted by the stomach to stimulate hunger) [118,119].”
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
L.Maddex, R. (2006) · CQ Press eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452240107.n226 · Cited by 3,178
Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index
Taheri, S., Lin, L., Austin, D., Young, T., & Mignot, E. (2004) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062 · Cited by 2,477 · cited 1×
“Other potential pathways may involve insulin dysregulation [33,34,114–117], decreased leptin (a hormone secreted by adipocytes that contributes to satiety), and increased ghrelin (a hormone secreted by the stomach to stimulate hunger) [118,119].”
Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Cappuccio, F. P., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2010) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.5.585 · Cited by 2,224 · cited 1×
“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”
The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring
Carney, C. E., Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M. (2012) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1642 · Cited by 2,172 · cited 1×
“A better approach would have been to prospectively assess sleep duration using a daily diary [124,125] and an optimal approach also would have included concurrent actigraphy [38,49,126,127].”
Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Cappuccio, F. P., Cooper, D., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr007 · Cited by 2,146
Meta-Analysis of Short Sleep Duration and Obesity in Children and Adults
Cappuccio, F. P., Taggart, F. M., Kandala, N.-B., Currie, A., Peile, E., Stranges, S., & Miller, M. A. (2008) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/31.5.619 · Cited by 2,076 · cited 1×
“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”
Mortality Associated With Sleep Duration and Insomnia
Kripke, D. F., Garfinkel, L., Wingard, D. L., Klauber, M. R., & Marler, M. R. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.131 · Cited by 1,614 · cited 1×
“, all-cause mortality) [16,18–21].”
Self-Reported and Measured Sleep Duration: How Similar Are They?
Lauderdale, D. S., Knutson, K. L., Yan, L. L., Liu, K., & Rathouz, P. J. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e318187a7b0 · Cited by 1,565
The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation
Knutson, K. L., Spiegel, K., Penev, P., & Van Cauter, E. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.01.002 · Cited by 1,365 · cited 1×
“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 135 references

9 of the 135 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Grandner, 2012, C-reactive protein (CRP) and habitual sleep duration: a complex, non-linear relationship dependent on sex, race/ethnicity, and presence of sleep disorder and/or medical comorbidity, Sleep, 35, A294
Grandner, 2013, Extreme sleep durations and increased C-reactive protein: effects of sex and ethnoracial group, Sleep, 36, 769, 10.5665/sleep.2646 · DOI · Paper page
Whinnery J, Jackson N, Rattanaumpawan P, Grandner MA. Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position. Sleep, in press.

Sorted by citations

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines For Medical Care of Patients with Obesity
Garvey, W. T., Mechanick, J. I., Brett, E. M., Garber, A. J., Hurley, D. L., Jastreboff, A. M., Nadolsky, K., Pessah-Pollack, R., & Plodkowski, R. (2016) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep161365.gl · Cited by 1,914
Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
St-Onge, M.-P., Grandner, M. A., Brown, D., Conroy, M. B., Jean-Louis, G., Coons, M., & Bhatt, D. L. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000444 · Cited by 1,044
Self-citation
Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults – United States, 2014
Liu, Y., Wheaton, A. G., Chapman, D. P., Cunningham, T. J., Lu, H., & Croft, J. B. (2016) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6506a1 · Cited by 914
Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion
Panel, C. C., Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., Bliwise, D. L., Buxton, O. M., Buysse, D., Dinges, D. F., Gangwisch, J., Grandner, M. A., et al. (2015) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.4886 · Cited by 906
Self-citation
Sleep, Health, and Society
Grandner, M. A. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.012 · Cited by 720
Self-citation

See all 300

Authors: Grandner, M. A., Chakravorty, S., Perlis, M. L., Oliver, L., & Gurubhagavatula, I.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Grandner, Michael A.
ORCID: Grandner, Michael A.
Chakravorty, Subhajit
Perlis, Michael L.
Gurubhagavatula, Indira
Venue: Sleep Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Pages: 42-50
ISSN: 1389-9457 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.09.012
PMC: PMC3947242
OpenAlex: W2038542855
Semantic Scholar: 5485cfc73eb7b576de649913112b5fa90a1be2a4
Cited by: 300
References: 135
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 12
FWCI: 29.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: American Heart Association (12SDG9180007)
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (K23HL110216)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R21ES022931)
University of Pennsylvania CTSA (UL1RR024134)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Keywords: habitual sleep duration, short sleep duration, long sleep, cardiometabolic risk factors, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, self-reported sleep duration, racial and ethnic differences, NHANES adults
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Racial Groups, Young Adult, Self Report

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors

Abstract

Overview

AI snapshot

TL;DR

Key findings

Methods

Limitations

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks