The DOI matches its Crossref record; 167 of the 168 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes
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“Also, as reviewed by Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006), adapting specific implementation intentions (“if-then”-plans rather than overall goal intentions) may have a strong effect on goal attainment.”
From How Study Environments Foster Academic Procrastination: Overview and Recommendations (2020) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“For women with, or at risk of GDM, bridging this intention–behaviour gap is likely to require specific action planning alongside concise, credible and condition‐relevant guidance [53, 54].”
From Preconception Perceptions, Knowledge and Behaviours of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Qualitative Study (2026) · cites this paper as [53]
In the citing paper
“One encourages people to form realistic, concrete plans for how to implement their new health-related goals in specific situations (Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006
In the citing paper
“Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) found that implementation intentions had a positive effect on improving goal attainment in terms of achievements, relationships, and health, with a medium to large effect size [Cohen' d = 0.65 (95% CI = 0.6, 0.7)].”
From A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions on Goal Attainment (2021) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006)
In the citing paper
“Studies show that implementing study intentions and plans enhances self-regulation and performance (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006;Schwinger & Otterpohl, 2017).”
From The Potential of Exam Wrappers in Higher Education Assessment Practice: Fostering Self-Efficacy Through Guided Self-Reflection (2025) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“we synthesized the evidence across these studies, as implementation intentions are considered a domain‐general self‐regulation strategy applicable to a wide range of goals.”
From The effectiveness of implementation intentions in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
In the citing paper
“As recently reported in a meta-analysis, implementation intentions facilitate the attainment of all kinds of goals (e.g., academic, health, and interpersonal goals; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
From Implementation Intentions Facilitate Response Inhibition in Children with ADHD (2008) · cites this paper as Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006
Citations
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Sorted by citations
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Weinhardt, J. M., & Sitzmann, T. (2018) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.06.004 · Cited by 92
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Implementation intentions as goal primes: Boosting self‐control in tempting environments
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“Forming implementation intentions has been shown to greatly facilitate goal attainment above the effects of mere goal intentions (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
Predicting transitions from preintentional, intentional and actional stages of change
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“planning can prevent from action lapses once behavior has been initiated [25, 39, 42, 43].”
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“Work on implementation intentions nicely complements this work by illustrating an effective intervention to help people commit to goal-congruent actions (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundLavazza, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00262 · Cited by 90
The effect of attention modification with explicit vs. minimal instructions on worry
Krebs, G., Hirsch, C. R., & Mathews, A. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.10.009 · Cited by 79
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Papies, E. K., & Barsalou, L. W. (2015) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 77
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“Indeed, a meta-analysis of 94 studies revealed that implementation intention formation had a medium to large effect on goal attainment (dþ¼ 0.65, Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialŁuszczyńska, A., Hagger, M. S., Banik, A., Horodyska, K., Knoll, N., & Scholz, U. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159125 · Cited by 80
“Implementation intentions or planning [11] is another theoretical approach focusing on mechanisms responsible for the attainment of behavioral goal in health contexts including PA Comparing Effects of Three Interventions”
BackgroundThe goal concept: A helpful tool for theory development and testing in motivation science.
Gollwitzer, P. M. (2018) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000115 · Cited by 83
“…control by mere goal intentions to bottom-up control by the situational cues specified in the if-part of the added implementation intentions; we referred to this switch hypothesis as the “delegation of control to situational cues” notion (Gollwitzer, 1993, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
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Understanding action control of parental support behavior for child physical activity.
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Emotional and Cognitive Self-Regulation Following Academic Shame
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“…beyond having a pleasurable fantasy of a goal to considering and planning the course of actions needed for obtaining the goal, self-regulation for goal attainment ensues (Bandura, 1997, 2001; Corno, 2001; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Oettingen, 1996; Oettingen & Mayer, 2002; Oettingen et al., 2001).”
BackgroundBe Happy, don't Wait: The Role of Trait Affect in Job Search
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“…the form of, “If I take action X, then it may lead to outcome Y”; for example, “If I study for 5 hours, then I may get a better grade on my exam, or “If I only study for 1 hour, then I may do poorly” (for related work on implementation intentions, see Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
Scott, S. E., Khwaja, M. H., Low, E., Weinman, J. A., & Grunfeld, E. A. (2012) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2012.03.015 · Cited by 76
“The last page of the leaflet incorporated an implementation intention [18] form that asked participants to make a plan regarding frequency of MSE (response options: every time I start a new tube of toothpaste; on the 1st day of each month; free text) and whom they planned to consult should they notice a possible sign…”
BackgroundWilfley, D. E., Hayes, J. F., Balantekin, K. N., Buren, D. J. V., & Epstein, L. H. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000293 · Cited by 89
“In a study in which BWL participants were invited to participate with up to three partners, those who had at least one support partner who successfully lost weight lost significantly more weight themselves than did those with no successful partners or without partners (Gorin et al., 2005).”
Bartlett, Y. K., Sheeran, P., & Hawley, M. (2013) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12071 · Cited by 81
“Forming detailed plans of what, when, and how to achieve a behaviour change have been found to be effective in achieving a wide range of behaviour change targets (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
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The dynamic and recursive interplay of embodiment and narrative identity
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“To illustrate causally effective long-term intentions, consider research on so-called “implementation intentions” (see, e.g., Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundConner, M., Grogan, S., West, R., Simms-Ellis, R., Scholtens, K., Sykes-Muskett, B., Cowap, L., Lawton, R., Armitage, C. J., Meads, D., et al. (2019) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000387 · Cited by 76
“Implementation intentions have been found to be effective means to change a range of behaviors (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006), including promoting smoking cessation (Armitage, 2016).”
BackgroundResultDeWall, C. N., Gilman, R., Sharif, V., Carboni, I., & Rice, K. G. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.025 · Cited by 75
de Vet, E., Oenema, A., Sheeran, P., & Brug, J. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-6-11 · Cited by 76
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“Implementation intentions are detailed plans tightly connected to a specific goal [30,31].”
BackgroundInfluentialRiet, J. V. ‘., Ruiter, R. A. C., Werrij, M. Q., & de Vries, H. (2009) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyp061 · Cited by 73
“One way of doing this might be to follow-up the persuasive information with instructions to formulate implementation intentions [39, 40].”
BackgroundCognitive Determinants of Health Behavior
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“However, when this intervention was combined with encouragement to form implementation intentions, significant behavior change was observed (see Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006, for a meta-analysis of such studies).”
BackgroundKramer, J.-N., Künzler, F., Mishra, V., Presset, B., Kotz, D., Smith, S., Scholz, U., & Kowatsch, T. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/11540 · Cited by 74
“Forming specific plans about when and how to act increases the likelihood of performing the intended behavior [27,28] and helps to bridge the so-called intention behavior gap.”
BackgroundCompeting mindsets in entrepreneurship: The cost of doubt
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Gollwitzer, P. M., Mayer, D., Frick, C. D., & Oettingen, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00838 · Cited by 74
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Partner‐ and planning‐based interventions to reduce fat consumption: Randomized controlled trial
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“Interventions should take two phases of decision-making into account: a pre-decisional or ‘motivational’ and a post-decisional or ‘implemental’ phase (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Schwarzer, 2008).”
BackgroundDoerflinger, J. T., Martiny-Huenger, T., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.10.006 · Cited by 74
“Studies on implementation intentions have shown that they have typically amedium to large effect size (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
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Demerouti, E., Peeters, M. C. W., & van den Heuvel, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20020-6_5 · Cited by 84
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“…with who people are, and with what people want to do in their lives) are combined with implementation intentions that specify the when, where, and how of goal attainment, goal progress is facilitated (for a meta-analysis see Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Koestner, Lekes, Powers, & Chicoine, 2002).”
BackgroundHamilton, K., Ng, H. T. H., Zhang, C., Phipps, D. J., & Zhang, R. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-020-09859-8 · Cited by 76
“These principles could also be incorporated into an implementation intention, also termed “if-then” plans, whereby a link is forged between a cue and subsequent behavioral response [61].”
BackgroundThe functional architecture of human motivation: Personality systems interactions theory
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“In a meta-analysis of 94 studies, Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) demonstrated that implementation intentions had a positive medium-to-large effect (d = +.65) on goal achievement in a variety of domains (e.g., consumer goals, academic goals, environmental goals, health goals, etc.) and among a…”
BackgroundPromoting integrative bargaining: mental contrasting with implementation intentions
Kirk, D., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2013) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/10444061311316771 · Cited by 73
“The combination of behavioral and perceptual readiness has proven to have a powerful effect on self-regulation: a meta-analysis by Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) reported a medium-to-large effect size (d ¼ 0:65) of implementation intentions’ additional facilitation of goal achievement, compared to…”
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“There is compelling evidence that advance planning of the when, where and how of goal pursuit facilitates the realisation of intentions (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006 ).”
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“Finally, action planning differs from implementation intentions (Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006), because it emphasizes outcomes from new product adoption as opposed to self-regulatory success.”
BackgroundInspired to get there: The effects of trait and goal inspiration on goal progress
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“This is in line with Gollwitzer and Sheeran (2006) who assume that variables such as anticipated regret, self-evaluation or monitoring might influence whether planning strategies are formed or not.”
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“…work on implementation intentions has demonstrated an increased behavioural readiness, and this effect has been shown across a wide array of behaviours in the health, achievement and interpersonal domain (Gollwitzer, 2014; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Sheeran, Milne, Webb, & Gollwitzer, 2005).”
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“Similarly, experimental work has shown that forming implementation intentions (i.e., specific if–then plans that link an appropriate behavioral response to a situational cue) helps people translate their goal intentions into behavior (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundPapies, E. K., Aarts, H., & de Vries, N. K. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.06.011 · Cited by 67
“A highly successful tool in this respect is planning one’s behavior by means of implementation intentions (Gollwitzer, 1993; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodGardner, B., Rebar, A. L., & Lally, P. J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.041 · Cited by 73
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Accounting Ethics in Unfriendly Environments: The Educational Challenge
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“This assumption has been widely criticised as an oversimplification of the complex transition from intentions into action (Gollwitzer and Sheeran, 2006).”
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“Third, implementation intention tasks were included to help translate good intentions into healthy behaviour [15].”
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“It should be noted, however, that changes in intentions do not always equate to changes in behavior [33].”
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Meslot, C., Gauchet, A., Allenet, B., François, O., & Hagger, M. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01789 · Cited by 67
Prediction of Depot-Based Specialty Recycling Behavior Using an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior
Rhodes, R., Beauchamp, M., Conner, M., de Bruijn, G., Kaushal, N., & Latimer-Cheung, A. (2015) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916514534066 · Cited by 70
“On the other side of intention is an emergent literature demonstrating the importance of planning to facilitate behavior change (Gollwitzer, 1999; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe proof is in the eating: subjective peer norms are associated with adolescents’ eating behaviour
Stok, F. M., de Vet, E., de Wit, J. B. F., Łuszczyńska, A., Safron, M., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014001268 · Cited by 68
Elbert, S., Dijkstra, A., & Oenema, A. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5056 · Cited by 69
“Then, feedback regarding one or two assessed individual barriers to perform the behavior with personal recommendations and formulation of relevant individual implementation intentions [48-50] were included.”
Psychological and neural contributions to appetite self‐regulation
Stoeckel, L. E., Birch, L. L., Heatherton, T. F., Mann, T. L., Hunter, C. M., Czajkowski, S. M., Onken, L. S., Berger, P. K., & Savage, C. R. (2017) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21789 · Cited by 71
“A quicker alternative is to form an implementation intention, which is a specific automatic association that can be formed with just a single pairing (108).”
BackgroundFeeling bad about progress does not lead people want to change their health behaviour
Reynolds, J. P., Webb, T. L., Benn, Y., Chang, B. P. I., & Sheeran, P. (2017) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2017.1310862 · Cited by 67
“Planning in this way has been shown to aid the translation of intentions to eat healthily into behaviour (Adriaanse, Vinkers, De Ridder, Hox, & De Wit, 2011; for a review, see Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPirolli, P. L. T., Mohan, S., Venkatakrishnan, A., Nelson, L., Silva, M., & Springer, A. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.8217 · Cited by 70
“The interventions included asking people to set implementation intentions [5]—an EBI that yields medium-to-large improvements in behavior change [6]—supplemented by reminders whose delivery schedule was experimentally manipulated to explore cognitive mechanisms that might amplify the effects of implementation intentio…”
BackgroundCostantini, A., Demerouti, E., Ceschi, A., & Sartori, R. (2020) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886320975913 · Cited by 70
“…during goal striving, this study goes further previous research using proactive goal setting (e.g., van Wingerden, Bakker, & Derks, 2017) and provides evidence on the effects of weekly implementation intentions (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006) on goal attainments regarding job crafting behaviors.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHaug, S., Meyer, C., Dymalski, A., Lippke, S., & John, U. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-51 · Cited by 66
“Beyond the HAPA we integrated intervention elements derived from the Social Norms Approach [20] as well as implementation intentions, which are if-then plans that link situational cues with responses that are effective in attaining a desired outcome [21].”
MethodSchnitzspahn, K. M., & Kliegel, M. (2009) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-009-0116-x · Cited by 66
“When the specific cues are actually encountered in the environment, they automatically release the previously imagined behaviour (Gollwitzer and Sheeran 2006).”
BackgroundHow can the impact of implementation intentions as a behaviour change intervention be improved
Prestwich, A., & Kellar, I. (2014) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2010.03.003 · Cited by 77
The development of Drink Less : an alcohol reduction smartphone app for excessive drinkers
Garnett, C. V., Crane, D., West, R., Brown, J., & Michie, S. (2018) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/iby043 · Cited by 74
“Action planning, in the form of implementation intentions, is a prespecified behavior scheduled to take place when a situation expected to present challenges or opportunities for goal attainment is encountered [78].”
BackgroundThe Integrated Motivational‐Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior
O’Connor, R. C., Cleare, S., Eschle, S., Wetherall, K., & Kirtley, O. J. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118903223.ch13 · Cited by 68
“…to developing a suicidal plan, which is a well‐established indicator of elevated risk of completed suicide (Jobes, 2006); second, they had a medium–large effect on behavioral enaction/goal attainment (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006); and, third, they provide pragmatic opportunities for intervention.”
BackgroundWiers, R. W. H. J., Dessel, P. V., & Köpetz, C. (2020) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721420949500 · Cited by 67
“Similar approaches that attempt to create specific if-then plans for risk situations (implementation intentions) have proven effective in several domains of health behavior (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006).”
BackgroundGoals and Self-Efficacy Beliefs During the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown: A Mixed Methods Analysis
Ritchie, L., Cervone, D., & Sharpe, B. T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559114 · Cited by 66
Using fresh starts to nudge increased retirement savings
Beshears, J. L., Dai, H., Milkman, K. L., & Benartzi, S. (2021) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.06.005 · Cited by 65
“…of goal pursuit requires persistent motivation (not merely a temporary boost), and it is hindered when individuals find the goal pursuit process to be unpleasant or realize that pursuing the goal requires more energy than they anticipated (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006; Rothman et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialApplying adult behavior change theory to support mediator-based intervention implementation.
Sanetti, L. M. H., Kratochwill, T. R., & Long, A. C. J. (2013) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/spq0000007 · Cited by 66
Skår, S., Sniehotta, F. F., Molloy, G. J., Prestwich, A., & Araújo‐Soares, V. (2010) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440903456877 · Cited by 72
“…on implementation intention/planning effects, which suggest that forming APs have medium-to-large effects on health-related behaviours (d¼ 0.59; Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006) or with more recent evidence showing that APs are effective in increasing a range of PA behaviours such as stair use…”
BackgroundInfluentialI Can't Take My Eyes Off of It – Attention Attraction Effects of Implementation Intentions
Wieber, F., & Sassenberg, K. (2006) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2006.24.6.723 · Cited by 66
“ing which goal one intends to achieve (e.g., “I intend to call my grandma”) often does not suffice for taking advantage of all good opportunities to act ( Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialSheeran, P., Harris, P. R., Vaughan, J., Oettingen, G., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2012) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029293 · Cited by 65
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 69-119
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1818536883
- Cited by
- 3,236
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 142 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 192 · 2023: 251 · 2022: 178 · 2021: 196 · 2020: 256 · 2019: 177 · 2018: 185 · 2017: 168 · 2016: 189 · 2015: 188 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 161 · 2012: 144
- FWCI
- 243.46
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- nbn-resolving.de
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- KOPS (University of Konstanz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Grit, Self-Efficacy, and Motivation
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- implementation intentions, goal achievement, goal pursuit, self-regulation, goal-directed behavior
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