Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors

“Other potential pathways may involve insulin dysregulation [33,34,114–117], decreased leptin (a hormone secreted by adipocytes that contributes to satiety), and increased ghrelin (a hormone secreted by the stomach to stimulate hunger) [118,119].”

“Other potential pathways may involve insulin dysregulation [33,34,114–117], decreased leptin (a hormone secreted by adipocytes that contributes to satiety), and increased ghrelin (a hormone secreted by the stomach to stimulate hunger) [118,119].”

“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”

“A better approach would have been to prospectively assess sleep duration using a daily diary [124,125] and an optimal approach also would have included concurrent actigraphy [38,49,126,127].”

“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”

“, all-cause mortality) [16,18–21].”

“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”

“For example, increased obesity in racial minorities is well-described [88], as is increased prevalence of hypertension in African-Americans [89–92] and increased levels in Hispanics/Latinos of DM [93].”

“A better approach would have been to prospectively assess sleep duration using a daily diary [124,125] and an optimal approach also would have included concurrent actigraphy [38,49,126,127].”

“Increased inflammation may be implicated in a number of cardiovascular disease processes, including development of atherosclerotic plaques and end-stage thrombotic complications [107].”

“Sleep loss is associated with a proinflammatory state [96], with noted elevations in a number of proinflammatory biomarkers such as IL-6 [97–103] and tumor necrosis factor [36,97,98, 100,104–106].”

“Other potential pathways may involve insulin dysregulation [33,34,114–117], decreased leptin (a hormone secreted by adipocytes that contributes to satiety), and increased ghrelin (a hormone secreted by the stomach to stimulate hunger) [118,119].”

“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”

“, large scale samples that are restricted to defined regions [39], older [40,41] or younger [6,13,42] adults, or a single gender [40,43–45] or race/ethnicity [46]).”

“This finding may explain relatively weak effects in other large population studies [1] and stronger effects in samples with more whites [86], though this conflicts with other reports showing a stronger relationship in black Americans [11].”

“Sleep loss is associated with a proinflammatory state [96], with noted elevations in a number of proinflammatory biomarkers such as IL-6 [97–103] and tumor necrosis factor [36,97,98, 100,104–106].”

“Spanish, Spanish only, or other), as all of these factors are known to affect sleep behaviors and health outcomes [56–59]; socioeconomic factors suspected to affect sleep and health outcomes [1,56], which included education level (less than high school, high school, some college, college graduate), access to health in…”

“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”

“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”

“Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation [29–34], elevated inflammation [35,36], and elevated blood pressure (BP) [37].”

“For example, sleep duration may be related to unhealthy dietary patterns [47,120], decreased physical activity [121–123], and other health risk factors.”

“Sleep loss is associated with a proinflammatory state [96], with noted elevations in a number of proinflammatory biomarkers such as IL-6 [97–103] and tumor necrosis factor [36,97,98, 100,104–106].”

“Sleep loss is associated with a proinflammatory state [96], with noted elevations in a number of proinflammatory biomarkers such as IL-6 [97–103] and tumor necrosis factor [36,97,98, 100,104–106].”

“Other potential pathways may involve insulin dysregulation [33,34,114–117], decreased leptin (a hormone secreted by adipocytes that contributes to satiety), and increased ghrelin (a hormone secreted by the stomach to stimulate hunger) [118,119].”

“For example, blacks are more likely to be short sleepers in population-based studies that used subjective self-report [77,84], as well as regional studies that used actigraphy [85], and our study shows that the relationship between short sleep duration and obesity is stronger in this group.”

“For example, increased obesity in racial minorities is well-described [88], as is increased prevalence of hypertension in African-Americans [89–92] and increased levels in Hispanics/Latinos of DM [93].”

“For example, sleep duration may be related to unhealthy dietary patterns [47,120], decreased physical activity [121–123], and other health risk factors.”

“For example, increased obesity in racial minorities is well-described [88], as is increased prevalence of hypertension in African-Americans [89–92] and increased levels in Hispanics/Latinos of DM [93].”

“For example, blacks are more likely to be short sleepers in population-based studies that used subjective self-report [77,84], as well as regional studies that used actigraphy [85], and our study shows that the relationship between short sleep duration and obesity is stronger in this group.”

“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”

“In addition, sleep loss may produce alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity [109–112], which plays an important role linking stress and cardiovascular disease [113].”

“Both self-reported short and long sleep duration have been associated with elevated risk for obesity in children and adults [1–7], as well as cardiovascular disease [8–10], diabetes mellitus (DM) [4,11,12], hypertension [2,13,14], and other negative health outcomes [2,15–17] (i.”

“Previous literature on long sleep is highly variable, perhaps because self-reported long sleep is frequently limited to the unemployed, ill, or retired [44,62] and may reflect long time in bed rather than long time asleep.”

“Sleep loss is associated with a proinflammatory state [96], with noted elevations in a number of proinflammatory biomarkers such as IL-6 [97–103] and tumor necrosis factor [36,97,98, 100,104–106].”

“For example, a previous study found that self-reported sleep quality correlated with standard measures but tended to correlate better with depression ratings [75].”

“Although several studies have identified risks associated with long sleep duration [61], our study did not detect any such risks.”

“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”

“Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation [29–34], elevated inflammation [35,36], and elevated blood pressure (BP) [37].”

“A better approach would have been to prospectively assess sleep duration using a daily diary [124,125] and an optimal approach also would have included concurrent actigraphy [38,49,126,127].”

“In addition, sleep loss may produce alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity [109–112], which plays an important role linking stress and cardiovascular disease [113].”

“Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation [29–34], elevated inflammation [35,36], and elevated blood pressure (BP) [37].”

“It is possible that these and other factors may potentially explain why laboratory studies have found inconsistent relationships between measured BP and sleep duration [68].”

“Other potential pathways may involve insulin dysregulation [33,34,114–117], decreased leptin (a hormone secreted by adipocytes that contributes to satiety), and increased ghrelin (a hormone secreted by the stomach to stimulate hunger) [118,119].”

“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”

“This difference may be due to reporting characteristics, as the short sleep group may be more heterogeneous and may be more likely to include more individuals who are relatively unimpaired due to being a natural short sleeper who requires less sleep [17,79] or may be more resilient to sleep loss [80–83], in addition t…”

“In the current NHANES sample, non restorative sleep, which may be an overlapping construct with perceived sleep insufficiency, is highest among non-Hispanic whites and Asians/ others [78].”

“Based on previous studies [2,47,54], responses were categorized as very short (<5 h), short (5–6 h), normal (7–8 h), or long (P9 h).”

“, differently worded survey items) [17], variable measurement techniques (e.”

“Sleep loss is associated with a proinflammatory state [96], with noted elevations in a number of proinflammatory biomarkers such as IL-6 [97–103] and tumor necrosis factor [36,97,98, 100,104–106].”

“The literature regarding the relationship between habitual sleep duration and DM is highly variable [3,72,73].”

“Based on previous studies [2,47,54], responses were categorized as very short (<5 h), short (5–6 h), normal (7–8 h), or long (P9 h).”

“, large scale samples that are restricted to defined regions [39], older [40,41] or younger [6,13,42] adults, or a single gender [40,43–45] or race/ethnicity [46]).”

“Inflammation also may play a causal role in insulin sensitivity and obesity [108].”

“For example, previous reports have found gender differences in the relationship between sleep and cardiometabolic disease risk factors, generally with women demonstrating a stronger relationship [48,94,95].”

“For example, sleep duration may be related to unhealthy dietary patterns [47,120], decreased physical activity [121–123], and other health risk factors.”

“Both self-reported short and long sleep duration have been associated with elevated risk for obesity in children and adults [1–7], as well as cardiovascular disease [8–10], diabetes mellitus (DM) [4,11,12], hypertension [2,13,14], and other negative health outcomes [2,15–17] (i.”

“For example, the Nurses’ Health Study [128] reported 5% short sleepers and 5% long sleepers and the MrOS Study reported 8% long sleepers [44].”

“For example, previous reports have found gender differences in the relationship between sleep and cardiometabolic disease risk factors, generally with women demonstrating a stronger relationship [48,94,95].”

“Sleep loss is associated with a proinflammatory state [96], with noted elevations in a number of proinflammatory biomarkers such as IL-6 [97–103] and tumor necrosis factor [36,97,98, 100,104–106].”

“Based on previous studies [2,47,54], responses were categorized as very short (<5 h), short (5–6 h), normal (7–8 h), or long (P9 h).”

“A better approach would have been to prospectively assess sleep duration using a daily diary [124,125] and an optimal approach also would have included concurrent actigraphy [38,49,126,127].”

“Findings for obesity reflected the results of previously published studies [74].”

“Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation [29–34], elevated inflammation [35,36], and elevated blood pressure (BP) [37].”

“, large scale samples that are restricted to defined regions [39], older [40,41] or younger [6,13,42] adults, or a single gender [40,43–45] or race/ethnicity [46]).”

“This difference may be due to reporting characteristics, as the short sleep group may be more heterogeneous and may be more likely to include more individuals who are relatively unimpaired due to being a natural short sleeper who requires less sleep [17,79] or may be more resilient to sleep loss [80–83], in addition t…”

“Both self-reported short and long sleep duration have been associated with elevated risk for obesity in children and adults [1–7], as well as cardiovascular disease [8–10], diabetes mellitus (DM) [4,11,12], hypertension [2,13,14], and other negative health outcomes [2,15–17] (i.”

“There currently is little known about sleep and health in the US Hispanic/Latino population [59] but other NHANES data suggest that non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos are at increased risk for a number of sleep complaints, which are not more common among Mexican-Americans [77,78].”

“For example, the relationship between very short sleep and self-reported hypertension was seen for all groups except Mexican-Americans and Asians/others, with the strongest effect seen among Hispanics/Latinos.”

“, large scale samples that are restricted to defined regions [39], older [40,41] or younger [6,13,42] adults, or a single gender [40,43–45] or race/ethnicity [46]).”

“This inconsistency may be due to several of the following factors: (1) the definition of objective hypertension includes current or past treatment with antihypertensive medication, which may introduce imprecision in the determination; (2) antihypertensive medications may themselves alter sleep, though this would proba…”

“Other potential pathways may involve insulin dysregulation [33,34,114–117], decreased leptin (a hormone secreted by adipocytes that contributes to satiety), and increased ghrelin (a hormone secreted by the stomach to stimulate hunger) [118,119].”

“Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation [29–34], elevated inflammation [35,36], and elevated blood pressure (BP) [37].”

“5–18) [129,130], which may better approximate central adiposity and associated cardiometabolic disease.”

“For example, several previous studies have shown that, prevalence is higher in the context of short sleep duration when hypertension is measured by self-report [1,2,63–67] and incidence also may be higher [14].”

“Both self-reported short and long sleep duration have been associated with elevated risk for obesity in children and adults [1–7], as well as cardiovascular disease [8–10], diabetes mellitus (DM) [4,11,12], hypertension [2,13,14], and other negative health outcomes [2,15–17] (i.”

“The literature regarding the relationship between habitual sleep duration and DM is highly variable [3,72,73].”

“Other potential pathways may involve insulin dysregulation [33,34,114–117], decreased leptin (a hormone secreted by adipocytes that contributes to satiety), and increased ghrelin (a hormone secreted by the stomach to stimulate hunger) [118,119].”

“Sleep loss is associated with a proinflammatory state [96], with noted elevations in a number of proinflammatory biomarkers such as IL-6 [97–103] and tumor necrosis factor [36,97,98, 100,104–106].”

“Both self-reported short and long sleep duration have been associated with elevated risk for obesity in children and adults [1–7], as well as cardiovascular disease [8–10], diabetes mellitus (DM) [4,11,12], hypertension [2,13,14], and other negative health outcomes [2,15–17] (i.”

“, large scale samples that are restricted to defined regions [39], older [40,41] or younger [6,13,42] adults, or a single gender [40,43–45] or race/ethnicity [46]).”

“In addition, sleep loss may produce alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity [109–112], which plays an important role linking stress and cardiovascular disease [113].”

“Alternatively, other research has found that long sleep duration was associated with high cholesterol among the elderly [71].”

“Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation [29–34], elevated inflammation [35,36], and elevated blood pressure (BP) [37].”

“Previous literature on long sleep is highly variable, perhaps because self-reported long sleep is frequently limited to the unemployed, ill, or retired [44,62] and may reflect long time in bed rather than long time asleep.”

“For example, several previous studies have shown that, prevalence is higher in the context of short sleep duration when hypertension is measured by self-report [1,2,63–67] and incidence also may be higher [14].”

“For example, several previous studies have shown that, prevalence is higher in the context of short sleep duration when hypertension is measured by self-report [1,2,63–67] and incidence also may be higher [14].”

“The literature regarding the relationship between habitual sleep duration and DM is highly variable [3,72,73].”

“, all-cause mortality) [16,18–21].”

“In addition, sleep loss may produce alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity [109–112], which plays an important role linking stress and cardiovascular disease [113].”

“, large scale samples that are restricted to defined regions [39], older [40,41] or younger [6,13,42] adults, or a single gender [40,43–45] or race/ethnicity [46]).”

“This difference may be due to reporting characteristics, as the short sleep group may be more heterogeneous and may be more likely to include more individuals who are relatively unimpaired due to being a natural short sleeper who requires less sleep [17,79] or may be more resilient to sleep loss [80–83], in addition t…”

“Both self-reported short and long sleep duration have been associated with elevated risk for obesity in children and adults [1–7], as well as cardiovascular disease [8–10], diabetes mellitus (DM) [4,11,12], hypertension [2,13,14], and other negative health outcomes [2,15–17] (i.”

“Sleep loss is associated with a proinflammatory state [96], with noted elevations in a number of proinflammatory biomarkers such as IL-6 [97–103] and tumor necrosis factor [36,97,98, 100,104–106].”

“Both self-reported short and long sleep duration have been associated with elevated risk for obesity in children and adults [1–7], as well as cardiovascular disease [8–10], diabetes mellitus (DM) [4,11,12], hypertension [2,13,14], and other negative health outcomes [2,15–17] (i.”