The DOI matches its Crossref record; 132 of the 135 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 15 of the 238 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development
Open accessAbstract
Prediabetes (intermediate hyperglycaemia) is a high-risk state for diabetes that is defined by glycaemic variables that are higher than normal, but lower than diabetes thresholds. 5-10% of people per year with prediabetes will progress to diabetes, with the same proportion converting back to normoglycaemia. Prevalence of prediabetes is increasing worldwide and experts have projected that more than 470 million people will have prediabetes by 2030. Prediabetes is associated with the simultaneous presence of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction-abnormalities that start before glucose changes are detectable. Observational evidence shows associations between prediabetes and early forms of nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, small fibre neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and increased risk of macrovascular disease. Multifactorial risk scores using non-invasive measures and blood-based metabolic traits, in addition to glycaemic values, could optimise estimation of diabetes risk. For prediabetic individuals, lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of diabetes prevention, with evidence of a 40-70% relative-risk reduction. Accumulating data also show potential benefits from pharmacotherapy.
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Claims the paper makes
120 Not checked yet · 13 Own interpretation · 13 No basis given · 4 Partly supported · 2 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For comparison, women with gestational diabetes have been suggested to have a 20%–60% risk of developing diabetes 5 to 10 years after pregnancy.20–22”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Progression from prediabetes to diabetes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [20] Kim, 2002, Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review, Diabetes Care source
Table 1 (Research Design and Methods; page unavailable) reports cumulative type 2 diabetes incidences of 22% at 5–7 years and 50% at 5 years in different cohorts, consistent with the suggested 20%–60% range. The review emphasizes that risk estimates vary with follow-up and study population, so the range should not be read as a single estimate for all women with gestational diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [21] Feig, 2008, Risk of development of diabetes mellitus after diagnosis of gestational diabetes, CMAJ sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Interpretation section (page unavailable) reports a 22% rate over 10 years in another study, and the paper notes that published rates vary widely. But its own results report 18.9% at 9 years, and it does not substantiate the specific 20%–60% range over 5–10 years. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [22] Lauenborg, 2004, Increasing incidence of diabetes after gestational diabetes: a long-term follow-up in a Danish population, Diabetes Care source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The beneficial effect of lifestyle interventions has also been confirmed among Asian populations.26,91”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Lifestyle intervention
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [26] Ramachandran, 2006, The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1), Diabetologia source
The Discussion reports that lifestyle modification helped prevent diabetes in native Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The reported diabetes incidence was 39.3% in the lifestyle-modification group versus 55% in controls; page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked yetcites [91] Saito, 2011, Lifestyle modification and prevention of type 2 diabetes in overweight Japanese with impaired fasting glucose levels: a randomized controlled trial, Arch Intern Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A multicentre multinational study investigated the effect of nateglinide (a short-acting insulin secretagogue) in over 9000 persons with IGT and found no effect on the rate of diabetes or the cardiovascular outcomes during 6.5 years of follow-up.108”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [108] Holman, 2010, Effect of nateglinide on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Study Participants reports 9,306 participants at 806 centers in 40 countries, and the Discussion says nateglinide did not reduce diabetes or cardiovascular events in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. The Follow-up section qualifies the duration: median follow-up was 6.5 years for vital status, but 5.0 years for diabetes and 6.3–6.4 years for the cardiovascular outcomes. Thus, 6.5 years does not accurately describe follow-up for the outcomes named in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainn = 9,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual risk factors for diabetes (eg history of gestational diabetes, first degree relative with diabetes) or a combination of risk factors (eg metabolic syndrome) can also be used to define populations at-risk for diabetes but their predictive value is poorer than that of prediabetes.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The reproducibility of prediabetes (~50%) is lower than that for diabetes (>70%)4 and the alternative definitions based on IFG, IGT and A1c define overlapping prediabetic groups with single or combined abnormalities.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Balion, 2007, Reproducibility of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) classification: a systematic review, Clin Chem Lab Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prediabetes (or “intermediate hyperglycaemia”), based on glycaemic parameters above normal but below diabetes thresholds is a high risk state for diabetes with an annualized conversion rate of 5%–10%; with similar proportion converting back to normoglycaemia.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prediabetes (or “intermediate hyperglycaemia”), based on glycaemic parameters above normal but below diabetes thresholds is a high risk state for diabetes with an annualized conversion rate of 5%–10%; with similar proportion converting back to normoglycaemia.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In Caucasians, for example, the overlap between IFG and IGT can be as low as 25%.5”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] 2003, Age- and sex-specific prevalences of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 13 European cohorts, Diabetes Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prediabetes (or “intermediate hyperglycaemia”), based on glycaemic parameters above normal but below diabetes thresholds is a high risk state for diabetes with an annualized conversion rate of 5%–10%; with similar proportion converting back to normoglycaemia.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Glycaemic levels are rapidly rising in developed and developing countries.7”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Epidemiology and time trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Danaei, 2011, National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2·7 million participants, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 68
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This is in line with the notion that insulin resistance starts years before diabetes development and that decreased beta-cell function is already present in the prediabetic stage.37,42”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [37] Abdul-Ghani, 2006, Contributions of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose, Diabetes Care source
The introduction says the metabolic abnormalities leading to type 2 diabetes are established long before overt diabetes develops. The Summary and Conclusions identifies insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion in impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, both prediabetic states. The indexed passages do not specify page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [42] Gastaldelli, 2004, Beta-cell dysfunction and glucose intolerance: results from the San Antonio metabolism (SAM) study, Diabetologia source
The paper’s introductory text says insulin resistance is well established long before any impairment in glucose homeostasis in populations with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes. The Discussion reports declining beta-cell function even in people with normal glucose tolerance, before the onset of impaired glucose tolerance. The paper does not quantify the interval in years; pages are not specified in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Prediabetes has been found to be associated with decreased heart rate variability61 (HRV – a marker of parasympathetic function),62–65, decreased postural changes in heart rate,62 increased prevalence of erectile dysfunction among men,66 and a worse profile in tests of sympathetic and parasympathetic function.67”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Neuropathies in prediabetes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [61] Tesfaye, 2010, Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked yetcites [62] Wu, 2007, Epidemiological evidence of altered cardiac autonomic function in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance but not isolated impaired fasting glucose, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Partly supportedcites [63] Gerritsen, 2000, Glucose tolerance and other determinants of cardiovascular autonomic function: the Hoorn Study, Diabetologia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Supportedcites [64] Singh, 2000, Association of hyperglycemia with reduced heart rate variability (The Framingham Heart Study), Am J Cardiol source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [65] Schroeder, 2005, Diabetes, glucose, insulin, and heart rate variability: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
This source is attached to the decreased-HRV claim, not the separately cited claims about postural heart-rate changes, erectile dysfunction, or other autonomic tests. The Abstract reports lower HRV in people with nondiabetic hyperinsulinemia, but the Conclusions report no sizable HRV difference between normal and impaired fasting glucose and no measurably faster HRV decline with either prediabetic impairment. It therefore supports a narrower association than the unqualified statement about prediabetes. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked yetcites [66] Grover, 2006, The prevalence of erectile dysfunction in the primary care setting: importance of risk factors for diabetes and vascular disease, Arch Intern Med source
- Partly supportedcites [67] Putz, 2009, Noninvasive evaluation of neural impairment in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“No consistent evidence is available to suggest that prediabetes is associated with measurements of orthostatic blood pressure changes,63 which is a late marker of diabetic neuropathy,61 or with decreased expiratory-inspiratory ratio or change in heart rate during breathing.63”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Neuropathies in prediabetes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [61] Tesfaye, 2010, Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments, Diabetes Care source
The citation to Tesfaye et al. (61) is attached to the description of orthostatic blood-pressure change as a late marker, not to the claims about prediabetes, which cite source 63. In the Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy section, the paper identifies orthostatic hypotension alongside abnormal heart-rate tests as indicating severe or advanced cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [63] Gerritsen, 2000, Glucose tolerance and other determinants of cardiovascular autonomic function: the Hoorn Study, Diabetologia source
The Results (page not available) report that, compared with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance was associated with a significant reduction only in SDNN; the other autonomic measures were lower but not significantly so. The paper measured both the blood-pressure change on standing and the expiratory–inspiratory difference during deep breathing, supporting the citing sentence’s qualified statement that evidence for associations with these measures was not consistent. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Prediabetes is linked with increased risks of major manifestations of vascular disease, but it remains unclear whether the elevated disease risks depend on development of clinical diabetes.84,85”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Macrovascular disease
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [84] 2010, Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report modestly increased coronary heart disease risk at impaired fasting glucose levels, and the Discussion reports more moderate associations with coronary heart disease and stroke than with diabetes. The paper does not assess whether those risks depend on subsequently developing clinical diabetes, so it does not establish the claim’s specific statement about that uncertainty. The indexed passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [85] Seshasai, 2011, Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Fasting Glucose and Mortality; page unavailable) report increased vascular-death risk among participants with impaired fasting glucose, supporting the association with prediabetes. The paper studies mortality rather than the incidence of vascular disease and does not establish whether the excess risk depends on later development of clinical diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“The reproducibility of prediabetes (~50%) is lower than that for diabetes (>70%)4 and the alternative definitions based on IFG, IGT and A1c define overlapping prediabetic groups with single or combined abnormalities.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Balion, 2007, Reproducibility of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) classification: a systematic review, Clin Chem Lab Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For prediabetic individuals, lifestyle modification is the cornerstone of diabetes prevention with evidence of a 40%–70% relative risk reduction.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Isolated IFG and isolated IGT may define persons with different pathophysiological abnormalities and their combination marks a more advanced disturbance of glycaemic homeostasis.5”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] 2003, Age- and sex-specific prevalences of diabetes and impaired glucose regulation in 13 European cohorts, Diabetes Care source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multifactorial risk scores could optimize the estimation of diabetes risk using non-invasive parameters and blood-based metabolic traits in addition to glycaemic values.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observational evidence shows associations of prediabetes with early forms of nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, small fibre neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and increased risk of macrovascular disease.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of prediabetes is increasing worldwide and it is projected that >470 million people will have prediabetes in 2030.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prediabetes is associated with the simultaneous presence of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, abnormalities that start before glucose changes are detectable.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accumulating data also suggests potential benefits from pharmacotherapy.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence of prediabetes is increasing worldwide and it is projected that >470 million people will have prediabetes in 2030.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, risk scores for incident diabetes based on a combination of non-invasive or blood-based risk factors are under development to identify individuals at high risk of developing diabetes.6”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Buijsse, 2011, Risk assessment tools for identifying individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes, Epidemiol Rev source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, IFG is more prevalent among men than women, although the reasons for this remain poorly understood.10”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Epidemiology and time trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Cowie, 2009, Full accounting of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the U.S. population in 1988–1994 and 2005–2006, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Increases in glycaemia have resulted in a rise in prediabetes prevalence, although in some populations IGT has not risen despite increasing diabetes incidence, probably because increases in obesity influence FPG more than 2-h glucose and because of improved detection of diabetes.8”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Epidemiology and time trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Katikireddi, 2011, Is there a divergence in time trends in the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes? A systematic review in south Asian populations, Int J Epidemiol source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Applying these percentages to the entire U.S. population in 2010 yields an estimated 79 million adults with prediabetes.9”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Epidemiology and time trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] 2011
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Oceania had the highest mean FPG of any region (6.1 mmol/L for men and women), but mean FPG was also high in some other regions (South and Central Asia, Latin America, the Carribean, North Africa, and the Middle East).7”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Epidemiology and time trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Danaei, 2011, National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2·7 million participants, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“According to pooled data from 2.7 million adults participating in health surveys and epidemiological studies, age-standardised mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was 5.5 mmol/L in men and 5.4 mmol/L in women in 2008, a rise of 0.1 mmol/L since 1980.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Epidemiology and time trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Danaei, 2011, National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2·7 million participants, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The population-based U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) suggests that 35% of U.S. adults over 20 years of age and 50% of those over 65 had prediabetes in 2005–2008 based on fasting glucose or A1c levels.9”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Epidemiology and time trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] 2011
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The prevalences of IFG and IGT vary between ethnic groups and both conditions are more common in older people.10”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Epidemiology and time trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Cowie, 2009, Full accounting of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the U.S. population in 1988–1994 and 2005–2006, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In more recent major studies, progression estimates have been similar: the annualised incidence was 11% in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Outcomes Study,15 6% among participants with IFG in the US Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA),16 9% among participants with IFG and 7% among those with an A1c 5.7–6.4% in a Japanese population-based study.17”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Progression from prediabetes to diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] 2009, 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Yeboah, 2011, Impaired fasting glucose and the risk of incident diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular events in an adult population: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), J Am Coll Cardiol source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Heianza, 2011, HbA1c 5·7–6·4% and impaired fasting plasma glucose for diagnosis of prediabetes and risk of progression to diabetes in Japan (TOPICS 3): a longitudinal cohort study, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a recent meta-analysis of 20 studies, 13% of mothers with gestational diabetes developed diabetes after pregnancy compared to 1% of mothers without gestational diabetes.23”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Progression from prediabetes to diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Bellamy, 2009, Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The number of adults with IGT is expected to increase globally, reaching 472 million by 2030.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Epidemiology and time trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In a meta-analysis of prospective studies published up to 2004, annualised incidence rates of diabetes for isolated IGT (4–6%) and isolated IFG (6–9%) were lower than those for IFG and IGT combined (15–19%).14”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Progression from prediabetes to diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Gerstein, 2007, Annual incidence and relative risk of diabetes in people with various categories of dysglycemia: a systematic overview and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source
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In the paper
“The greatest absolute rises are expected in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific Region.11”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Epidemiology and time trends
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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In the paper
“Around 5–10% of people with prediabetes become diabetic annually although conversion rate varies by population characteristics and the definition of prediabetes.12,13”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Progression from prediabetes to diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Forouhi, 2007, Incidence of type 2 diabetes in England and its association with baseline impaired fasting glucose: the Ely study 1990–2000, Diabet Med source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Nathan, 2007, Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care, Diabetes Care source
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In the paper
“In clinical practice, a two-stage process could be efficient: diabetes prediction models with non-invasive parameters such as age, sex, BMI, blood pressure, diabetes family history and lifestyle information allow a first assessment of diabetes risk with little effort and costs.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Risk prediction
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In the paper
“There is no single universally accepted diabetes prediction model and given that ethnicity is strongly related to diabetes risk, recalibration of prediction algorithms may be necessary when they are applied to different populations.30”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Risk prediction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Noble, 2011, Risk models and scores for type 2 diabetes: systematic review, BMJ source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Fasting glucose is maintained between 3.9 and 5.6 mmol/L37 and the post-meal increases rarely exceed 3 mmol/L.38”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Abdul-Ghani, 2006, Contributions of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Ferrannini, 2011, Pathophysiology of prediabetes, Med Clin North Am source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In people who developed diabetes, increased glucose values were observed already at the beginning of the follow-up, 13 years before diagnosis, although glucose values seemed to be tightly regulated within the normal range until 2–6 years before diagnosis when an abrupt increase was found.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Tabák, 2009, Trajectories of glycaemia, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the Whitehall II study, Lancet source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The first stage of diabetes development is a long compensatory period when insulin resistance is present and accompanied by increased rates of insulin secretion44 and an increased β-cell mass.39”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes > Multistage model of diabetes development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] DeFronzo, 2009, Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Polonsky, 1988, Quantitative study of insulin secretion and clearance in normal and obese subjects, J Clin Invest source
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In the paper
“The second stage is the stable adaptation period when β-cells are no longer fully compensating for increased insulin resistance; thus fasting and/or postload glucose values are not completely maintained.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes > Multistage model of diabetes development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] DeFronzo, 2009, Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Weir, 2004, Five stages of evolving beta-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes, Diabetes source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Insulin secretion was elevated throughout the 13-year observation period and showed a marked increase 4-3 years before diagnosis, followed by a steep decrease until diagnosis.36”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Tabák, 2009, Trajectories of glycaemia, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the Whitehall II study, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Figure 2 shows that insulin sensitivity was reduced already 13 years before the onset of diabetes, with a steeper decline observed 5 years before diagnosis.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Tabák, 2009, Trajectories of glycaemia, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the Whitehall II study, Lancet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This period is likely to start when fasting and postload glucose levels are within the normal range36,39,43 and is usually accompanied by a decrease in acute insulin secretion that is present at FPG levels around 5.6 mmol/L.39”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes > Multistage model of diabetes development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Tabák, 2009, Trajectories of glycaemia, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the Whitehall II study, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [39] DeFronzo, 2009, Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Weir, 2004, Five stages of evolving beta-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes, Diabetes source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to this concept, the relation between insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity is hyperbolic; the ratio of incremental insulin over incremental glucose divided by insulin resistance is described by a constant, the disposition index.39,47”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes > Glucose dysregulation, insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] DeFronzo, 2009, Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Kahn, 2003, The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, Diabetologia source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This means that, by definition, β-cell dysfunction is already present in the prediabetic phase.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes > Glucose dysregulation, insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
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In the paper
“The product of EGP and fasting insulin is used as a marker of hepatic insulin resistance and it shows a relatively strong relationship with fasting glycaemia.38,39,45”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes > Glucose dysregulation, insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Ferrannini, 2011, Pathophysiology of prediabetes, Med Clin North Am source
- Not checked yetcites [39] DeFronzo, 2009, Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [45] DeFronzo, 2011, Preservation of beta-cell function: the key to diabetes prevention, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In type 2 diabetes, total body glucose disposal is also decreased and 85–90% of this impairment is related to muscle insulin resistance.46”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes > Glucose dysregulation, insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Pendergrass, 2007, Muscle glucose transport and phosphorylation in type 2 diabetic, obese nondiabetic, and genetically predisposed individuals, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During the unstable early decompensation period, the third stage of diabetes development, the β-cells become unable to compensate for a given insulin resistance and consequently glucose levels start to increase rapidly39,43 as it was seen in Whitehall II and other longitudinal studies.36,41”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes > Multistage model of diabetes development
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] DeFronzo, 2009, Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [43] Weir, 2004, Five stages of evolving beta-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Tabák, 2009, Trajectories of glycaemia, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the Whitehall II study, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [41] Mason, 2007, Progression to type 2 diabetes characterized by moderate then rapid glucose increases, Diabetes source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Both IFG and IGT subjects present with insulin resistance, however the site of insulin resistance is different: High hepatic insulin resistance is a typical finding in IFG with almost normal values in skeletal muscle.38,39,45 In IGT, the main site of insulin resistance is the muscle with only modest changes in liver insulin sensitivity.37,38”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes > Specific differences between subjects with isolated IFG and isolated IGT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Abdul-Ghani, 2006, Contributions of beta-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to the pathogenesis of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Ferrannini, 2011, Pathophysiology of prediabetes, Med Clin North Am source
- Not checked yetcites [39] DeFronzo, 2009, Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [45] DeFronzo, 2011, Preservation of beta-cell function: the key to diabetes prevention, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects with isolated IFG and isolated IGT differ in their fasting and 2-h postload glucose values and by the shape of the glucose concentration curves during the OGTT.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes > Specific differences between subjects with isolated IFG and isolated IGT
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“β-cell dysfunction is present both in people with isolated IFG and isolated IGT. IFG people have severely impaired early insulin response during OGTT but their insulin secretion improves during the second phase of the OGTT. In contrast, IGT people present with impaired early and late phase insulin secretion.38,39,50”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > The pathophysiology of prediabetes > Specific differences between subjects with isolated IFG and isolated IGT
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Ferrannini, 2011, Pathophysiology of prediabetes, Med Clin North Am source
- Not checked yetcites [39] DeFronzo, 2009, Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes source
- Not checked yetcites [50] Kanat, 2012, Distinct beta-cell defects in impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, Diabetes source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neuropathies can be further divided into subcategories; the strongest supportive evidence relates to autonomic neuropathy, although the method of detection seems to be critical.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Neuropathies in prediabetes
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Longitudinal studies suggest that prediabetes is a risk factor for subsequent CKD but it is unclear whether this prospective association is attributable to the effects of prediabetes itself, increased incidence of diabetes, or common causes contributing to both hyperglycaemia and kidney pathology.59,60”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Nephropathy and kidney disease in prediabetes
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Prediabetes status may be associated with an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy although the findings vary depending on the method of detection.51,79–83”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Diabetic retinopathy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Gabir, 2000, Plasma glucose and prediction of microvascular disease and mortality: evaluation of 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1999 World Health Organization criteria for diagnosis of diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [79] Algvere, 1985, Retinal microangiopathy and pigment epithelial lesions in subjects with normal, borderline, and decreased oral glucose tolerance, Br J Ophthalmol source
- Not checked yetcites [80] Tapp, 2008, Longitudinal association of glucose metabolism with retinopathy: results from the Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [81] Nguyen, 2007, Retinal vascular changes in pre-diabetes and prehypertension: new findings and their research and clinical implications, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [82] Wong, 2002, Retinal arteriolar narrowing and risk of diabetes mellitus in middle-aged persons, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [83] Nguyen, 2008, Retinal arteriolar narrowing predicts incidence of diabetes: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study, Diabetes source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, evidence is accumulating on increased prevalence of idiopathic polyneuropathy (eg, idiopathic sensory/painful neuropathy,73–78 and sensory/small fibre only neuropathy)73,75,78 among prediabetic individuals with IGT being more strongly related to painful than non-painful neuropathy.73,75,78”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Neuropathies in prediabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Hoffman-Snyder, 2006, Value of the oral glucose tolerance test in the evaluation of chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy, Arch Neurol source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Smith, 2004, The diagnostic yield of a standardized approach to idiopathic sensory-predominant neuropathy, Arch Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Singleton, 2001, Increased prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in patients with painful sensory neuropathy, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Nebuchennykh, 2008, Idiopathic polyneuropathy and impaired glucose metabolism in a Norwegian patient series, Eur J Neurol source
- Not checked yetcites [77] Smith, 2001, Epidermal nerve innervation in impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes-associated neuropathy, Neurology source
- Not checked yetcites [78] Sumner, 2003, The spectrum of neuropathy in diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, Neurology source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Measures of retinal vascular changes, such as lower arteriole-to-venule ratio, increased retinal arteriole or venular calibre, have also been shown to be related to prediabetes or increased risk of diabetes, but the evidence is not entirely consistent.81–83”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Diabetic retinopathy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [81] Nguyen, 2007, Retinal vascular changes in pre-diabetes and prehypertension: new findings and their research and clinical implications, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [82] Wong, 2002, Retinal arteriolar narrowing and risk of diabetes mellitus in middle-aged persons, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [83] Nguyen, 2008, Retinal arteriolar narrowing predicts incidence of diabetes: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study, Diabetes source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Whether it is the basal or the challenged blood glucose level that is more important for atherogenesis, average glucose levels, indexed by HbA1c concentration, predict incident coronary disease at least as well as fasting and postload glucose, though there are comparatively few prospective studies of HbA1c.89”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Macrovascular disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] Sarwar, 2010, Markers of dysglycaemia and risk of coronary heart disease in people without diabetes: Reykjavik prospective study and systematic review, PLoS Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Cross-sectional studies argue in favour of vascular risk effects of mild or moderate hyperglycaemia as there is an excess prevalence of coronary disease in those with fasting or postload hyperglycaemia below the diabetic level.86,87”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Macrovascular disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Barr, 2007, Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab), Circulation source
- Not checked yetcites [87] Brunner, 2006, Relation between blood glucose and coronary mortality over 33 years in the Whitehall Study, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Diabetes is a known risk factor for ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, but it remains to be established whether risk increases before development of diabetes. 84”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Macrovascular disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] 2010, Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The DECODE pooling study of European cohorts found IGT to be associated with increased risk of coronary death and total cardiovascular death, independent of the level of FPG, while the converse was not the case.88”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Macrovascular disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] 2001, Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria, Arch Intern Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence is also accumulating to demonstrate potential benefits from pharmacotherapy.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Majority of the studies in this field of research have focused on diabetes incidence among prediabetic individuals and support the concept that lifestyle change should be the cornerstone for diabetes prevention.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the first trial, the benefits were dependent on the number of goals achieved by the participant (weight reduction >5%, fat intake< 30%, saturated fat intake < 10%, fiber intake >15g/1000 kcal, exercise > 4h/week),28 while in the DPP the most important determinant of risk reduction was weight loss (each 1-kg decrease reduced the risk by 16%).90”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Lifestyle intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Tuomilehto, 2001, Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Hamman, 2006, Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A recent individual-level evidence from prospective studies suggests that fasting hyperglycaemia (figure 3), postload glucose, and A1c are all robust predictors of vascular mortality86,88,89 and, according to multivariable adjusted analyses, these associations are independent of vascular risk factors, such as obesity, blood pressure, triglyceride and lipoproteins.84,85,87”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Macrovascular disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] 2010, Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [85] Seshasai, 2011, Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [87] Brunner, 2006, Relation between blood glucose and coronary mortality over 33 years in the Whitehall Study, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [88] 2001, Glucose tolerance and cardiovascular mortality: comparison of fasting and 2-hour diagnostic criteria, Arch Intern Med source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Sarwar, 2010, Markers of dysglycaemia and risk of coronary heart disease in people without diabetes: Reykjavik prospective study and systematic review, PLoS Med source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reasons for treating prediabetes include prevention of progression to diabetes, mitigation of some of the potential consequences of progression to diabetes as well as prevention of the potential consequences of prediabetes itself.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rosiglitazone was effective in a 3-year randomised trial that showed a 60% reduction in incident diabetes risk but this drug was also associated with significant weight increase (~2 kg compared to placebo) and increased risk of heart failure (0.1% vs. 0.5% in controls).24,97”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] 2006, Effect of rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [97] Dagenais, 2008, Effects of ramipril and rosiglitazone on cardiovascular and renal outcomes in people with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose: results of the Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM) trial, Diabetes Care source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pioglitazone showed effectiveness in the ACT NOW Study on obese people with IGT. The risk of diabetes decreased by >70% and the drug was associated with improved diastolic blood pressure, improved HDL-cholesterol and a reduced rate of carotid intima-media thickening. However, weight gain was greater with pioglitazone (~3 kg compared to placebo) and edema was more frequently reported (13% vs. 6%).”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] DeFronzo, 2011, Pioglitazone for diabetes prevention in impaired glucose tolerance, N Engl J Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Metformin, used for decades to treat diabetes, has beneficial effects on BMI and lipid levels and has been proven to be safe based on trial evidence showing that there were no serious adverse effects (only minor gastrointestinal side effects were detected).94”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Salpeter, 2008, Meta-analysis: metformin treatment in persons at risk for diabetes mellitus, Am J Med source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The glitazones, such as troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, act through the PPAR-γ receptor by increasing hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity and preserving insulin secretion.45,95”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] DeFronzo, 2011, Preservation of beta-cell function: the key to diabetes prevention, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Nathan, 2009, Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Diabetologia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Successful lifestyle interventions seem to improve insulin sensitivity and β-cell function.92,93”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Lifestyle intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Snehalatha, 2009, Changes in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in relation to the glycemic outcomes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in the Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme-1 (IDPP-1), Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [93] Kitabchi, 2005, Role of insulin secretion and sensitivity in the evolution of type 2 diabetes in the diabetes prevention program: effects of lifestyle intervention and metformin, Diabetes source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gastrointestinal side effects of the drug were mostly mild to moderate, so the intervention seemed to be safe.25,26”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Knowler, 2002, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Ramachandran, 2006, The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1), Diabetologia source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Its effect was similar to lifestyle intervention in the Indian DPP-1 study,26 while in the US DPP it was less effective than lifestyle.25”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Knowler, 2002, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Ramachandran, 2006, The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1), Diabetologia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, two large trials support the effectiveness of these drugs in the prevention of diabetes and importantly one of them also shows evidence of decreased CVD and hypertension risk among treated IGT patients.102,103”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Kawamori, 2009, Voglibose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind trial in Japanese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [103] Chiasson, 2002, Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“α-glucosidase inhibitors reduce the rate of polysaccharide digestion from the proximal small intestine. They primarily lower postprandial glucose without causing hypoglycaemia.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [95] Nathan, 2009, Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Diabetologia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two thiazolidinedione drugs were withdrawn from the European market, troglitazone for probable serious hepatotoxicity, and rosiglitazone due to possible increases in cardiovascular risk.45,95”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] DeFronzo, 2011, Preservation of beta-cell function: the key to diabetes prevention, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Nathan, 2009, Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Diabetologia source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is also some suggestion of a possible link between pioglitazone and bladder cancer and therefore individuals with a history of bladder cancer or unexplained hematuria should probably not receive this drug.98,99”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the STOP-NIDDM trial, a 25% relative risk reduction for diabetes was found among people with IGT who were randomised to either acarbose 100 mg t.i.d. or identical placebo during 3.3 years of follow-up,103,104 but almost one third of the acarbose group could not complete the trial because of gastrointestinal side effects, such as flatulence and diarrhoea.103”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Chiasson, 2002, Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [104] Chiasson, 2003, Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial, JAMA source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exenatide and liraglutide were both found to produce sustained weight loss among obese subjects and were associated with increased reversion from prediabetes to normoglycaemia over 1–2 years of follow-up. The most frequent side effects were nausea and vomiting in these studies.105–107”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] Astrup, 2011, Safety, tolerability and sustained weight loss over 2 years with the once-daily human GLP-1 analog, liraglutide, Int J Obes (Lond)
- Not checked yetcites [106] Rosenstock, 2010, Effects of exenatide and lifestyle modification on body weight and glucose tolerance in obese subjects with and without pre-diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Not checked yetcites [107] Astrup, 2009, Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, Lancet source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the recently published CANOE trial, low doses of rosiglitazone (2 mg b.i.d.) in combination with metformin were tested against placebo to examine whether the lower doses would cause less side effects. The risk of incident diabetes was reduced by 66% in the active treatment group with no significant difference in weight gain as compared to controls. However more people complained of diarrhoea in”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Zinman, 2010, Low-dose combination therapy with rosiglitazone and metformin to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus (CANOE trial): a double-blind randomised controlled study, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study investigating voglibose, another α-glucosidase inhibitor, found a 40% reduction in incident diabetes risk over 48 weeks of follow-up among high-risk Japanese individuals with IGT. Although the gastrointestinal side effects were similar as reported in previous trials, more people completed that study.102”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] Kawamori, 2009, Voglibose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind trial in Japanese individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In light of current evidence, the effect of these drugs is much smaller than that of the antidiabetic drugs and they are not recommended for the treatment of prediabetes.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological interventions based on non-antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Al-Mallah, 2010, Do angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers prevent diabetes mellitus? A meta-analysis, Cardiol J
- Not checked yetcites [112] McMurray, 2010, Effect of valsartan on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events, N Engl J Med source
- Not checked yetcites [113] Bosch, 2006, Effect of ramipril on the incidence of diabetes, N Engl J Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a post hoc analysis of obese people, this drug was associated with greater weight loss (6.7 vs. 3.8 kg) compared to placebo with a significantly reduced conversion from IGT to diabetes (7.6% vs. 3.0%) in a 1.5-year follow-up.109”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological interventions based on non-antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [109] Heymsfield, 2000, Effects of weight loss with orlistat on glucose tolerance and progression to type 2 diabetes in obese adults, Arch Intern Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several trials support a long-term reduction in diabetes risk or a delay in the onset of the disease as a result of lifestyle and drug-based interventions.15,19,116–118”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Long-term effects of lifestyle and antidiabetic drug interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] 2009, 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Li, 2008, The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [116] Hopper, 2011, Prevention of diabetes and reduction in major cardiovascular events in studies of subjects with prediabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil source
- Not checked yetcites [117] Lindström, 2006, Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, Lancet source
- Not checked yetcites [118] Gerstein, 2011, Long-term effect of rosiglitazone and/or ramipril on the incidence of diabetes, Diabetologia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with the 4-year XENDOS trial that reported a 37% reduction in relative risk of diabetes among obese people treated with orlistat although in that study only 52% completed treatment compared with 34% of placebo recipients. An explanatory analysis suggested that the preventive effect was mainly confined to subjects with IGT.27”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological interventions based on non-antidiabetic drugs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Torgerson, 2004, XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients, Diabetes Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We searched Pubmed (from inception to January 2012).”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Search strategy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a recent meta-analysis of trials among prediabetic people, lifestyle and drug-based interventions had no significant effect on the risk of all-cause mortality or cardiovascular death during the mean follow-up of 3.8 years, except for a borderline significant reduction in stroke risk.116”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Long-term effects of lifestyle and antidiabetic drug interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] Hopper, 2011, Prevention of diabetes and reduction in major cardiovascular events in studies of subjects with prediabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our seminar has shown that these need to be complemented with diabetes prevention strategies based on interventions specifically aimed at prediabetic and other high-risk individuals.”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Clinical and public health implications
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Based on randomized trials that show the effectiveness of lifestyle intervention and several antidiabetic drugs in the prevention of diabetes”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Clinical and public health implications
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prediabetes is not only related to an increased risk of diabetes and its complications”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Clinical and public health implications
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The prediabetes concept denotes a varied patient group marked by concurrent insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.
In the paper
“In the 20-year follow-up of the DaQing Diabetes Prevention Study, for example, those receiving a lifestyle intervention had a 43% reduced risk of diabetes, translating to a mean 3.6 year delay in the development of diabetes.119”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Long-term effects of lifestyle and antidiabetic drug interventions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] Gong, 2011, Long-term effects of a randomised trial of a 6-year lifestyle intervention in impaired glucose tolerance on diabetes-related microvascular complications: the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study, Diabetologia source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The prediabetes concept denotes a varied patient group marked by concurrent insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.
“The concept of prediabetes (also known as Intermediate Hyperglycaemia or High Risk for Diabetes) identifies a heterogeneous patient population that is characterized by the simultaneous presence of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Metformin has decades-long safety information.
“Based on the decades long safety information on metformin”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little data currently exist on the cost-effectiveness and health benefits of different prediabetes screening and treatment strategies.
“currently there are little data assessing different prediabetes screening and treatment strategies in terms of cost-effectiveness and health benefits.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diabetes is projected to rank among the top five causes of death in high-income countries by 2030 and among the top ten globally.
“The fact that diabetes is projected to be within the 5 leading causes of death in high-income countries by 2030 and within the 10 leading causes of death globally”
The paper relies on this without support.
Other weight loss interventions have not been reported to produce similar benefits.
“Corresponding benefits have not been reported for other weight loss interventions.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is estimated that each year, 5-10% of people with prediabetes will develop diabetes, while an equal proportion will revert to normal blood sugar levels [7].”
From Economic evaluation of wearable fitness trackers versus metformin for preventing type 2 diabetes in the UK population (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Every year 5-10% of the prediabetics turn into open type 2 diabetics and return to normoglycemia.”
From Postprandial Reactive Hypoglycemia (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A recent study showed that the first phase insulin secretion was significantly reduced in both IFG and IGT, while the second phase insulin secretion was only reduced in IGT.[10, 20]”
From Postprandial Reactive Hypoglycemia (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In such cases, RH may serve as a marker of impaired glucose regulation and heightened risk for developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) [4,5].”
From Defining and Characterizing Postprandial Reactive Hypoglycemia (2026) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“When one considers the prevalence of chronic conditions such as prediabetes (an estimated global prevalence of >470 million by 2030) [18], high blood pressure (40 of adults 25 years of age and older worldwide) [19], and the percentage of US adults regularly taking at least one prescription medication (nearly 70 %) [20], it is possible that more than the reported 1 % of adults completing the PAR-Q+”
From Pre-exercise screening: role of the primary care physician (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“as many people do not progress to diabetes 262”
From Preventive psychiatry: a blueprint for improving the mental health of young people (2021) · cites this paper as [262]
In the citing paper
“Patients with prediabetes are asymptomatic but90 ~5–10% progress to T2D each year.90,91”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [91]
In the citing paper
“Studies have demonstrated that weight loss and exercise can usually delay progression to T2D, or even prevent T2D from manifesting; lifestyle interventions reduce the risk of T2D progression in 40–70% of adults with prediabetes.91,92”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [91]
In the citing paper
“It has been estimated that ~70% of individuals with persistent prediabetes will eventually develop T2D, and that >470 million people will have prediabetes by 2030.91”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [91]
In the citing paper
“Prediabetes is characterised by raised blood glucose levels (fasting plasma glucose levels of 6.1–6.9 mmol/L and two hours post glucose ingestion levels between 7.8–11 mmol/L) due to declining islet beta-cell mass and function but not enough to warrant a diagnosis of T2D.90,91”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [91]
In the citing paper
“The gradual decline in islet beta-cell number and function results in insulin levels becoming too low to promote metabolic homeostasis and T2D results.49,91”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [91]
In the citing paper
“During prediabetes, pancreatic beta-cell number and function decline slowly, usually over a few years before T2D manifests.91”
From A review of current trends with type 2 diabetes epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, treatments and future perspectives (2021) · cites this paper as [91]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
“increased risk of heart failure”
§ Prediabetes: A high-risk state for developing diabetes > Treatment > Pharmacological intervention based on antidiabetic drugs
“(0.1% vs. 0.5% in controls)”
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Hair follicle characteristics as early marker of Type 2 Diabetes
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Patient and Clinician Perceptions of Prediabetes: A Mixed-Methods Primary Care Study
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Russart, K. L. G., Chbeir, S., Nelson, R. J., & Magalang, U. J. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116574 · Cited by 30
Smith, J. R., Greaves, C. J., Thompson, J. L., Taylor, R. S., Jones, M., Armstrong, R., Moorlock, S. J., Griffin, A., Solomon-Moore, E., Biddle, M. S. Y., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0877-3 · Cited by 31
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tabák, A. G., Herder, C., Rathmann, W., Brunner, E. J., & Kivimäki, M.
- Affiliations
- Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 379
- Issue
- 9833
- Pages
- 2279-2290
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC3891203
- OpenAlex
- W2107797783
- Cited by
- 2,958
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 244 · 2025: 285 · 2024: 345 · 2023: 293 · 2022: 294 · 2021: 283 · 2020: 264 · 2019: 183 · 2018: 178 · 2017: 150 · 2016: 132 · 2015: 111 · 2014: 103 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 13.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation (RG/07/008/23674)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG034454)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL036310)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- prediabetes, diabetes progression, insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, diabetes risk prediction, lifestyle modification, diabetes prevention, pharmacotherapy, diabetes complications, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, small fiber neuropathy, macroangiopathy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Life Style, Microcirculation, Prediabetic State, Global Health, Disease Progression, Risk Reduction Behavior, Diabetes Complications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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