The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Foxo transcription factors induce the atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase atrogin-1 and cause skeletal muscle atrophy.
Open accessAbstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a debilitating response to fasting, disuse, cancer, and other systemic diseases. In atrophying muscles, the ubiquitin ligase, atrogin-1 (MAFbx), is dramatically induced, and this response is necessary for rapid atrophy. Here, we show that in cultured myotubes undergoing atrophy, the activity of the PI3K/AKT pathway decreases, leading to activation of Foxo transcription factors and atrogin-1 induction. IGF-1 treatment or AKT overexpression inhibits Foxo and atrogin-1 expression. Moreover, constitutively active Foxo3 acts on the atrogin-1 promoter to cause atrogin-1 transcription and dramatic atrophy of myotubes and muscle fibers. When Foxo activation is blocked by a dominant-negative construct in myotubes or by RNAi in mouse muscles in vivo, atrogin-1 induction during starvation and atrophy of myotubes induced by glucocorticoids are prevented. Thus, forkhead factor(s) play a critical role in the development of muscle atrophy, and inhibition of Foxo factors is an attractive approach to combat muscle wasting.
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“Two muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1, also known as TRIM63) and muscle atrophy F-Box (MAFbx, also known as atrogin-1 or FBXO32), are thought to be key regulators of proteasomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle, especially under atrophy-inducing conditions (Cai et al., 2004; Sandri et al., 2004; Stitt et al., 2004).”
From Proteasome dysfunction induces muscle growth defects and protein aggregation (2014) · cites this paper as Sandri et al., 2004
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Two muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, MuRF1 and Atrogin1, are thought to be key regulators of proteasomal proteolysis in skeletal muscle, especially under atrophy-inducing conditions (Cai et al., 2004; Sandri et al., 2004).”
From Inducible Rpt3, a Proteasome Component, Knockout in Adult Skeletal Muscle Results in Muscle Atrophy (2020) · cites this paper as Sandri et al., 2004
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Atrogin-1 plays a key role in muscle atrophy as muscle specific ubiquitin ligase.”
From GLP-1RA Liraglutide and Semaglutide Improves Obesity-Induced Muscle Atrophy via SIRT1 Pathway (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“FoxO family of transcription factors (FoxO1, FoxO3, and FoxO4) are critical mediators of the catabolic response during atrophy [9, 15, 16].”
From The connection between the dynamic remodeling of the mitochondrial network and the regulation of muscle mass (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“The IGF1–AKT-–mTOR axis increases protein synthesis by stimulating the translational machinery and simultaneously blocks FoxOs transcription factors and protein degradation [9].”
From The connection between the dynamic remodeling of the mitochondrial network and the regulation of muscle mass (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Alterations in mPTP function are undoubtedly contributing to the aging-related loss of muscle mass and function, since mPTP opening can trigger several atrophy-regulating pathways.”
From Mitochondrial Dynamics and Mitophagy in Skeletal Muscle Health and Aging (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
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Cites
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sandri, M., Sandri, C., Gilbert, A., Skurk, C., Calabria, E., Picard, A., Walsh, K., Schiaffino, S., Lecker, S. H., & Goldberg, A. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (IT)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lecker, Stewart H
- Goldberg, Alfred L
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-04
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 399-412
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3619734
- OpenAlex
- W2033797333
- Cited by
- 3,012
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 129 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 121 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 141 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 165 · 2019: 159 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 117 · 2016: 134 · 2015: 171 · 2014: 176 · 2013: 177 · 2012: 150
- FWCI
- 33.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Space Biomedical Research Institute
- European Commission (QLRT-2000-00530)
- National Institutes of Health (DK02707, DK62307)
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
- Muscular Dystrophy Association
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › FOXO transcription factor regulation
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- FOXO transcription factors, atrogin-1, skeletal muscle atrophy, ubiquitin ligase, PI3K/Akt signaling, insulin-like growth factor I, FOXO3, forkhead transcription factor, starvation, glucocorticoids, myotubes, muscle atrophy, transcriptional regulation
- MeSH terms
- Adenoviridae, Animals, Cells, Cultured, Cloning, Molecular, Fasting, Gene Expression Regulation, Genetic Vectors, Glucocorticoids, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Ligases, Models, Biological, Muscle Proteins, Muscular Atrophy, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Transcription Factors, Signal Transduction, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Muscle, Skeletal, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Muscle Cells, RNA Interference, Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases, SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Mice
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