The trans-species concept of self and the subcortical cortical midline system.
Abstract
The nature of the self has been one of the central problems in philosophy and most recently in neuroscience. Here, we suggest that animals and humans share a 'core self' represented in homologous underlying neural networks. We argue that the core self might be constituted by an integrative neuronal mechanism that enables self-related processing (SRP). Because mammalian organisms are capable of relating bodily states, intrinsic brain states (e.g. basic attentional, emotional and motivational systems) and environmental stimuli to various life-supporting goal-orientations, SRP appears to be a core ability preserved across numerous species. Recent data suggest that SRP is operating via a central integrative neural system made up of subcortical-cortical midline structures (SCMSs), that are homologous across mammalian species.
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Northoff and Panksepp (2008) suggested that emotionally salient stimuli may engage primitive affective responses that originate at subcortical brainstem structures, including the periaqueductal gray, and hypothesized that these structures may lay the foundation for sensory neural transmission to the limbic system and the cortex.
“Northoff and Panksepp (2008) later suggested that emotionally salient stimuli may engage primitive affective responses that originate at subcortical brainstem structures, including the periaqueductal gray, hypothesizing further that these structures may lay the foundation for sensory neural transmission to the limbic system and the cortex.”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Northoff and Panksepp, 2008
Continuous sensory flow from the internal body and one's surroundings reaches the midbrain of the brainstem, evoking internal visceral sensations that provide primitive sensory information for bottom-up sensory processing to the cortex.
“At the base of the hierarchy (Figure 7), continuous sensory flow from the internal body and one’s surroundings reaches the midbrain of the brainstem, thus evoking internal visceral sensations that provide primitive sensory information for bottom-up sensory processing to the cortex (Panksepp, 1998; Northoff and Panksepp, 2008).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Northoff and Panksepp, 2008
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Possible Neurobiological Underpinnings of Homosexuality and Gender Dysphoria
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Spontaneous Brain Activity Predicts Task-Evoked Activity During Animate Versus Inanimate Touch
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Self-citationSelf, cortical midline structures and the resting state: Implications for Alzheimer’s disease
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Self-citationIs Our Self Related to Personality? A Neuropsychodynamic Model
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Self-citationThe new field of Brain–Body Medicine: What have we learned and where are we headed?
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Psychoanalysis and the Brain – Why Did Freud Abandon Neuroscience?
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Self-citationThinking about threats: Memory and prospection in human threat management
Bulley, A., Henry, J. D., & Suddendorf, T. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.01.005 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Self-Regulation
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Spontaneous electrical low-frequency oscillations: a possible role in Hydra and all living systems
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The Experience of Pleasure: A Perspective Between Neuroscience and Psychoanalysis
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I am Me: Brain systems integrate and segregate to establish a multidimensional sense of self
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11 Theories of the development of human communication
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Neural Substrates for Judgment of Self-Agency in Ambiguous Situations
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The fragmented self: imbalance between intrinsic and extrinsic self-networks in psychotic disorders
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Under-three Year Olds in Policy and Practice
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Memory and Self–Neuroscientific Landscapes
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Towards a Phenomenology of Self-Patterns in Psychopathological Diagnosis and Therapy
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The Assembly of the Self from Sensory and Motor Foundations
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“Project for a Spatiotemporal Neuroscience” – Brain and Psyche Share Their Topography and Dynamic
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Self-citationEmpathy for pain‑related dorsolateral prefrontal activity is modulated by angry face perception
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Tracking Social Motivation Systems Deficits: The Affective Neuroscience View of Autism
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The neurobiology of social loss in animals: Some keys to the puzzle of psychic pain in humans.
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Toward an explanatory framework for mental ownership
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What COVID ‐19 tells us about the self: The deep intersubjective and cultural layers of our brain
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SEEKING and depression in stroke patients: An exploratory study
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Self-citationNeuroimaging gender dysphoria: a novel psychobiological model
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Carving "natural" emotions: "Kindly" from bottom-up but not top-down.
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- Authors
- Northoff, G., & Panksepp, J.
- Affiliations
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg (DE)
- Washington State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Northoff, Georg
- ORCID
- Northoff, Georg
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 259-264
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2128508364
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Foundation of Hope for Research and Treatment of Mental Illness
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Keywords
- self, core self, self-referential processing, mammalian evolution, attention, emotions, motivation, goal orientation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Awareness, Cerebral Cortex, Concept Formation, Consciousness, Humans, Mammals, Motivation, Nerve Net, Orientation, Species Specificity
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