Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Prior research shows that search costs decrease in electronic markets due to diminishing cost of data exchange.

“Prior research shows that search costs decrease in electronic markets due to diminishing cost of data exchange.This, in turn, enables consumers to find offers that meet their needs and tastes (Bakos, 1997(Bakos, , 1998)).”

• cites Bakos, 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bakos, 1998 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Research found substantial price dispersion for domestic airline tickets offered by online travel agents in the US where the average price was lower than traditional travel agents.

“Research found substantial price dispersion for domestic airline tickets offered by online travel agents in the US where the average price was lower than traditional travel agents (Brynjolfsson & Smith, 2000;Clemons et al., 2002).”

• cites Brynjolfsson & Smith, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Clemons et al., 2002 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract and Introduction report substantial price dispersion among online travel agents, and the study’s ticket requests were for travel entirely within the U.S. (data notes). The Introduction says requests were drawn from a traditional agent’s travel patterns, but the cited passages compare prices among online agents, not their average price with traditional agents. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Decreasing search costs in electronic markets enable consumers to find offers that meet their needs and tastes.

“Prior research shows that search costs decrease in electronic markets due to diminishing cost of data exchange.This, in turn, enables consumers to find offers that meet their needs and tastes (Bakos, 1997(Bakos, , 1998)).”

• cites Bakos, 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bakos, 1998 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The rapid development in telecommunication technologies and collaborations at the national and international levels substantially increased publications by 154% and 275% respectively between the first and second decades during the study period.

“The rapid development in telecommunication technologies, collaborations at the national and international levels had substantially increased publications 154% and 275% respectively between the first and second decades during the study period.”

May combine two claims.

More than 149 published articles were determined to be relevant to this study and were analyzed.

“At the end of the database search, more than 149 published articles were determined to be relevant to this study as they had made a critical contribution to this area and they are analyzed in this paper.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The more than 149 published articles identified by the database search are representative of the critical contributions to eTourism research.

May combine two claims.

The literature review undertaken demonstrates that eTourism research is in its infancy and that a number of issues are only now start being addressed in the literature.

“The literature review undertaken demonstrates that eTourism research is in its infancy and that a number of issues are only now start being addressed in the literature.”

May combine two claims.

Out of 4140 papers published in six leading research journals in hospitality and tourism in the period 1986 to 2005, 195 papers focused on ICTs, 66 of which appeared in CQ and only 5 in ATR.

“out of 4140 papers published in the six leading research journals in hospitality and tourism in the period of 1986 to 2005”

• Also stated in: § CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH · plain

  “195 papers focused on ICTs, 66 of which appeared in the CQ and only 5 in the ATR.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Since the Year 2000, the truly transformational effect of communications technologies has been witnessed.

“If the past 20 years have seen an emphasis on technology per se, then since the Year 2000 we have been witnessing the truly transformational effect of the communications technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Technological progress and tourism have been going hand in hand for years.

“Technological progress and tourism have been going hand in hand for years (Sheldon, 1997;Poon, 1993).”

• cites Sheldon, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Poon, 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ICTs empower consumers to identify, customise and purchase tourism products.

“Not only ICTs empower consumers to identify, customise and purchase tourism products but they also support the globalisation of the industry by providing effective tools for suppliers to develop, manage and distribute their offerings worldwide (Buhalis, 1998).”

• cites Buhalis, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ICTs play a critical role for the competitiveness of tourism organisations and destinations as well as for the entire industry as a whole.

“Increasingly, ICTs play a critical role for the competitiveness of tourism organisations and destinations as well as for the entire industry as a whole (UNWTO, 2001).”

• cites UNWTO, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Developments in ICTs have changed both business practices and strategies as well as industry structures.

“Developments in ICTs have undoubtedly changed both business practices and strategies as well as industry structures (Porter, 2001).”

• cites Porter, 2001Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ICTs have changed radically the efficiency and effectiveness of tourism organisations, the way businesses are conducted in the marketplace, and how consumers interact with organisations.

“ICTs have also changed radically the efficiency and effectiveness of tourism organisations, the way that businesses are conducted in the marketplace, as well as how consumers interact with organisations (Buhalis, 2003).”

• cites Buhalis, 2003Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The establishment of CRSs in the 1970s and GDSs in the late 1980s, followed by the development of the Internet in the late 1990s, transformed the best operational and strategic practices in the industry dramatically.

“The establishment of the Computer Reservations Systems (CRSs) in the 1970s and Global Distribution Systems (GDSs) in the late 1980s, followed by the development of the Internet in the late 1990s, have transformed the best operational and strategic practices in the industry dramatically (Buhalis, 2003;O'Connor, 1999;Emmer et al,, 1993;eBusiness Watch, 2006).”

• cites Buhalis, 2003Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites O'Connor, 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Emmer et al,, 1993 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Internet era even individuals have sufficient power to take on powerful organizations such as airlines.

“In the Internet era even individuals have sufficient power to take on powerful organizations such as airlines (Buhalis, 2004).”

• cites Buhalis, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ICTs convergence effectively integrates the entire range of hardware, software, groupware, netware and humanware and blurs the boundaries between equipment and software.

“ICTs convergence effectively integrates the entire range of hardware, software, groupware, netware and humanware and blurs the boundaries between equipment and software (Werthner & Klein,1999).”

• cites Werthner & Klein,1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The Internet is already influencing consumer behaviour in developing countries such as China, enabling consumers to have much more choice.

“The Internet is already influencing the consumer behaviour in developing countries such as China enabling consumers to have much more choice (Li & Buhalis, 2006).”

• cites Li & Buhalis, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The reasons consumers do not purchase travel products online are the lack of personal service, security issues, lack of experience, and time consuming.

“According to Wolfe, Hsu, and Kang's (2004) research, the reasons of consumers not purchasing travel products online are the lack of personal service, security issues, lack of experience, and time consuming.”

• cites Wolfe, Hsu, and Kang's (2004) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Pouloudi, Vassilopoulou, and Ziouvelou (2002) summarized the Internet users' profile into seven e-social factors: region/geography, culture, legal/regulation/policy, economic, ethical/professional, social capital/social networks, and social structure.

“Pouloudi, Vassilopoulou, and Ziouvelou (2002) summarized the Internet users' profile into seven e-social factors, namely: region/geography, culture, legal/regulation/policy, economic, ethical/professional, social capital/social networks, and social structure.”

• cites Pouloudi, Vassilopoulou, and Ziouvelou (2002)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

ICTs reduce uncertainty and perceived risks and enhance the quality of trips.

“ICTs not only reduce uncertainty and perceived risks but also enhance the quality of trips (Fodness & Murray, 1997).”

• cites Fodness & Murray, 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cotte, Chowdhury, Ratneshwar and Ricci's (2006) study finds that utilitarian consumption highly correlates with information search and online shopping behaviour.

“Cotte, Chowdhury, Ratneshwar and Ricci's (2006) study finds that utilitarianconsumption highly correlates with information search and online shopping behaviour.”

• cites Cotte, Chowdhury, Ratneshwar and Ricci's (2006) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ricci (2002) stated that a recommender system can provide valuable information to assist consumers' decision making process.

“Ricci (2002) further stated that a recommender system can provide valuable information to assist consumers' decision making process.”

• cites Ricci (2002)Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

At present, many tourism practitioners do not know which VTCs exist and how to handle e-complaints in virtual communities, resulting in losing customers and negative WOM.

“At present, many tourism practitioners do not know which VTCs exist and how to handle e-complaints in virtual communities, resulting in losing customers and negative WOM (Mattila & Mount, 2003).”

• cites Mattila & Mount, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the past, less than 5 percent of customers who were dissatisfied had actually voiced out their complaints.

“In the past, less than 5 percent of customers who were dissatisfied had actually voiced out their complaints (Albrecht & Zemke, 1985).”

• cites Albrecht & Zemke, 1985Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Customers search for travel related information, make online air ticket bookings, online room reservations, and other online purchases themselves instead of relying on travel agencies.

“Customers search for travel related information, make online air ticket bookings, online room reservations, and other online purchases themselves instead of relying on travel agencies to undertake this process for them (Morrison et al., 2001).”

• cites Morrison et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Graeupl (2006), flight information and accommodation are the most searched topics for consumers aged between 50 to 60 years olds, and most of them were not interested in package holidays.

“According to Graeupl (2006), flight information and accommodation are the most searched topics for the consumers aged between 50 to 60 years olds, and most of them were not interested in package holidays.”

• cites Graeupl (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

ICTs enable travellers to access reliable and accurate information as well as to undertake reservations in a fraction of time, cost and inconvenience required by conventional methods.

“Increasingly, ICTs enable travellers to access reliable and accurate information as well as to undertake reservations in a fraction of time, cost and inconvenience required by conventional methods (O'Connor, 1999).”

• cites O'Connor, 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many consumers rely on WOM to reduce the perceived risks and uncertainty before they make any purchases.

“Many consumers rely on WOM to reduce the perceived risks and uncertainty before they make any purchases (Walker, 2001).”

• cites Walker, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

ICT-driven business processes re-engineering observed in the industry gradually generates a new paradigm-shift that alters the structure of the entire industry and develops opportunities and threats for all stakeholders.

“The ICT driven business processes re-engineering observed in the industry gradually generates a new paradigm-shift.This alters the structure of the entire industry and develops a whole range of opportunities and threats for all stakeholders.”

May combine two claims.

Leading global online travel agents are mainly successful for their provision of a platform for one-stop shopping with significant improvement in usability and interaction design.

“Leading global online travel agents, such as Expedia, Orbitz, Lastminute.com,Opodo and Travelocity, are mainly successful for their provision of a platform for one-stop shopping with significant improvement in usability and interaction design (Klein, 2002).”

• cites Klein, 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ICTs support the globalisation of the tourism industry by providing effective tools for suppliers to develop, manage and distribute their offerings worldwide.

“Not only ICTs empower consumers to identify, customise and purchase tourism products but they also support the globalisation of the industry by providing effective tools for suppliers to develop, manage and distribute their offerings worldwide (Buhalis, 1998).”

• cites Buhalis, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

People purchasing travel products online are more likely to have been online for four years or more.

“Weber and Roehl (1999) found that people purchasing travel products online are more likely to have been online for four years or more”

• cites Weber and Roehl (1999) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Technology emerges as an info-structure of an organisation that supports the entire range of internal and external communications and processes.

“Technology therefore emerges as an”

• cites Buhalis, 2003Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In recent years, children also play a key role in the decision making process.

“In recent years, children, however, also play a key role in the decision making process (Wang et al., 2004).”

• cites Wang et al., 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A recommender system can support travellers in a complex decision-making process by identifying better customer requirements and by correlating those to other consumers and their preferences.

“A recommender system can support travellers in a complex decision-making process by identifying better customer requirements and by correlating those to other consumers and their preferences (Fesenmaier, Werthner, & Wöber, 2003, Ricci & Werthner, 2002, 2006).”

• cites Fesenmaier, Werthner, & Wöber, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ricci & Werthner, 2002, 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rabanser and Ricci (2005) argued that the existence of different business models present application challenges.

“Although different recommendation technologies have been applied to eTourism, Rabanser and Ricci (2005) argued that the existence of different business models present application challenges.”

• cites Rabanser and Ricci (2005) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Buhalis (1998) stated that potential tourists have become more independent and sophisticated on using a wide range of tools to arrange for their trips.

“Buhalis (1998) stated that potential tourists have become more independent and sophisticated on using a wide range of tools to arrange for their trips.”

• cites Buhalis (1998) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Four major factors influence information search in the tourism context: composition of vacation groups, presence of families and friends at the destination, prior visits to the destination, and degree of novelty associated with the destination.

“According to Snepenger, Meged, Snelling and Worrall (1990), the four major factors that influence information search in the tourism context are i) the composition of vacation groups, ii) the presence of families and friends at the destination, iii) prior visits to the destination, and iv) the degree of novelty associated with the destination.”

• cites Snepenger, Meged, Snelling and Worrall (1990) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Frew (2000) estimated that 665 refereed articles were published in the 20 years period 1980 through 1999.

“Frew (2000) estimated that 665 refereed articles were published in the 20 years period 1980 through 1999.”

• cites Frew (2000) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Personality has been related to the selection of vacation destinations, the choice of leisure activities throughout the vacation, and other travel-related decisions.

“Personality has been related to the selection of vacation destinations, the choice of leisure activities throughout the vacation, and other travel-related decisions (Mardrigal, 1995).”

• cites Mardrigal, 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A Virtual Travel Community makes it easier for people to obtain information, maintain connections, develop relationships, and eventually make travel-related decisions.

“A Virtual Travel Community (VTC) makes it easier for people to obtain information, maintain connections, develop relationships, and eventually make travel-related decisions (Stepchenkova, Mills, & Jiang, 2007).”

• cites Stepchenkova, Mills, & Jiang, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Preece (2000) stated that research on the topic of VTCs is still at an infancy stage when comparing to other geographical and physical communities.

“Despite VTCs' large potential impact on the tourism industry, Preece (2000) stated that research on the topic is still at an infancy stage when comparing to other geographical and physical communities.”

• cites Preece (2000)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tourists who searched on the Internet tended to spend more at their destinations as compared to those who consult other information sources.

“Previous research showed that tourists who searched on the Internet tended to spend more at their destinations as compared to those who consult other information sources (Bonn, Furr, & Susskind, 1998;Luo, Feng, & Cai, 2004).”

• cites Bonn, Furr, & Susskind, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Luo, Feng, & Cai, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Travellers expect websites to be informative, interactive, and attractive.

“Travellers expect websites to be informative, interactive, and attractive (Chu, 2001).”

• cites Chu, 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

These technologies need further customization before they can totally match with users' needs.

“Nevertheless, these technologies need further customization before they can totally match with users' needs.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The technical complexity of modern systems based on ICTs demands that all aspects of the innovation chain integrate their efforts.

“The technical complexity of modern systems based on ICTs demands that all aspects of the innovation chain integrate their efforts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Cunliffe emphasized a poor web design resulted in a loss of 50 percent of potential sales and the negative experience lead to a loss of 40 percent of potential repeated visits.

“Lastly, Cunliffe (2000) emphasized a poor web design resulted in a loss of 50 percent of potential sales and the negative experience lead to a loss of 40 percent of potential repeated visits.”

• cites Cunliffe (2000) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

WiMAX provides wireless data over a long distance.

“WiMAX promotes conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16 standard and provides wireless data over a long distance (Patton, Aukerman & Shorter, 2005).”

• cites Patton, Aukerman & Shorter, 2005Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Staab and Werthner (2002) stated that interoperability is a major technical issue.

“Staab and Werthner (2002) stated that interoperability is a major technical issue”

• cites Staab and Werthner (2002)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The Internet is changing the industry structure by altering barriers to entry, minimising switching costs, revolutionising distribution channels, facilitating price transparency and competition, whilst enhancing production efficiency.

“The Internet is changing the industry structure by altering barriers to entry, minimising switching costs, revolutionising distribution channels, facilitating price transparency and competition, whilst enhancing production efficiency (Kim, Nam, & Stimpert, 2004).”

• cites Kim, Nam, & Stimpert, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Hashim, Murphy and Law consolidated 25 tourism and hospitality website studies from 1996 to 2006 on website quality and features analysis and generated 74 website features.

“Hashim, Murphy and Law (2007) consolidated 25 tourism and hospitality website studies from 1996 to 2006 on website quality and features analysis and generated 74 website features.”

• cites Hashim, Murphy and Law (2007) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The concentration and coherence required to achieve both significant technological development and market impact necessitate engagement of both the research and business communities to integrate the rapid co-evolution of technology, the market, social and administrative requirements.

“The concentration and coherence required to achieve both significant technological development and market impact necessitate engagement of both the research and business communities to integrate the rapid co-evolution of technology, the market, social and administrative requirements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

eLearning has been accepted as a means of increasing skills and knowledge, and is being integrated into training strategy along with other methods of delivering training.

“eLearning has been accepted as a means of increasing skills and knowledge, and is being integrated into their training strategy along with other methods of delivering training.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Despite the aforementioned benefits, hitherto the eTourism virtuality is still primitive.

“Despite the aforementioned benefits, hitherto the eTourism virtuality is still primitive.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mobile services now enable travellers to book hotel rooms and air-tickets, car rentals, retrieve information about transportation schedules, travel guides for destinations, and dining guides.

“mobile services now enable travellers to book hotel rooms and air-tickets, car rentals, retrieve information about transportation schedules, travel guides for destinations, and dining guides (Berger et al., 2003).”

• cites Berger et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Interoperability offers a realistic alternative to standardisation, as many of the initiatives to establish global standards in tourism have failed to be widely accepted.

“Interoperability offers a realistic alternative to standardisation, as many of the initiatives to establish global standards in tourism have failed to be widely accepted.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The four primary functions of LBS for the traveller are localization of persons, objects, and places; routing between them; search for objects in proximity; and information about travelling conditions.

“The four primary functions of LBS for the traveller are: (1) localization of persons, objects, and places, (2) routing between them, (3) search for objects in proximity such as restaurants, shops, hotels, or sights, and (4) information about travelling conditions, such as traffic-related data (Berger et al., 2003).”

• cites Berger et al., 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Telepresence relies on how closely the computer-mediated experience simulates real-world interaction with a product and is determined by the extent to which interactivity is achieved.

“Telepresence relies on how closely the computer-mediated experience simulates real-world interaction with a product and is determined by the extent to which interactivity is achieved (Fiore et al., 2005;Shih, 1998).”

• cites Fiore et al., 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Shih, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The primitive state of eTourism virtuality jeopardises the opportunities for tourism corporations to develop credible interfaces with other members of the value-chain, and thus prevents them from developing their virtuality further.

“This jeopardises the opportunities for tourism corporations to develop credible interfaces with other members of the value-chain, and thus, it prevents them from developing their virtuality further.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Internet forces tourism organisations around the world to change their strategies dramatically.

“As a result, the Internet forces tourism organisations around the world to change their strategies dramatically (Buhalis & Zoge, 2007).”

• cites Buhalis & Zoge, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Maedche and Staab (2002;2003) showed that semantic web technologies can be used for tourism information systems to provide useful information on text and graphics, as well as generating a semantic description that is interpretable by machines.

“Similarly, Maedche and Staab (2002;2003) showed that semantic web technologies can be used for tourism information systems to provide useful information on text and graphics, as well as generating a semantic description that is interpretable by machines.”

• cites Maedche and Staab (2002;2003)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

By using the Web and the Internet as marketing tools, tourism organizations gained distinct advantages in cost reduction, revenue growth, marketing research and database development, and customer retention.

“By using the Web and the Internet as marketing tools, tourism organizations also gained some distinct advantages in cost reduction, revenue growth, marketing research and database development, and customer retention (Morrison, Taylor, Morrison, & Morrison, 1999).”

• cites Morrison, Taylor, Morrison, & Morrison, 1999Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Interacting with multimedia-enhanced websites can produce telepresence and allow people to experience products and destinations without actually visiting a place.

“Interacting with multimedia-enhanced websites can produce telepresence and allow people to “experience” products and destinations without actually visiting a place.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Han and Mills stated that current website design have nine themes that will affect the screen readers for the visual-impaired users.

“Han and Mills (2006) stated that the current website design have nine themes that will affect the screen readers for the visual-impaired users.”

• cites Han and Mills (2006)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

eLearning is widely utilised as an essential feature of training delivery, but the levels of its adoption in companies differ.

“eLearning is also widely utilised as an essential feature of training delivery, but the levels of its adoption in companies differ.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The web introduced utter transparency in the marketplace.

“The web therefore introduced utter transparency in the marketplace (Buhalis, 2003).”

• cites Buhalis, 2003Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This trend commoditized the tourism product and challenged differentiation strategies and branding.

“This trend commoditized the tourism product and challenged differentiation strategies and branding.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Consumers are becoming incredibly powerful and are increasingly able to determine elements of their tourism products.

“Consumers are becoming incredibly powerful and are increasingly able to determine elements of their tourism products.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Increasingly ICTs are used to reengineer all business functions and processes towards supporting the organisation on its entirety rather than automating.

“Increasingly ICTs are used to reengineer all business functions and processes towards supporting the organisation on its entirety rather than automating.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

WiMAX is expected to offer the highest possible coverage, up to 30 miles, providing Internet broadband wireless access to entire destinations.

“WiMAX is expected to offer the highest possible coverage, up to 30 miles (Odinma, Oborkale, & Kah, 2007) providing Internet broadband wireless access to entire destinations.”

• cites Odinma, Oborkale, & Kah, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Redesigning processes and eliminating repetitive tasks reduced labour costs and increased efficiency.

“Redesigning processes and eliminating repetitive tasks reduced labour costs and increased efficiency (Buhalis, 1998).”

• cites Buhalis, 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The technological revolution experienced through the development of the Internet has changed dramatically the market conditions for tourism organisations.

“The technological revolution experienced through the development of the Internet has changed dramatically the market conditions for tourism organisations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Web allows people from around the world to virtually interact with a destination through three-dimensional (3D) virtual tours.

“the Web allows people from around the world to virtually interact with a destination through three-dimensional (3D) virtual tours (Cho & Fesenmaier, 2001).”

• cites Cho & Fesenmaier, 2001Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Internet enabled buyers to dynamically package their individualised products by combining different travel products.

“The Internet also enabled them to dynamically package their individualised products by combining different travel products (i.e.accommodation, transportation etc.) (Daniele & Frew, 2005).”

• cites Daniele & Frew, 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A major challenge for wide adoption of mobile services is language barriers that make mobile information not provide the latest information due to delay in translation.

“A major challenge for their wide adoption, however, is the language barriers (Chen & Hsu, 2000) that make the mobile information not providing the latest information due to delay in translation.”

• cites Chen & Hsu, 2000 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Always-on connectivity creates great opportunities for interactivity at the destination and the provision of personalized, contextualized, and location based services (LBS).

“Always-on (when users are connected to the Internet constantly) connectivity creates great opportunities for interactivity at the destination and the provision of personalized, contextualized, and location based services (LBS).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

To the degree that tourism organizations need to interact dynamically with partners to develop and deliver tourism products, interoperability will be critical for their ability to work efficiently with others.

“To the degree that tourism organizations need to interact dynamically with partners to develop and deliver tourism products, interoperability will be critical for their ability to work efficiently with others.”

May combine two claims.

Pricing became utterly transparent and hence the price that appeared in different distribution channels had to be coordinated to ensure price parity.

“Pricing became utterly transparent and hence the price that appeared in different distribution channels had to be coordinated to ensure price parity (O'Connor, 2003).”

• cites O'Connor, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ICTs enable organisations to dynamically differentiate and specialise their products and services.

“Moreover, it is crucial for tourism practitioners to proactively incorporate ICTs into their efforts to improve service quality as ICTs enable organisations to dynamically differentiate and specialise their products and services.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A number of organisations fail to appreciate the benefits of co-opetition and co-destiny, when organisations collaborate with players that they would normally regard as competitors.

“A number of organisations fail to appreciate the benefits of co-opetition and co-destiny, when organisations collaborate with players that they would normally regard as competitors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ICT developments have direct impacts on the competitiveness of enterprises; they determine the two fundamental roots to competitive advantage, differentiation and cost advantage.

“ICT developments have direct impacts on the competitiveness of enterprises they determine the two fundamental roots to competitive advantage, i.e. differentiation and cost advantage (Porter, 2001).”

• cites Porter, 2001Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Interoperability enables partners to interact electronically with each other by the most convenient method and to deliver the right information at the right time to the right user at the right cost.

“Interoperability enables partners to interact electronically with each other by the most convenient method and to deliver the right information at the right time to the right user at the right cost.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Web 2.0 or Travel 2.0 providers enable consumers to interact and to offer peer to peer advice.

“In a addition, Web 2.0 or Travel 2.0 providers such as Tripadvisor.com,IGOUGO.com and Wayn.com also enable consumers to interact and to offer peer to peer advice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Assistive technologies such as voice browsers can provide certain assistance for these customers to access web information.

“Assistive technologies such as voice browsers can provide certain assistance for these customers to access web information (Pühretmair, 2004).”

• cites Pühretmair, 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Consumers are much more sophisticated and experienced and therefore are much more difficult to please.

“They are also much more sophisticated and experienced and therefore are much more difficult to please.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

O'Connor and Murphy reviewed recent research on information technology in the hospitality industry and revealed three broad research areas: the Internet's effects on distribution; on pricing; and on consumer interactions.

“O'Connor and Murphy (2004) reviewed recent research on information technology in the hospitality industry and revealed three broad research areas: the Internet's effects on distribution; on pricing; and on consumer interactions.”

• cites O'Connor and Murphy (2004) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Internet promotes the mass-customisation of tourism products as it supports the industry to target niche markets of significant size in different geographical locations.

“The Internet promotes the mass-customisation of tourism products as it supports the industry to target niche markets of significant size in different geographical locations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

WiFi is not expected to offer wide and omnipresent coverage like mobile networks do.

“It is not expected to offer wide and omnipresent coverage like mobile networks do.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The three themes of Consumers and demand dimensions, Technological Innovation, and Industry functions represent the stakeholders in the demand, supply, and technologies.

“These three themes represent the stakeholders in the demand, supply, and technologies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study adopted an unsophisticated method for grouping the published articles.

“Other limitations of this study are the adoption of an unsophisticated method for grouping the published articles”