The DOI matches its Crossref record; 126 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 39 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors
Open accessAbstract
Background Self-reported short and/or long sleep duration have been associated with adverse cardiometabolic health outcomes in laboratory and epidemiologic studies, but interpretation of such data has been limited by methodological issues. Methods Adult respondents of the 2007-2008 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were examined in a cross-sectional analysis (N=5,649). Self-reported sleep duration was categorized as very short (<5hrs), short (5-6hrs), normal (7-8hrs) or long (≥9hrs). Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia were assessed by self-reported history and objectively. Statistical analyses included univariate comparisons across sleep duration categories for all variables. Binary logistic regression analyses, cardiometabolic factor as outcome and with sleep duration category as predictor, were assessed with and without covariates. Observed relationships were further assessed for dependence on race/ethnicity. Results In adjusted analyses, very short sleep was associated with self-reported hypertension (OR=2.02, 95%CI[1.45, 2.81], p<0.0001), self-reported hyperlipidemia (OR=1.96, 95%CI[1.43, 2.69], p<0.0001), objective hyperlipidemia (OR=1.41, 95%CI[1.04, 1.91], p=0.03), self-reported diabetes (OR=1.76, 95%CI[1.13, 2.74], p=0.01), and objective obesity (OR=1.53, 95%CI[1.13, 2.06], p=0.005). Regarding short sleep (5-6hrs), in adjusted analyses, elevated risk was seen for self-reported hypertension (OR=1.22, 95%CI[1.02, 1.45], p=0.03) self-reported obesity (OR=1.21, 95%CI[1.03, 1.43], p=0.02) and objective obesity (OR=1.17, 95%CI[1.00, 1.38], p<0.05). Regarding long sleep (≥9hrs), no elevated risk was found for any outcomes. Interactions with Race/Ethnicity were significant for all outcomes; race/ethnicity differences in patterns of risk varied by outcome studied. In particular, the relationship between very short sleep and obesity was strongest among Blacks/African-Americans and the relationship between short sleep and hypertension is strongest among non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African-Americans, and non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos. Conclusions Short sleep duration is associated with self-reported and objectively-determined adverse cardiometabolic outcomes, even after adjustment for many covariates. Also, these patterns of risk depend on race/ethnicity.
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TL;DR
In 2007–2008 NHANES adults, very short sleep (<5 h) was associated with several self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors after adjustment, while long sleep (≥9 h) showed no elevated risk. These patterns varied by race/ethnicity.
Key findings
- Very short sleep (<5 h) was associated in adjusted analyses with self-reported hypertension (OR=2.02, 95%CI[1.45, 2.81]), self-reported hyperlipidemia (OR=1.96, 95%CI[1.43, 2.69]), objective hyperlipidemia (OR=1.41, 95%CI[1.04, 1.91]), self-reported diabetes (OR=1.76, 95%CI[1.13, 2.74]), and objective obesity (OR=1.53, 95%CI[1.13, 2.06]).
- Short sleep (5–6 h) was associated in adjusted analyses with self-reported hypertension (OR=1.22, 95%CI[1.02, 1.45]), self-reported obesity (OR=1.21, 95%CI[1.03, 1.43]), and objective obesity (OR=1.17, 95%CI[1.00, 1.38]).
- Long sleep (≥9 h) showed no elevated risk for any outcomes after adjustment; elevated risk was found only for objective diabetes in unadjusted analyses.
- Race/ethnicity interactions were significant for self-reported and objective hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity (p-values from <0.0001 to 0.007); for example, the very-short-sleep–obesity relationship was strongest among Blacks/African-Americans, and the short-sleep–hypertension relationship was strongest among non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African-Americans, and non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos.
Methods
- Cross-sectional analysis of 2007–2008 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) adult respondents ages 18–80+ years with complete data (N=5,649), using census-weighted, nationally representative data.
- Self-reported sleep duration was categorized as very short (<5 h), short (5–6 h), normal (7–8 h; reference), or long (≥9 h).
- Outcomes were self-reported and objective hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity; analyses used chi-square tests and binary logistic regression with and without covariates, plus race/ethnicity interaction and stratified analyses in STATA/SE 12.
Limitations
- The paper states that the cross-sectional design cannot infer causality; self-reported integer sleep duration may cause misclassification and attenuate associations; prospective diary and actigraphy would be better; extreme sleepers represent a small population subset; BMI does not capture central adiposity or some relevant factors, and residual confounding may exist.
- The paper notes that race/ethnicity stratified analyses reduce statistical power, especially in less populous groups.
- The text makes evident that self-reported versus objective outcome discrepancies may reflect recall bias, social desirability, state-dependent factors, or measurement error in the sleep duration item.
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35 Own result · 12 Not checked yet · 11 Own method · 7 Own interpretation · 4 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“Both self-reported short and long sleep duration have been associated with elevated risk of obesity in both children and adults[1-7]”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Buxton OM Marcelli E Short and long sleep are positively associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States. Soc Sci Med 2010 71 1027 36 20621406 source
- Partly supportedcites [2] Altman NG Izci-Balserak B Schopfer E Jackson N Rattanaumpawan P Gehrman PR Sleep duration versus sleep insufficiency as predictors of cardiometabolic health outcomes. Sleep Med 2012 13 1261 70 23141932 PMC3527631 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports associations between self-reported short and/or long sleep duration and adverse outcomes including obesity; the Discussion also describes prior findings linking sleep duration to obesity. The paper does not establish this association in children, and its adjusted results identify increased obesity risk for short sleep, not long sleep. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [3] Knutson KL Does inadequate sleep play a role in vulnerability to obesity? Am J Hum Biol 2012 24 361 71 22275135 PMC3323702 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Habitual Sleep and BMI/Obesity” section reports an association between short sleep and obesity or higher BMI in both children and adults. It also reports higher BMI with longer self-reported sleep in some studies, but does not establish that the long-sleep association was found in both age groups. The “Potential Mechanisms” section likewise discusses long self-reported sleep and obesity without specifying children and adults. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [4] Morselli LL Guyon A Spiegel K Sleep and metabolic function. Pflugers Arch 2012 463 139 60 22101912 PMC3289068 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Epidemiologic evidence section reports an association between short sleep and obesity risk in children and adults; it also says sleep and weight were self-reported in nearly all epidemiologic studies. But it describes the relationship between longer sleep and BMI as conflicting in adults and nonexistent in children, so it does not support the claim about long sleep in both groups. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked yetcites [5] Klingenberg L Sjodin A Holmback U Astrup A Chaput JP Short sleep duration and its association with energy metabolism. Obes Rev 2012 13 565 77 22440089 source
- Partly supportedcites [6] Estrada CL Danielson KK Drum ML Lipton RB Insufficient sleep in young patients with diabetes and their families. Biol Res Nurs 2012 14 48 54 21278167 PMC3617552 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions report an association between short sleep and obesity in children, and between reduced self-reported sleep and overweight or obesity in adults. The paper does not report an obesity association for long sleep duration. Its own Results found no significant association between sleep duration and obesity in the families studied. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked yetcites [7] Kong AP Wing YK Choi KC Li AM Ko GT Ma RC Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Med 2011 12 659 65 21689984 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Among Asian/other respondents, elevated risk for self-reported and objective hyperlipidemia were found for very short sleep.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Race/Ethnicity Interactions
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In the paper
“objective hyperlipidemia among long sleepers”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Race/Ethnicity Interactions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Regarding long sleep (≥9hrs), elevated risk was found only for objective diabetes, in unadjusted analyses only.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Sample
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“elevated risk was seen for self-reported hypertension (OR=1.22, 95%CI[1.02, 1.45], p=0.03)”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
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In the paper
“the relationship between short sleep and hypertension is strongest among non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African-Americans, and non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Interactions with Race/Ethnicity were significant for all outcomes”
- Also stated in: § Race/Ethnicity Interactions · plain
“In adjusted models, significant interactions between sleep duration category and race/ethnicity were found for self-reported hypertension (p<0.0001), objective hypertension (p<0.0001), self-reported hyperlipidemia (p=0.007), objective hyperlipidemia (p=0.005), self-reported diabetes (p=0.001), objective diabetes (p=0.0003), self-reported obesity (p<0.0001), and objective obesity (p=0.0001).”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
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- Also stated in: § Race/Ethnicity Interactions · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding diabetes, associations with very short sleep were seen most clearly among non-Hispanic Whites, and not other groups.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Interactions by Race/Ethnicity
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In the paper
“Long sleep was not found to be associated with risk factors., especially after adjustment.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“self-reported obesity (OR=1.21, 95%CI[1.03, 1.43], p=0.02)”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
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In the paper
“for non-Hispanic white respondents, elevated risk was found for self-reported hypertension, self-reported hyperlipidemia, objective hyperlipidemia, and self-reported diabetes among very short sleepers”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Race/Ethnicity Interactions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In adjusted analyses, all relationships except objective hypertension persisted.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Sample
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For Mexican-Americans, elevated risk of self-reported hypertension and self-reported obesity were found for short sleep and decreased self-reported hyperlipidemia was seen in long sleep.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Race/Ethnicity Interactions
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In the paper
“For black/African-American respondents, elevated risk of self-reported hypertension, self-reported obesity, and objective obesity were found for very short sleep.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Race/Ethnicity Interactions
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In the paper
“For other Hispanic/Latino respondents, elevated risk of self-reported hypertension was found for very short sleep and objective diabetes for short sleep.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Race/Ethnicity Interactions
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In the paper
“The present study found that only very short sleep associated with elevated diabetes risk when measured using the standard survey question. When an objective determination was used, elevations were not found.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Sleep Duration and Diabetes
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In the paper
“The results of the present study extend the later findings; for all outcomes except objective diabetes, the relationship between sleep duration and cardiometabolic disease differed by race/ethnicity.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Interactions by Race/Ethnicity
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In unadjusted analyses, short sleep (5-6hrs) was associated with elevated risk was seen for self-reported and objective hypertension and self-reported and objective obesity.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Sample
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“After adjustment for covariates, significant relationships remained for self-reported hypertension, self-reported and objective hyperlipidemia, self-reported diabetes, and objective obesity. All other variables were attenuated to trends (p<0.10).”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Characteristics of the Sample
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the relationship between very short sleep and self-reported hypertension was seen for all groups except Mexican-Americans and Asians/Others, with the strongest effect seen among Other Hispanics/Latinos.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Interactions by Race/Ethnicity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Very short sleep (<5hrs) was most strongly associated with the widest range of adverse outcomes, followed by short sleep (5-6hrs).”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“statistical controls for differential effects of race/ethnicity”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our distribution of sleep duration values is consistent with that reported by other cohorts.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Study Limitations
What the sources say
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation[29-34], elevated inflammation[35, 36], and elevated blood pressure[37].”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Schmid SM Hallschmid M Jauch-Chara K Wilms B Lehnert H Born J Disturbed glucoregulatory response to food intake after moderate sleep restriction. Sleep 2011 34 371 7 21358855 PMC3041714 source
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- Not checked yetcites [31] Donga E van Dijk M van Dijk JG Biermasz NR Lammers GJ van Kralingen KW A single night of partial sleep deprivation induces insulin resistance in multiple metabolic pathways in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 95 2963 8 20371664 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Donga E van Dijk M van Dijk JG Biermasz NR Lammers GJ van Kralingen K Partial sleep restriction decreases insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010 33 1573 7 20357381 PMC2890361 source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Buxton OM Pavlova M Reid EW Wang W Simonson DC Adler GK Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes 2010 59 2126 33 20585000 PMC2927933 source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Spiegel K Leproult R Van Cauter E Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 1999 354 1435 9 10543671 source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Faraut B Boudjeltia KZ Vanhamme L Kerkhofs M Immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of sleep restriction and recovery. Sleep Med Rev 2012 16 137 49 21835655 source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Mullington JM Haack M Toth M Serrador JM Meier-Ewert HK Cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2009 51 294 302 19110131 PMC3403737 source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Robillard R Lanfranchi PA Prince F Filipini D Carrier J Sleep deprivation increases blood pressure in healthy normotensive elderly and attenuates the blood pressure response to orthostatic challenge. Sleep 2011 34 335 9 21358850 PMC3041709 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“hypertension[2, 13, 14]”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Altman NG Izci-Balserak B Schopfer E Jackson N Rattanaumpawan P Gehrman PR Sleep duration versus sleep insufficiency as predictors of cardiometabolic health outcomes. Sleep Med 2012 13 1261 70 23141932 PMC3527631 source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Mezick EJ Hall M Matthews KA Sleep duration and ambulatory blood pressure in black and white adolescents. Hypertension 2012 59 747 52 22275538 PMC3314491 source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Kim SJ Lee SK Kim SH Yun CH Kim JH Thomas RJ Genetic association of short sleep duration with hypertension incidence. Circ J 2012 76 907 13 22322875 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that although these relationships are likely to exist within the population, they are most relevant for only a small subset of the general population.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Study Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Epidemiologic studies, while typically more generalizable, carry methodological limitations such as inconsistent definitions of ‘short’ and ‘long’ sleep duration categories, inconsistent assessments (e.g., differently-worded survey items)[17], variable measurement techniques (e.g., diaries, actigraphy, polysomnography)[38], and occasionally non-representative samples”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Grandner MA Patel NP Gehrman PR Perlis ML Pack AI Problems associated with short sleep: Bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies. Sleep Med Rev 2010 14 239 47 19896872 PMC2888649 source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Lauderdale DS Knutson KL Yan LL Liu K Rathouz PJ Self-reported and measured sleep duration: how similar are they? Epidemiology 2008 19 838 45 18854708 PMC2785092 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the data used in the following analyses were also weighted to control for representativeness, by following the procedures outlined in the current NHANES Analytic and Reporting Guidelines[52].”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > METHODS > Data Source
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Analytic and Reporting Guidelines: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2006 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, MD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data were not collected for NHANES, and nor were data regarding menopausal status, menstrual cycle phase or use of hormone replacement therapy.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Study Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the number of covariates entered into the analyses was limited to mitigate reporting bias and to avoid the creation of models that were over-controlled.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > METHODS > Data Source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study is limited to a cross-sectional analysis on prevalent subclinical disease and cannot make inferences of causality.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Study Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“previously established categories of self-reported sleep duration[2, 17, 47, 48]”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Altman NG Izci-Balserak B Schopfer E Jackson N Rattanaumpawan P Gehrman PR Sleep duration versus sleep insufficiency as predictors of cardiometabolic health outcomes. Sleep Med 2012 13 1261 70 23141932 PMC3527631 source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Grandner MA Patel NP Gehrman PR Perlis ML Pack AI Problems associated with short sleep: Bridging the gap between laboratory and epidemiological studies. Sleep Med Rev 2010 14 239 47 19896872 PMC2888649 source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Grandner MA Jackson N Gerstner JR Knutson KL Dietary nutrients associated with short and long sleep duration. Data from a nationally representative sample. Appetite 2013 64 71 80 23339991 PMC3703747 source
- Not checked yetcites [48] Grandner MA Buxton OM Jackson N Sands-Lincoln M Pandey A Jean-Louis G Extreme sleep durations and increased C-reactive protein: effects of sex and ethnoracial group. Sleep 2013 36 769 79 23633760 PMC3624831 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since NHANES limits self-reports of sleep duration to integer values, which likely reflect usual habits in recent times, some misclassification bias may have occurred, which would have mitigated the strength of the associations that were found in the present analysis.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Study Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: NHANES self-reports of sleep duration, limited to integer values, likely reflect usual habits in recent times.
In the paper
“It is also important to note that race/ethnicity can be recognized as a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease[87].”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Interactions by Race/Ethnicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Truman BI Smith CK Roy K Chen Z Moonesinghe R Zhu J Rationale for regular reporting on health disparities and inequalities - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011 60 3 10 21430613
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since NHANES limits self-reports of sleep duration to integer values, which likely reflect usual habits in recent times, some misclassification bias may have occurred, which would have mitigated the strength of the associations that were found in the present analysis.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Study Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The NHANES is designed to ensure generalizability to the entire population across all ages.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > METHODS > Data Source
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Phone Follow-Up Dietary Interviewer Procedures Manual 2008 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Hyattsville, MD
- Not checked yetcites [52] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Analytic and Reporting Guidelines: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2006 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, MD
- Not checked yetcites [53] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data 2008 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, MD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“diabetes[4, 11, 12]”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Morselli LL Guyon A Spiegel K Sleep and metabolic function. Pflugers Arch 2012 463 139 60 22101912 PMC3289068 source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Zizi F Pandey A Murrray-Bachmann R Vincent M McFarlane S Ogedegbe G Race/ethnicity, sleep duration, and diabetes mellitus: analysis of the National Health Interview Survey. Am J Med 2012 125 162 7 22269619 PMC3266551 source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Kachi Y Ohwaki K Yano E Association of sleep duration with untreated diabetes in Japanese men. Sleep Med 2012 13 307 9 22305609 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
NHANES self-reports of sleep duration, limited to integer values, likely reflect usual habits in recent times.
“Since NHANES limits self-reports of sleep duration to integer values, which likely reflect usual habits in recent times”
The paper relies on this without support.
Residual confounding from unmeasured variables would likely attenuate the association between sleep duration and cardiometabolic disease towards the null.
“However, this would likely attenuate the association between sleep duration and cardiometabolic disease towards the null”
The paper relies on this without support.
BMI is a useful measure of central obesity and cardiovascular risk.
“while many studies have shown BMI to be a useful measure of central obesity and cardiovascular risk”
The paper relies on this without support.
BMI does not account for muscle mass, gender- or age-related differences in body fat distribution, or differences in relationships between adiposity and cardiometabolic disease among ethnoracial subgroups.
“BMI does not account for muscle mass, gender-or age-related differences in body fat distribution, or differences in relationships between adiposity and cardiometabolic disease among ethnoracial subgroups.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This was followed up by another analysis that showed that the relationship between sleep duration and obesity, diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipidemia depended on self-identified race/ethnicity(20).”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Although this has not yet been directly tested, several studies have shown that the relationship between sleep and cardiometabolic disease risk does depend on race/ethnicity.”
From Sleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (2016) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Also, this relationship may be moderated by race/ethnicity, with stronger relationships between sleep and obesity among non-Hispanic white and black/African American adults.24”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“based on previous data linking sleep duration to cardiometabolic disease risk in a US population sample [44].”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“Analysis of NHANES did find that self-reported short sleep duration was associated with both self-reported chronic disease (e.g. obesity and hypertension) as well as objectively-measured markers of chronic disease (e.g. obesity and hyperlipidemia) [204].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [204]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > Abstract > Results
“the relationship between short sleep and hypertension is strongest among non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks/African-Americans, and non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos.”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Race/Ethnicity Interactions
“Overall, for non-Hispanic white respondents, elevated risk was found for self-reported hypertension, self-reported hyperlipidemia, objective hyperlipidemia, and self-reported diabetes among very short sleepers, no outcomes among short sleepers, and objective hyperlipidemia among long sleepers. For black/African-American respondents, elevated risk of self-reported hypertension, self-reported obesity, and objective obesity were found for very short sleep.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > RESULTS > Race/Ethnicity Interactions
“objective diabetes (p=0.0003)”
§ Habitual Sleep Duration Associated with Self-Reported and Objectively-Determined Cardiometabolic Risk Factors > DISCUSSION > Interactions by Race/Ethnicity
“for all outcomes except objective diabetes, the relationship between sleep duration and cardiometabolic disease differed by race/ethnicity.”
Citations
Cites
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
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Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
Cappuccio, F. P., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2010) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.5.585 · Cited by 2,224 · cited 1×
“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”
The consensus sleep diary: standardizing prospective sleep self-monitoring
Carney, C. E., Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Krystal, A. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M. (2012) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1642 · Cited by 2,172 · cited 1×
“A better approach would have been to prospectively assess sleep duration using a daily diary [124,125] and an optimal approach also would have included concurrent actigraphy [38,49,126,127].”
Cappuccio, F. P., Cooper, D., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr007 · Cited by 2,146
Meta-Analysis of Short Sleep Duration and Obesity in Children and Adults
Cappuccio, F. P., Taggart, F. M., Kandala, N.-B., Currie, A., Peile, E., Stranges, S., & Miller, M. A. (2008) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/31.5.619 · Cited by 2,076 · cited 1×
“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”
Mortality Associated With Sleep Duration and Insomnia
Kripke, D. F., Garfinkel, L., Wingard, D. L., Klauber, M. R., & Marler, M. R. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.131 · Cited by 1,614 · cited 1×
“, all-cause mortality) [16,18–21].”
Self-Reported and Measured Sleep Duration: How Similar Are They?
Lauderdale, D. S., Knutson, K. L., Yan, L. L., Liu, K., & Rathouz, P. J. (2008) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e318187a7b0 · Cited by 1,565
The metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation
Knutson, K. L., Spiegel, K., Penev, P., & Van Cauter, E. (2007) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.01.002 · Cited by 1,365 · cited 1×
“These findings have been summarized in reviews utilizing both quantitative [8,19,20,22,23] and narrative [3,16,17,24–28] approaches.”
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Grandner, 2012, C-reactive protein (CRP) and habitual sleep duration: a complex, non-linear relationship dependent on sex, race/ethnicity, and presence of sleep disorder and/or medical comorbidity, Sleep, 35, A294
- Grandner, 2013, Extreme sleep durations and increased C-reactive protein: effects of sex and ethnoracial group, Sleep, 36, 769, 10.5665/sleep.2646 · DOI · Paper page
- Whinnery J, Jackson N, Rattanaumpawan P, Grandner MA. Sleep symptoms, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position. Sleep, in press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Garvey, W. T., Mechanick, J. I., Brett, E. M., Garber, A. J., Hurley, D. L., Jastreboff, A. M., Nadolsky, K., Pessah-Pollack, R., & Plodkowski, R. (2016) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep161365.gl · Cited by 1,914
St-Onge, M.-P., Grandner, M. A., Brown, D., Conroy, M. B., Jean-Louis, G., Coons, M., & Bhatt, D. L. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000444 · Cited by 1,044
Self-citationPrevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults – United States, 2014
Liu, Y., Wheaton, A. G., Chapman, D. P., Cunningham, T. J., Lu, H., & Croft, J. B. (2016) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6506a1 · Cited by 914
Panel, C. C., Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., Bliwise, D. L., Buxton, O. M., Buysse, D., Dinges, D. F., Gangwisch, J., Grandner, M. A., et al. (2015) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.4886 · Cited by 906
Self-citationGrandner, M. A. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.012 · Cited by 720
Self-citationWatson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., Bliwise, D. L., Buxton, O. M., Buysse, D., Dinges, D. F., Gangwisch, J., Grandner, M. A., Kushida, C., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.4950 · Cited by 568
Self-citationSleep disparity, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic position
Grandner, M. A., Williams, N. J., Knutson, K. L., Roberts, D., & Jean-Louis, G. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.020 · Cited by 481
“Grandner and colleagues also examined whether the relationship between sleep duration and cardiometabolic disease risk factors depended on self-identified race/ethnicity [15].”
Sleep as a Potential Fundamental Contributor to Disparities in Cardiovascular Health
Jackson, C. L., Redline, S., & Emmons, K. M. (2015) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122838 · Cited by 388
“such as having a regular bedtime and limiting the use of substances (such as alcohol and tobacco) and certain activities (such as watching TV in bed), which are considered sleep hygiene, also influence the quality and duration of sleep (7, 60, 130).”
Metabolic effects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes
Nedeltcheva, A. V., & Scheer, F. A. J. L. (2014) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000082 · Cited by 249
“EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that self-reported sleep of less than 6–7 h per night is associated with increased incidence of obesity [1–3], diabetes [4,5], cardiovascular disease [6,7], and total mortality risk [8,9].”
BackgroundFeliciano, E. M. C., Hu, F. B., Redline, S. S., ROSNER, B. A., Alcántara, C., Cai, J., Hall, M. H., Loredo, J. S., Mossavar‐Rahmani, Y., Ramos, A. R., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwv251 · Cited by 243
“To our knowledge, no prior study has examined the validity of self-reported sleep duration among diverse Hispanics/ Latinos, the largest racial/ethnic minority group in the United States and a population heavily burdened by obesity, diabetes, and other diseases linked to sleep duration.”
BackgroundBayon, V., Léger, D., Gomez-Mérino, D., Vecchierini, M., & Chennaoui, M. (2014) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853890.2014.931103 · Cited by 263
Workplace Interventions to Promote Sleep Health and an Alert, Healthy Workforce
Redeker, N. S., Caruso, C. C., Hashmi, S. D., Mullington, J. M., Grandner, M. A., & Morgenthaler, T. I. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7734 · Cited by 216
Self-citationSleep in the Military: Promoting Healthy Sleep Among U.S. Servicemembers
Troxel, W., Shih, R. A., Pedersen, E. R., Geyer, L., Fisher, M., Griffin, B. A., Haas, A. C., Kurz, J., & Steinberg, P. S. (2015) · Rand health quarterly · doi:10.7249/rhq-05-02-19 · Cited by 195
Sleep Duration and Diabetes Risk: Population Trends and Potential Mechanisms
Grandner, M. A., Seixas, A. A., Shetty, S., & Shenoy, S. (2016) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-016-0805-8 · Cited by 201
Self-citationSchmidt, F. P., Kolle, K., Kreuder, K., Schnorbus, B., Wild, P. S., Hechtner, M., Binder, H., Gori, T., & Münzel, T. F. (2014) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-014-0751-x · Cited by 180
Differences in sleep between black and white adults: an update and future directions
Petrov, M. E. R., & Lichstein, K. L. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.011 · Cited by 173
“The evidence is growing that sleep may play a significant role in the ethnic disparities in chronic illnesses such as stroke [51], diabetes [52], coronary heart disease [53], and obesity [54], though the data are not conclusive [40].”
BackgroundGrandner, M. A. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.03.001 · Cited by 188
“Also, this relationship may be moderated by race/ethnicity, with stronger relationships between sleep and obesity among nonHispanic white and black/African American adults.(24)”
Self-citationSleep: important considerations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Grandner, M. A., Alfonso-Miller, P., Fernandez-Mendoza, J., Shetty, S., Shenoy, S., & Combs, D. (2016) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/hco.0000000000000324 · Cited by 166
Self-citationBasner, M., Spaeth, A. M., & Dinges, D. F. (2014) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.4238 · Cited by 151
Relationship between sleep duration and body mass index depends on age
Grandner, M. A., Schopfer, E. A., Sands‐Lincoln, M., Jackson, N., & Malhotra, A. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21247 · Cited by 147
“Some studies tend to show a relatively linear negative association between sleep duration and adiposity/obesity (9,10); however, others show a U-shaped association that implicates both short and long sleep duration (11), similar in pattern to the frequently observed relationship between sleep duration and mortality (1…”
Self-citationRacial/ethnic disparities in sleep health and health care: importance of the sociocultural context
Williams, N. J., Grandner, M. A., Snipes, S. A., Rogers, A., Williams, O. A., Airhihenbuwa, C. O., & Jean‐Louis, G. (2015) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.004 · Cited by 151
“sleep duration and obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia depend on individuals race/ethnicity.(11,12) It is also likely that race/ ethnicity influences relationships between sleep duration and plasma levels of C-reactive protein(13) as well as relationships between sleep apnea and risk of sleep apnea.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPatterson, F., Malone, S. K., Lozano, A., Grandner, M. A., & Hanlon, A. L. (2016) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9797-5 · Cited by 144
Self-citationGrandner, M. A. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.02.017 · Cited by 143
Self-citationReducing health disparities: the role of sleep deficiency and sleep disorders
Laposky, A. D., Cauter, E. V., & Roux, A. V. D. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.01.007 · Cited by 129
“Racial/ethnic differences have been uncovered in the association between sleep duration and self-reported hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, as well as objectively measured obesity and inflammatory C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (32;33).”
BackgroundRangaraj, V. R., & Knutson, K. L. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.02.535 · Cited by 120
“Analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) did find that self-reported short sleep duration was associated with both self-reported chronic disease (eg, obesity and hypertension) and objectively measured markers of chronic disease (eg, obesity and hyperlipidemia) [204].”
BackgroundSex and race differences in caloric intake during sleep restriction in healthy adults
Spaeth, A. M., Dinges, D. F., & Goel, N. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.086579 · Cited by 118
Physiological markers of sleep quality: A scoping review
McCarter, S. J., Hagen, P. T., Louis, E. K. S., Rieck, T. M., Haider, C. R., Holmes, D. R., & Morgenthaler, T. I. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101657 · Cited by 122
Patel, S. R., Sotres‐Alvarez, D., Castañeda, S. F., Dudley, K. A., Gallo, L. C., Hernández, R., Medeiros, E. A., Penedo, F. J., Mossavar‐Rahmani, Y., Ramos, A. R., et al. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5036 · Cited by 118
Pathways from Food Insecurity to Health Outcomes among California University Students
Martinez, S. M., Grandner, M. A., Nazmi, A., Canedo, E. R., & Ritchie, L. D. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061419 · Cited by 113
Self-citationSex differences in self-report anxiety and sleep quality during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders
Bigalke, J. A., Greenlund, I. M., & Carter, J. R. (2020) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-020-00333-4 · Cited by 115
Zhuang, Z., Gao, M. Q., Yang, R., Li, N., Liu, Z., Cao, W., & Huang, T. (2020) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-020-01257-z · Cited by 109
Changes in Plasma Lipids during Exposure to Total Sleep Deprivation
Chua, E. C.-P., Shui, G., Cazenave‐Gassiot, A., Wenk, M. R., & Gooley, J. J. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5142 · Cited by 104
Nuñez, A., Rhee, J. U., Haynes, P. L., Chakravorty, S., Patterson, F., Killgore, W. D. S., Gallagher, R., Hale, L. E., Branas, C. C., Carrazco, N., et al. (2020) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2020.10.006 · Cited by 107
Self-citationMcDonough, D. J., Helgeson, M. A., Liu, W., & Gao, Z. (2021) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.07.009 · Cited by 105
Diet quality, dietary patterns and short sleep duration: a cross-sectional population-based study
Mondin, T. C., Stuart, A. L., Williams, L. J., Jacka, F. N., Pasco, J. A., & Ruusunen, A. A. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1655-8 · Cited by 93
Addressing sleep disturbances: an opportunity to prevent cardiometabolic disease?
Grandner, M. A. (2014) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2014.911148 · Cited by 88
“…Fang et al., 2012; Faraut et al., 2012b; Grandner et al., 2014a; Wang et al., 2012), dyslipidemia (Altman et al., 2012; Gangwisch et al., 2010a; Grandner et al., 2014a), atherosclerosis risk factors (King et al., 2008; Nakazaki et al., 2012; Sands et al., 2012), infl ammation (Grandner et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationResting metabolic rate varies by race and by sleep duration
Spaeth, A. M., Dinges, D. F., & Goel, N. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21198 · Cited by 78
“Epidemiological and laboratory studies have consistently found that short sleep duration is a significant risk factor for weight gain and obesity (1-4), particularly in African Americans and men (5-8).”
BackgroundPrather, A. A., Gurfein, B., Moran, P., Daubenmier, J., Acree, M., Bacchetti, P., Sinclair, E., Lin, J., Blackburn, E., Hecht, F. M., et al. (2015) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.011 · Cited by 79
“…conditions observed at greater prevalence among overweight and obese individuals, including type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome (Ayas et al., 2003; Cappuccio et al., 2010a; Gangwisch et al., 2007; Grandner et al., 2012, 2014; Hall et al., 2008; Jennings et al., 2007).”
Bertisch, S. M., Sillau, S., de Boer, I. H., Szklo, M., & Redline, S. S. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.4914 · Cited by 75
Rosique-Esteban, N., Díaz‐López, A., Martínez‐González, M. Á., Corella, D., Goday, A., Martínez, J. A., Romaguera, D., Vioqué, J., Arós, F., García‐Ríos, A., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172253 · Cited by 74
“sleeping 7 h, a common practice among the general population) has been consistently related to higher average weight gain [15], and to higher risk of obesity [16,17], T2D [18,19], hypertension and other hormonal and metabolic disturbances [19].”
BackgroundRelationship between sleep and obesity among U.S. and South Korean college students
Sa, J., Choe, S., Cho, B., Chaput, J., Kim, G., Park, C.-H., Chung, J., Choi, Y., Nelson, B., & Kim, Y.-K. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8182-2 · Cited by 81
“adults reported that only blacks showed a significant association between objectively measured obesity and inappropriately short sleep duration, whereas this association was not statistically significant in whites, Hispanics, and Asians [64].”
BackgroundInfluentialInteractive effects of sleep duration and morning/evening preference on cardiovascular risk factors
Patterson, F., Malone, S. K., Grandner, M. A., Lozano, A. J., Perkett, M., & Hanlon, A. L. (2017) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckx029 · Cited by 73
Self-citationMutant neuropeptide S receptor reduces sleep duration with preserved memory consolidation
Xing, L., Shi, G., Mostovoy, Y., Gentry, N. W., Fan, Z., McMahon, T., Kwok, P., Jones, C. R., Ptáček, L. J., & Fu, Y. (2019) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2014 · Cited by 69
Stafford, M., Bendayan, R., Tymoszuk, U., & Kuh, D. J. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.04.014 · Cited by 83
The Role of Sleep in the Control of Food Intake
Shechter, A., Grandner, M. A., & St-Onge, M.-P. (2014) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827614545315 · Cited by 71
Self-citationSleep Deprivation and Chronic Health Conditions Among Sexual Minority Adults
Dai, H. D., & Hao, J. (2017) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2017.1342166 · Cited by 74
“Similar to previous studies (Grandner et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2013), a BMI 30 kg/m2 was considered to be obese.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFeliciano, E. M. C., Dudley, K. A., Sotres‐Alvarez, D., Zee, P. C., Daviglus, M. L., Shah, N. A., Talavera, G. A., Gallo, L. C., Mattei, J., Qi, Q., et al. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12308 · Cited by 67
“For example, in the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES), the relationship between objective hypertension and very short sleep duration (<5 h/night, self-reported) was only seen among non-Mexican Hispanics/Latinos, but not in the largest subgroup (Mexican Americans).(29) These results indicate potential diffe…”
BackgroundThe impact of glucocorticoids and statins on sleep quality
Szmyd, B., Rogut, M., Białasiewicz, P., & Gabryelska, A. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101380 · Cited by 66
Grandner, M. A., Smith, T. E., JACKSON, N. J., Jackson, T. D., Burgard, S. A., & Branas, C. C. (2015) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2015.06.003 · Cited by 69
Self-citationCharacteristics Associated With Sleep Duration, Chronotype, and Social Jet Lag in Adolescents
Malone, S. K., Zemel, B. S., Compher, C. W., Souders, M. C., Chittams, J. L., Leis, A. M., & Lipman, T. H. (2015) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840515603454 · Cited by 66
“Importantly, sleep disparities that persist into adulthood are associated with hypertension, heart disease, and increased mortality (Duggan, Reynolds, Kern, & Friedman, 2014; Grandner et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSleep disorders and oral health: a cross-sectional study
Carra, M. C., Schmitt, A., Thomas, F., Danchin, N., Pannier, B., & Bouchard, P. (2016) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-016-1851-y · Cited by 67
Silva‐Costa, A., Griep, R. H., & Rotenberg, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126844 · Cited by 67
“Finally, because SRH is a consistent predictor of morbidity and mortality, our results reinforce the increasing awareness of the role of sleep in health and disease [30].”
BackgroundResultDeterminants of racial/ethnic disparities in disordered sleep and obesity
Jackson, C. L. (2017) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2017.08.001 · Cited by 63
“Some studies reported race-specific associations or racial differences in the sleep-obesity relationship.(69,75,82,83,86,88) For instance, short (5-6 hours) vs recommended (7-8 hours) sleep was associated with a 17% increased odds for objectively measured obesity (odds ratio [OR], 1.”
BackgroundHarry-Hernández, S., Reisner, S. L., Schrimshaw, E. W., Radix, A., Mallick, R., Callander, D., Suarez, L., Dubin, S. N., Khan, A., & Duncan, D. T. (2020) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2019.0007 · Cited by 67
Bermúdez-Millán, A., Pérez-Escamilla, R., Segura-Pérez, S., Damio, G., Chhabra, J., Osborn, C. Y., & Wagner, J. (2016) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.231365 · Cited by 59
Lunde, L.-K., Skare, Ø., Mamen, A., Sirnes, P. A., Aass, H. C. D., Øvstebø, R., Goffeng, E. M., Matre, D., Nielsen, P., Heglum, H. S. A., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17020589 · Cited by 63
“The self-reporting of sleep duration or insomnia instead of objective measurements, along with self-reporting of outcomes like hypertension and diabetes may introduce biases and misclassification when aiming to untangle the relationship between shift work, including long working hours/night shifts and cardiovascular h…”
BackgroundSleep health composites are associated with the risk of heart disease across sex and race
Lee, S., Mu, C., Wallace, M. L., Andel, R., Almeida, D. M., Buxton, O. M., & Patel, S. R. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05203-0 · Cited by 59
Alfaris, N., Wadden, T. A., Sarwer, D. B., Diwald, L., Volger, S., Hong, P., Baxely, A., Minnick, A. M., Vetter, M. L., Berkowitz, R. I., et al. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20996 · Cited by 57
“(16) found that short sleep duration was associated with increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.”
BackgroundFerreira, M. B., de Almeida, F., Soro, J. C., Herter, M. M., Pinto, D. C., & Silva, C. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.591875 · Cited by 61
Ethnic differences in sleep duration and morning-evening type in a population sample
Malone, S. K., Patterson, F., Lu, Y., Lozano, A., & Hanlon, A. (2016) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2015.1107729 · Cited by 54
“, 2014) and Black adults bear a disproportionate burden of cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality (Grandner et al., 2014; Roger et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAssociation of Sleep Duration and Variability With Body Mass Index
Jaiswal, S. J., Quer, G., Galarnyk, M., Steinhubl, S. R., Topol, E. J., & Owens, R. L. (2020) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2834 · Cited by 55
“Major findings of our study include that (1) individual sleep durations and patterns are highly variable, and (2) shorter sleep duration and greater sleep variability were both associated with higher BMI.”
BackgroundMethodValidation of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Sleep Questions
Jungquist, C. R., Mund, J., Aquilina, A. T., Klingman, K. J., Pender, J. J., Ochs‐Balcom, H. M., van Wijngaarden, E., & Dickerson, S. S. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5570 · Cited by 52
Klumpp, H., Hosseini, B., & Phan, K. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00220 · Cited by 49
Grandner, M. A. (2017) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2017.07.014 · Cited by 50
Self-citationSun, X., Gustat, J., Bertisch, S. M., Redline, S. S., & Bazzano, L. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1689398 · Cited by 51
“In their case, the racial disparities were explained by the interaction of race and sleep duration (Grandner et al. 2014, 2016; all p < .0001).”
BackgroundCaceres, B. A., Hickey, K. T., Heitkemper, E., & Hughes, T. L. (2019) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2019.06.006 · Cited by 46
Anujuo, K. O., Stronks, K., Snijder, M. B., Jean‐Louis, G., Rutters, F., van den Born, B. H., Peters, R. J. G., & Agyemang, C. O. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.08.014 · Cited by 48
Chattu, V. K., Chattu, S. K., Spence, D. W., Manzar, M. D., Burman, D., & Pandi-Perumal, S. R. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00607-7 · Cited by 40
“Other evidence showed similar interactions between short sleep duration and obesity and inflammatory C-reactive protein (CRP) levels [50] among various racial/”
BackgroundPatterson, F., Grandner, M. A., Lozano, A. J., Satti, A. G., & Grace, X. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.09.011 · Cited by 38
Self-citationGestational sleep deprivation is associated with higher offspring body mass index and blood pressure
Ginkel, M. W. H., Ierodiakonou, D., Margetaki, K., Vafeiadi, M., Karachaliou, M., Kogevinas, M., Vrijkotte, T. G. M., & Chatzi, L. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa110 · Cited by 42
Sleep duration and risk of incident stroke by age, sex, and race
Petrov, M. E. R., Howard, G., Grandner, M. A., Kleindorfer, D., Molano, J. R. V., & Howard, V. J. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006424 · Cited by 39
Self-citationDifferential increase in prevalence estimates of inadequate sleep among black and white Americans
Jean‐Louis, G., Grandner, M. A., Youngstedt, S. D., Williams, N. J., Zizi, F., Sarpong, D. F., & Ogedegbe, G. G. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2500-0 · Cited by 39
“These findings along with other analyses of epidemiologic sleep data had suggested a gradual decline in habitual sleep time with important ramifications vis-a-vis elevated risks of chronic diseases [32–34], early mortality [35, 36], decrements in neurobehavioral and job performance [37–39], decreased quality of life,…”
ResultSelf-citationBeydoun, H. A., Beydoun, M. A., Chen, X., Chang, J. J., Gamaldo, A. A., Eid, S. M., & Zonderman, A. B. (2017) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.05.006 · Cited by 39
“It is worth noting that previou sly conducted studies have examined the relationship of sleep with obesity [64–66], diabete s [41,64,67,68], heart disease [69], depression [70–72], cholesterol [73,74] and inflammation [75] using NHANES data.”
BackgroundSleep Duration and Neurocognitive Function in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
Ramos, A. R., Tarraf, W., Daviglus, M. L., Thomas, S., Gallo, L. C., Mossavar‐Rahmani, Y., Penedo, F. J., Redline, S. S., Rundek, T., Sacco, R. L., et al. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.6166 · Cited by 38
Caldwell, K. L., Bergman, S. M., Collier, S. R., Triplett, N. T., Quin, R., Bergquist, J., & Pieper, C. F. (2016) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s117392 · Cited by 39
“Introduction Sleep is critical for good health, and sleeping <7 h per day is associated with mortality risk and numerous chronic illnesses.(1,2) More than one third of US respondents to the 2014 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control reported sleeping <7 h per night.”
BackgroundAssessment of sleep and obesity in adults and children
Bonanno, L., Metro, D., Papa, M., Finzi, G., Maviglia, A., Sottile, F., Corallo, F., & Manasseri, L. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000017642 · Cited by 41
“Many epidemiological studies have shown that decreased sleep duration and quality (6–7hours per night) is associated with increased obesity incidence, diabetes,([11,12]) cardiovascular diseases,([13,14]) and mortality.”
BackgroundCurtis, B. J., Williams, P., Jones, C. R., & Anderson, J. S. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.576 · Cited by 37
Sleep difficulties among sexual minority adults: Associations with family relationship problems.
Patterson, C. J., Tate, D. P., Sumontha, J., & Xu, R. (2018) · Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity · doi:10.1037/sgd0000264 · Cited by 37
Sleep duration and the associated cardiometabolic risk scores in adults
Kanagasabai, T., & Chaput, J. (2017) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2017.03.006 · Cited by 36
Sleep apps and behavioral constructs: A content analysis
Grigsby‐Toussaint, D. S., Shin, J. C., Reeves, D. M., Beattie, A., Auguste, E. E., & Jean‐Louis, G. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.02.018 · Cited by 36
“The inability to meet nightly recommendations for sleep may increase an individual's risk for several adverse health outcomes, including heart disease, overweight and obesity, impaired cognitive functioning, and depression, among others (Altevogt and Colten, 2006; Gallicchio and Kalesan, 2009; Grandner et al., 2014; L…”
BackgroundShort Sleep, Insomnia, and Cardiovascular Disease
Hsieh, C. G., & Martin, J. L. (2019) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-019-00157-8 · Cited by 36
Sleep dissatisfaction and insufficient sleep duration in the Italian population
Varghese, N. E., Lugo, A., Ghislandi, S., Colombo, P., Pacifici, R., & Gallus, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72612-4 · Cited by 36
Characterizing Adult Sleep Behavior Over 20 Years—The Population-Based Doetinchem Cohort Study
Zomers, M. L., Hulsegge, G., van Oostrom, S. H., Proper, K. I., Verschuren, W. M. M., & Picavet, H. S. J. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx085 · Cited by 36
“19 Dyslipidemia was defined as having a total cholesterol/HDL ratio ≥ 6.0 and/or using cholesterol-lowering medication.”
InfluentialAvilés-Santa, L. M., Colón‐Ramos, U., Lindberg, N. M., Mattei, J., Pasquel, F. J., & Pérez, C. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00298 · Cited by 38
Kim, B., Troxel, W., Dubowitz, T., Hunter, G., Ghosh‐Dastidar, B., Chaix, B., Rudolph, K. E., Morrison, C. N., Branas, C. C., & Duncan, D. T. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac087 · Cited by 38
Examining social capital in relation to sleep duration, insomnia, and daytime sleepiness
Robbins, R., Jean‐Louis, G., Gallagher, R., Hale, L. E., Branas, C. C., Gooneratne, N. S., Alfonso‐Miller, P., Perlis, M. L., & Grandner, M. A. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.03.019 · Cited by 37
Self-citationSleep Loss Causes Dysfunction in Murine Extraorbital Lacrimal Glands
Huang, S., Si, H., Liu, J., Qi, D., Pei, X., Lu, D., Zou, S., & Li, Z. (2022) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.63.6.19 · Cited by 37
Orexin, Sleep, Sympathetic Neural Activity, and Cardiovascular Function
Bigalke, J. A., Shan, Z. J., & Carter, J. R. (2022) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19796 · Cited by 34
Shadyab, A. H., Kritz‐Silverstein, D. C., Laughlin, G. A., Wooten, W. J., Barrett-Connor, E. L., & Araneta, M. R. G. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.11.010 · Cited by 35
“Based on the existing literature [4,6,9], nighttime sleep duration was categorized as follows: < 6 h (short), 6–6.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMalone, S. K., Patterson, F., Lozano, A. J., & Hanlon, A. L. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1317639 · Cited by 34
“Responses were given as integers and categorized as short (≤6 h), adequate (7–8 h) and long (≥9 h) (Grandner et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSuicidal ideation is associated with nighttime wakefulness in a community sample
Tubbs, A. S., Fernandez, F., Perlis, M. L., Hale, L. E., Branas, C. C., Barrett, M. S., Chakravorty, S., Khader, W., & Grandner, M. A. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa128 · Cited by 37
Self-citationLoredo, J. S., Weng, J. F., Ramos, A. R., Sotres‐Alvarez, D., Simonelli, G., Talavera, G. A., & Patel, S. R. (2019) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.12.004 · Cited by 34
Over-indebtedness and its association with sleep and sleep medication use
Warth, J., Puth, M., Tillmann, J., Porz, J., Zier, U., Weckbecker, K., & Münster, E. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7231-1 · Cited by 37
Mazloomi, S. N., Talebi, S., Kazemi, M., Ghoreishy, S. M., Moosavian, S. P., Amirian, P., Mohammadi, H., Nouri-Majd, S., Marx, W., Kermani, M. A. H., et al. (2022) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980022002488 · Cited by 35
“Briefly, quality assessments revealed that seven studies had high quality(22,23,25–27,29,30) and two had medium quality(28,31) (Table 1).”
BackgroundThe role of sleep in the regulation of body weight
Léger, D., Bayon, V., & de Sanctis, A. (2015) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.030 · Cited by 38
“Some authors recommend 8 h of sleep, whereas others believe 7 h may be sufficient for adults, with a shorter duration being necessary in the elderly (Ohayon et al., 2004; Horne, 2011; Leger et al., 2011, 2012; National sleep foundation, 2013; Leger et al., 2014; Grandner et al., 2014).”
BackgroundZion, N., & Shochat, T. (2018) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1497642 · Cited by 32
“SMIN was categorized into three groups according to accepted cutoffs in population-based studies (Grandner et al. 2014; Whinnery et al. 2014): short (<360 min), normal (360–540 min) and long (>540 min) sleep.”
BackgroundThe Cost of Sleep Lost: Implications for Health, Performance, and the Bottom Line
Grandner, M. A. (2018) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117118790621a · Cited by 31
Self-citationGuo, X., Yu, S., Zhao, L., Guo, L., Zheng, L., Yang, H., Zou, L., Hu, W., Zhou, Y., Zhu, L., et al. (2015) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12274 · Cited by 31
“Although the association between sleep and various health outcomes has been explored extensively (Cappuccio et al., 2011; Grandner et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2013), relatively little was known for CKD.”
BackgroundLee, S., Ryu, S., Lee, G., Kawachi, I. I., Morey, B. N., & Slopen, N. B. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab298 · Cited by 32
Caceres, B. A., & Hickey, K. T. (2019) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2019.1591410 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Grandner, M. A., Chakravorty, S., Perlis, M. L., Oliver, L., & Gurubhagavatula, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Grandner, Michael A.
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 42-50
- ISSN
- 1389-9457 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3947242
- OpenAlex
- W2038542855
- Semantic Scholar
- 5485cfc73eb7b576de649913112b5fa90a1be2a4
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 29.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association (12SDG9180007)
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (K23HL110216)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R21ES022931)
- University of Pennsylvania CTSA (UL1RR024134)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- habitual sleep duration, short sleep duration, long sleep, cardiometabolic risk factors, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, self-reported sleep duration, racial and ethnic differences, NHANES adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Humans, Hyperlipidemias, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Obesity, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Racial Groups, Young Adult, Self Report
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