Gender-Specific Associations of Short Sleep Duration With Prevalent and Incident Hypertension: The Whitehall II Study
Open accessAbstract
Sleep deprivation (≤5 hour per night) was associated with a higher risk of hypertension in middle-aged American adults but not among older individuals. However, the outcome was based on self-reported diagnosis of incident hypertension, and no gender-specific analyses were included. We examined cross-sectional and prospective associations of sleep duration with prevalent and incident hypertension in a cohort of 10 308 British civil servants aged 35 to 55 years at baseline (phase 1: 1985–1988). Data were gathered from phase 5 (1997–1999) and phase 7 (2003–2004). Sleep duration and other covariates were assessed at phase 5. At both examinations, hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg or regular use of antihypertensive medications. In cross-sectional analyses at phase 5 (n=5766), short duration of sleep (≤5 hour per night) was associated with higher risk of hypertension compared with the group sleeping 7 hours, among women (odds ratio: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.58), independent of confounders, with an inverse linear trend across decreasing hours of sleep ( P =0.003). No association was detected in men. In prospective analyses (mean follow-up: 5 years), the cumulative incidence of hypertension was 20.0% (n=740) among 3691 normotensive individuals at phase 5. In women, short duration of sleep was associated with a higher risk of hypertension in a reduced model (age and employment) (6 hours per night: odds ratio: 1.56 [95% CI: 1.07 to 2.27]; ≤5 hour per night: odds ratio: 1.94 [95% CI: 1.08 to 3.50] versus 7 hours). The associations were attenuated after accounting for cardiovascular risk factors and psychiatric comorbidities (odds ratio: 1.42 [95% CI: 0.94 to 2.16]; odds ratio: 1.31 [95% CI: 0.65 to 2.63], respectively). Sleep deprivation may produce detrimental cardiovascular effects among women.
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Individuals with obstructive sleep apnea or insomnia are at significantly greater risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and metabolic disorders.
“Population-based studies show that individuals with OSA or insomnia are at significantly greater risk for CVD and cerebrovascular diseases (eg, arrhythmias, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease [CHD], heart failure, hypertension, and stroke) and metabolic disorders (eg, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia).”
From Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-reported short and long sleep duration have been associated with cardiovascular disease.
“as well as cardiovascular disease[8-10]”
From Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors (2014) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-reported short sleep and subjectively poor sleep quality have been associated with higher average blood pressure or higher prevalence of hypertension in cross-sectional studies.
“Self-reported short sleep and subjectively poor sleep quality have been associated with higher average blood pressure or higher prevalence of hypertension in cross-sectional studies [197–203].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [200]
Two studies observed a significant association between sleep and blood pressure only in women.
“and two of these studies observed a significant association only in women [200, 202].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [200]
Sex differences in the risk associated with duration of sleep have been reported.
“Sex differences in the risk associated with duration of sleep have been reported (29–33).”
From Quantity and Quality of Sleep and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [30]
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Effects of sleep restriction on adiponectin levels in healthy men and women
Simpson, N. S., Banks, S., Arroyo, S., & Dinges, D. F. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.08.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Kim, T. H., Carroll, J. E., An, S. K., Seeman, T. E., Namkoong, K., & Lee, E. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.07.023 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kim, S. J., Lee, S. K., Kim, S. H., Yun, C.-H., Kim, J. H., Thomas, R. J., & Shin, C. (2012) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-11-0713 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Inverse relationship of food and alcohol intake to sleep measures in obesity
Galli, G., Piaggi, P., Mattingly, M. S., de Jonge, L., Courville, A. B., Pinchera, A., Santini, F., Csako, G., Cizza, G., & for the Sleep Extension Study Group (2013) · Nutrition & Diabetes · doi:10.1038/nutd.2012.33 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Olanrewaju GT, I. B. (2014) · Journal of Sleep Disorders & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2167-0277.1000157 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Are short bad sleep nights a hindrance to a healthy heart?
Cappuccio, F. P., & Miller, M. A. (2011) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.1372 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationPatel, S., Govindarajan, V., Chakravarty, S., & Dubey, N. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113326 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cappuccio, F. P., Stranges, S., Kandala, N.-B., Miller, M. A., Taggart, F. M., Kumari, M., Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Brunner, E. J., & Marmot, M. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Warwick (GB)
- From the Clinical Sciences Research Institute (F.P.C., S.S., N-B.K., M.A.M., F.M.T.), Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom; and the International Centre for Health and Society (M.K., J.E.F., M.J.S., E.J.B., M.G.M.), University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2007-10
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 693-700
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- PMC
- PMC3221967
- OpenAlex
- W2127331384
- Cited by
- 512
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 14.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2007-10-01)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Warwick Research Archive Portal (University of Warwick) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation (RG/07/008/23674)
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (HS06516)
- National Institute on Aging (AG 13196, R37AG013196, R01AG013196)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL36310, R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- short sleep duration, sleep deprivation, sex differences, women, middle-aged adults, public sector employees, cardiovascular risk factors, psychiatric comorbidity, hypertension incidence, blood pressure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antihypertensive Agents, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Prevalence, Multivariate Analysis
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