Maximizing Longevity and Healthspan: Multiple Approaches All Converging on Autophagy
Open accessAbstract
Our understanding of the molecular basis of aging has greatly increased over the past few decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the key signaling pathways associated with aging, and whose modulation has been shown to extend lifespan in a range of model organisms. We also describe how these pathways converge onto autophagy, a catabolic process that functions to recycle dysfunctional cellular material and maintains energy homeostasis. Finally, we consider various approaches of therapeutically modulating these longevity pathways, highlighting exercise as a potent geroprotector.
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Autophagy is inhibited in aging cells.
“Autophagy is inhibited in aging cells.”
From The mitochondrial permeability transition: Nexus of aging, disease and longevity (2021) · cites this paper as [131]
Autophagy capacity decreases with age.
“Autophagy capacity decreases with age.”
From The mitochondrial permeability transition: Nexus of aging, disease and longevity (2021) · cites this paper as [131]
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Interleukin‐15 treatment improves glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in obese mice
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Exercising insulin sensitivity: AMPK turns on autophagy!
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Special Issue on “Proteostasis and Autophagy”
Kern, A., & Behl, C. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8070642 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mitochondria: Their relevance during oocyte ageing
van der Reest, J., Cecchino, G. N., Haigis, M. C., & Kordowitzki, P. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101378 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Hoong, C. W. S., & Chua, M. W. J. (2021) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqab079 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Alternative systems for misfolded protein clearance: life beyond the proteasome
Johnston, H. E., & Samant, R. S. (2020) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.15617 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The mitochondrial permeability transition: Nexus of aging, disease and longevity
Rottenberg, H., & Hoek, J. B. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10010079 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Overexpression of specific autophagy genes leads to life extension, while loss of function of autophagy genes is often associated with age-dependent degenerative diseases (130, 136 - 138).”
BackgroundMicheli, L., Bertini, L., Bonato, A., Villanova, N., Caruso, C., Caruso, M., Bernini, R., & Tirone, F. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15071767 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ploumi, C., Kyriakakis, E., & Tavernarakis, N. (2023) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-023-05638-x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“Dietary restriction and low insulin signaling mitigate the short lifespan upon CISD-1 deficiency Attenuation of nutrient sensing signaling pathways, such as the insulin/IGF1, or dietary restriction-related signaling pathways, exert their beneficial effects on ageing by inducing protein quality control mechanisms, such…”
BackgroundKong, J., Xie, Y., Fan, R., Wang, Q., Luo, Y., & Dong, P. (2025) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-02751-9 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Irisin and Autophagy: First Update
Pesce, M., Ballerini, P., Paolucci, T., Puca, I., Farzaei, M. H., & Patruno, A. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21207587 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Livshits, G., & Kalinkovich, A. (2023) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2023.101852 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Rieger, L., & O’Connor, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.620013 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Challenges and Opportunities of Targeting Astrocytes to Halt Neurodegenerative Disorders
Valori, C. F., Possenti, A., Brambilla, L., & Rossi, D. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10082019 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bravo, J. I., Nozownik, S., Danthi, P. S., & Benayoun, B. A. (2020) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.175786 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Erlangga, Z., Ghashang, S. K., Hamdan, I., Melk, A., Gutenbrunner, C. M., & Nugraha, B. (2023) · Human Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.hnm.2023.200189 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Santarelli, R., Arteni, A. M. B., Montani, M. S. G., Romeo, M. A., Gaeta, A., Gonnella, R., Faggioni, A., & Cirone, M. (2020) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.33163 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“reprogramming induced by KSHV by restoring macroautophagy with Metformin, a protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2 (AMPK) activator able to induce macroautophagy without interfering with the expression of KSHV latent proteins.(31)”
BackgroundNutrigenetics and nutrigenomics—A personalized approach to nutrition
Ahluwalia, M. K. (2021) · Advances in genetics · doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2021.08.005 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Pradhan, S. S., Manohar, T. S., Saiswaroop, R., Bhagavatham, S. K. S., Pulukool, S. K., Rathnakumar, S., Kanikaram, S. P., Dandamudi, R. B., Pargaonkar, A., Joseph, P., et al. (2022) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.049492 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and inflammation: the root causes of aging
Sobhon, P., Savedvanich, G., & Weerakiet, S. (2023) · Exploration of Medicine · doi:10.37349/emed.2023.00129 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nutraceutical and Dietary Strategies for Up-Regulating Macroautophagy
McCarty, M. F. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23042054 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Abdulghani, A., Poghosyan, M., Mehren, A., Philipsen, A., & Anderzhanova, E. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.997054 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Physical activity and caloric restriction are two major factors leading to the activation of autophagy in organisms (He et al., 2012; Bareja et al., 2019; Chung and Chung, 2019; Escobar et al., 2019; Kou et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSocial perception of young adults prolongs the lifespan of aged Drosophila
Cho, L.-C., Yu, C.-C., & Kao, C.-F. (2021) · npj Aging and Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1038/s41514-021-00073-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Chronic caloric restriction maintains a youthful phosphoproteome in aged skeletal muscle
Bareja, A., Draper, J. A., Katz, L. H., Lee, D. E., Grimsrud, P. A., & White, J. P. (2021) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111443 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“CR without malnutrition has been shown to extend lifespan and inhibit the development of various diseases across different model organisms and in humans (Bareja et al., 2019).”
BackgroundBareja, A., Lee, D. E., Ho, T., Waitt, G. M., McKay, L. K., Hannou, S. A., Orenduff, M. C., McGreevy, K. M., Binder, A. M., Ryan, C. P., et al. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113881 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Natural products as geroprotectors: An autophagy perspective
Raj, S. D., Fann, D. Y., Wong, E. S. P., & Kennedy, B. K. (2021) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21815 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Li, H., Xu, N., Li, S., Wang, X., Li, A., Wang, H., Wu, S., Zhou, S., Cai, C., & Zhang, T. (2025) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-025-04587-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Conversely, enhancing the compromised autophagy in senescent cells can rejuvenate cells and even extend lifespan [58–60].”
The Role of Hypoxia in Longevity
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“Researchers are therefore actively exploring ways to—(i) enhance cellular protein-folding capacity, (ii) promote the efficient clearance of misfolded proteins, and (iii) modulate cellular stress responses to mitigate the impact of protein misfolding on cell function and health [80].”
BackgroundTranscriptional regulation of autophagy in aging
Moreno, T. M., Lange, C. M., & Kumsta, C. (2022) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100591 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“oxidative stress and then the expression of genes of internal antioxidant defense, mitohormesis [10] or other stress resistance pathways, such as autophagy [11] or”
BackgroundNew Roles for MicroRNAs in Old Worms
Elder, C. R., & Pasquinelli, A. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2022.871226 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Accordingly, pathways that impact lifespan, such as IIS, nutrient sensing through TOR, and dietary restriction, and converge onto autophagy to regulate aging (Bareja et al., 2019).”
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Irisin at the Croasroad of Autophagy and BNDF Signaling for Neuroplasticity Regulation
Anderzhanova, E. A., & Воронина, Т. А. (2023) · Neurochemical Journal · doi:10.1134/s1819712423020034 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Heparin suppresses FoxO1/pFoxO1 signaling axis in vascular smooth muscle cells
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“It was also well known that PI3K-Act, mTOR, and AMPK signaling pathways through FoxO and NF-kappa B pathways affect cell growth [16,17].”
Elevated lysosomal mass and enzyme activity in fibroblasts of the Mediterranean mouse Mus spretus
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Irisin at the Crossroad of Autophagy and BNDF Signaling for Neuroplasticity Regulation
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Endokrinológiai tényezők és metabolikus folyamatok szerepe az élettartam szabályozásában
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Elevating the Autophagic Process by Balancing the Biological Clock
Phetchahwang, P., & Kaewkong, W. (2020) · Srinagarind Medical Journal-ศรีนครินทร์เวชสาร
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- Authors
- Bareja, A., Lee, D. E., & White, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- White, James P.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-09-06
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 183-183
- ISSN
- 2296-634X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6742954
- OpenAlex
- W2969841646
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 0.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AG028716)
- National Institute on Aging (K01AG056664, AG028716, P30AG028716)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007057)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- aging, longevity, healthspan, autophagy, lifespan extension, signaling pathways, energy homeostasis, geroprotectors, physical activity, model organisms
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