The DOI matches its Crossref record; 177 of the 179 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 74 of the 121 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Type 1 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycaemia. Knowledge of type 1 diabetes has rapidly increased over the past 25 years, resulting in a broad understanding about many aspects of the disease, including its genetics, epidemiology, immune and β-cell phenotypes, and disease burden. Interventions to preserve β cells have been tested, and several methods to improve clinical disease management have been assessed. However, wide gaps still exist in our understanding of type 1 diabetes and our ability to standardise clinical care and decrease disease-associated complications and burden. This Seminar gives an overview of the current understanding of the disease and potential future directions for research and care.
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Claims the paper makes
33 Partly supported · 20 No full text of the sources · 12 Supported · 6 Supported so far · 4 No basis given · 3 Own interpretation · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Mixed support · accuracy not yet measured
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“a cure for type 1 diabetes remains elusive.1,2”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Although survival and patient health have improved considerably, particularly in the past 25 years, a cure for type 1 diabetes remains elusive.1,2”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Barnett, 2018, Type 1 diabetes, Lancet source
- Supportedcites [2] Skyler, 2018, Hope vs hype: where are we in type 1 diabetes?, Diabetologia source
The Conclusions say that, despite substantial progress, success is not imminent and it is difficult to predict when the research directions discussed will come to fruition. This supports the broad claim that a cure remains elusive. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“At diagnosis, people with type 1 diabetes have reduced β-cell function compared with healthy controls.61”
§ Type 1 diabetes > The β-cell phenotype of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [61] Greenbaum, 2009, Preservation of β-cell function in autoantibody-positive youth with diabetes, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) show that among autoantibody-positive youth studied within one year of diagnosis, 31.2% had fasting C-peptide at or above the healthy-adolescent 5th percentile, supporting generally lower β-cell function relative to that reference population. The study does not measure function precisely at diagnosis, and its findings in youth do not establish the claim for all people with type 1 diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.85)
correlational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“it has not been shown to be effective in people younger than 18 years who are overweight or obese and have type 1 diabetes.86”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Management of clinical disease
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [86] Libman, 2015, Effect of metformin added to insulin on glycemic control among overweight/obese adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that adding metformin to insulin did not improve glycemic control after six months in overweight adolescents with type 1 diabetes. But the unqualified claim that it has not been shown effective overlooks favorable results for insulin dose and measures of adiposity. The trial also included participants up to age 19.6, rather than exclusively people younger than 18. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
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In the paper
“Metformin, an insulin sensitiser, is the most commonly prescribed drug for people with type 1 diabetes who have insulin resistance”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Management of clinical disease
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [86] Libman, 2015, Effect of metformin added to insulin on glycemic control among overweight/obese adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial, JAMA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) describes metformin’s glucose-lowering mechanisms, and the Abstract describes a trial of metformin added to insulin in overweight adolescents with type 1 diabetes. But our copy says metformin is commonly used for type 2 diabetes; it does not establish that metformin is the most commonly prescribed drug for people with type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and intermittently viewed CGM devices for at-home patient use with minimally invasive devices have become available, which have similar accuracy to capillary blood glucose monitors.91”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Management of clinical disease
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [91] Bailey, 2015, Clinical accuracy of a continuous glucose monitoring system with an advanced algorithm, J Diabetes Sci Technol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that one modified Dexcom G4 Platinum CGM system was tested against self-monitored blood glucose during home use and says its performance was approaching that of a blood glucose meter. The Discussion says this system’s point accuracy exceeded that of some blood glucose monitoring systems. These passages support the comparison for the studied device, but not the broader claim about CGM devices generally or intermittently viewed CGM devices. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This trial and the follow-up observational Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications trial convincingly showed that achieving and maintaining glucose concentrations as close to those seen in people without diabetes as possible leads to a reduction in microvascular and cardiovascular type 1 diabetes complications.82”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Management of clinical disease
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] 1993, The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, N Engl J Med source
- Supportedcites [82] Nathan, 2014, The diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study at 30 years: overview, Diabetes Care source
The Conclusions state that DCCT and its observational EDIC follow-up convincingly demonstrated that aiming for glycemia as close to the nondiabetic range as safely possible reduced microvascular and cardiovascular complications in people with type 1 diabetes. The Abstract Results also report reductions in microvascular disease during DCCT and in severe complications and cardiovascular disease during EDIC. (LLM, conf=0.95)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have also been used of-label; however, fewer than 5% of patients use these medications.85”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Management of clinical disease
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [85] Lyons, 2017, Use of adjuvant pharmacotherapy in type 1 diabetes: international comparison of 49,996 individuals in the prospective diabetes follow-up and T1D exchange registries, Diabetes Care source
The paper’s medication-use results (page not supplied) report use of each named class below 5% in both type 1 diabetes registries. The 5.4% figure for T1DX refers to any adjuvant medication, including drugs beyond the four named classes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
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In the paper
“When sensitive C-peptide measure ments are performed, 30–80% of people with long-term type 1 diabetes are found to be insulin microsecretors.64–67”
§ Type 1 diabetes > The β-cell phenotype of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Davis, 2015, Prevalence of detectable C-peptide according to age at diagnosis and duration of type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
- Supportedcites [65] Oram, 2014, The majority of patients with long-duration type 1 diabetes are insulin microsecretors and have functioning beta cells, Diabetologia source
The Results report detectable C-peptide in 73% of patients with type 1 diabetes lasting more than five years using a sensitive assay. The Discussion calls patients with low-level detectable stimulated C-peptide insulin microsecretors and cites other long-duration studies reporting 43% and 67% detection. These findings support the stated 30–80% range, although the paper does not give that range verbatim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [66] Oram, 2015, Most people with long-duration type 1 diabetes in a large population-based study are insulin microsecretors, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not available in our copy) report detectable C-peptide in 80% of participants with long-duration type 1 diabetes, but very low levels in 52%. The Abstract Conclusions distinguish the majority who were insulin microsecretors from others with clinically relevant secretion. Thus the paper supports frequent microsecretion with sensitive measurement, but not the claim that 80% were microsecretors. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [67] Rother, 2009, Effects of exenatide alone and in combination with daclizumab on β-cell function in long-standing type 1 diabetes, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (C-peptide secretion) report detectable C-peptide in 85% of 40 screened participants with long-standing type 1 diabetes, using an assay with a detection limit of 0.05 ng/ml (Methods, Assays). This supports the point that sensitive testing finds residual insulin secretion, but this paper reports 85%, not the claimed 30–80% range. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Most people with a single autoantibody do not progress to type 1 diabetes, but seroconversion to the presence of two or more serum autoantibodies in children is associated with an 84% risk of clinical type 1 diabetes by the age of 18 years (figure 2A).16”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Diagnosis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] Ziegler, 2013, Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children, JAMA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Children With Multiple Islet Autoantibodies; page not provided) report an 84.2% risk of type 1 diabetes at 15 years after seroconversion in children with multiple islet autoantibodies. That is not an 84% risk by age 18: the paper measures this figure from seroconversion, not from birth. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This finding is noteworthy because in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial68,69 persistent C-peptide secretion was associated with reduced development of retinopathy, nephropathy, and hypoglycaemia.”
§ Type 1 diabetes > The β-cell phenotype of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [68] Lachin, 2014, Impact of C-peptide preservation on metabolic and clinical outcomes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, Diabetes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Intensive Therapy, 1–5-Year Duration; page unavailable) associate higher entry C-peptide with less retinopathy progression and severe hypoglycemia. Nephropathy risk was lower among responders, but the difference was not statistically significant. The Discussion (page unavailable) says C-peptide was principally measured at entry and that longitudinal associations could not be examined, so the paper does not establish an association for persistent secretion over time. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [69] Steffes, 2003, β-cell function and the development of diabetes-related complications in the diabetes control and complications trial, Diabetes Care source
The paper’s opening summary (p. 1) associates higher and sustained C-peptide secretion with reduced retinopathy and nephropathy, and reports less severe hypoglycemia among participants with sustained secretion. The associations were strongest in the intensive-treatment group. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Severe hypoglycaemic events requiring treatment assistance from another person occur at rates of 16–20 per 100 person-years;”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Complications of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [103] Cengiz, 2013, Severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis among youth with type 1 diabetes in the T1D exchange clinic registry, Pediatr Diabetes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Severe Hypoglycemia; page unavailable) report that 6.2% of participants had at least one event in 12 months, not a rate of 16–20 events per 100 person-years. The Discussion explicitly says the study counted events involving seizure or loss of consciousness, rather than events merely requiring another person's assistance, and did not report an event rate. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [104] O'Connell, 2011, Reducing rates of severe hypoglycemia in a population-based cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes over the decade 2000–2009, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract Results report a peak of 17.3 severe hypoglycemia events per 100 patient-years in 2001, within the claimed range, but a decline to 5.8 by 2006; they do not support 16–20 as a general rate. The Research Design and Methods section defines an event as one causing loss of consciousness or seizure, not one requiring assistance from another person. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] Karges, 2015, Hospital admission for diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia in 31,330 young patients with type 1 diabetes, Eur J Endocrinol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“the disease can occur at any age, with up to 50% of cases occurring in adulthood.7”
- Also stated in: § Diagnosis · plain
“Although traditional definitions classified type 1 diabetes as juvenile onset, the disease can occur at any age, with up to 50% of cases occurring in adulthood.7”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Diagnosis
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] Thomas, 2018, Frequency and phenotype of type 1 diabetes in the first six decades of life: a cross-sectional, genetically stratified survival analysis from UK Biobank, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
The Introduction says type 1 diabetes can occur at any age. The Results report that 42% of genetically defined cases in the UK Biobank sample were diagnosed at ages 31–60, supporting the claim that up to 50% occur in adulthood within the study’s first-six-decades scope. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Diagnosis · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although insulitis is common and intense in animal models of type 1 diabetes, it is much rarer and more variable in human beings (figure 3).60”
§ Type 1 diabetes > The immune phenotype of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [60] Campbell-Thompson, 2015, Organ donor specimens: what can they tell us about type 1 diabetes?, Pediatr Diabetes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Insulitis in the natural history of T1D” (page not provided) reports low proportions of affected islets in human donors and describes variation within and between donors. It does not establish that insulitis is common and intense in animal models, so the comparison is only partly supported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Globally, type 1 diabetes is increasing both in incidence and prevalence, with overall annual increases in incidence of about 2–3% per year.29,30”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Epidemiology
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [29] Maahs, 2010, Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes, Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Incidence: Temporal Trends section reports a 2.8% average annual increase in type 1 diabetes incidence across studied populations in 57 countries, supporting the approximate 2–3% figure. That estimate concerns children aged 14 or younger, and the cited passages do not establish a global increase in prevalence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [30] Mayer-Davis, 2017, Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002–2012, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports that type 1 diabetes incidence has increased worldwide, and the Discussion notes increased prevalence among U.S. youths. The Results report a 1.8% adjusted annual increase in incidence among U.S. youths, not a global increase of 2–3% per year; the paper does not establish a global prevalence trend. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Children with type 1 diabetes commonly present with symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss; approximately a third present with diabetic ketoacidosis.6”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Diagnosis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Dabelea, 2014, Trends in the prevalence of ketoacidosis at diabetes diagnosis: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study, Pediatrics sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion (page unavailable in our copy) report that almost one-third of youth with type 1 diabetes present with DKA. The paper refers generally to signs and symptoms of diabetes, but does not identify polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss as common presenting symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although survival and patient health have improved considerably, particularly in the past 25 years, a cure for type 1 diabetes remains elusive.1,2”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Barnett, 2018, Type 1 diabetes, Lancet source
- Partly supportedcites [2] Skyler, 2018, Hope vs hype: where are we in type 1 diabetes?, Diabetologia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Pancreas transplantation section (page unavailable) reports better 10-year survival for patients receiving a combined pancreas–kidney transplant than for those receiving a kidney transplant alone, and describes improving transplant outcomes. It does not establish that survival and health improved considerably for people with type 1 diabetes generally, particularly over the past 25 years. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and accounts for 13–19% of type 1 diabetes-related mortality.105,110,111”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Complications of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [110] Feltbower, 2008, Acute complications and drug misuse are important causes of death for children and young adults with type 1 diabetes: results from the Yorkshire Register of diabetes in children and young adults, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report 14 deaths from diabetic ketoacidosis, and Table 3 reports 108 deaths from all causes—about 13%. This supports the lower end of the cited range in this Yorkshire cohort, but the paper does not establish the 19% figure or the full range. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [111] Patterson, 2007, Early mortality in EURODIAB population-based cohorts of type 1 diabetes diagnosed in childhood since 1989, Diabetologia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report diabetic ketoacidosis mentioned in 27 of 141 deaths among people with type 1 diabetes, approximately 19%. But only 47 deaths were classified as directly attributable to diabetes; ketoacidosis was mentioned in 27 of those, approximately 57%. The paper therefore supports the 19% figure only for all deaths in the cohort, not a 13–19% range for deaths attributable to diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and are associated with 4–10% of type 1 diabetes-related deaths.110–112”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Complications of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [110] Feltbower, 2008, Acute complications and drug misuse are important causes of death for children and young adults with type 1 diabetes: results from the Yorkshire Register of diabetes in children and young adults, Diabetes Care source
The Results report 8 deaths from hypoglycaemia among 108 deaths in the Yorkshire cohort of children and young adults with type 1 diabetes. That is about 7.4% of all deaths in the cohort, within the cited 4–10% range. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [111] Patterson, 2007, Early mortality in EURODIAB population-based cohorts of type 1 diabetes diagnosed in childhood since 1989, Diabetologia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report five deaths directly ascribed to hypoglycaemia among 47 deaths assessed as directly attributable to diabetes—about 11% in this childhood-onset European cohort. The paper does not report a 4–10% range for diabetes-related deaths or establish that range beyond this cohort. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [112] Skrivarhaug, 2006, Long-term mortality in a nationwide cohort of childhood-onset type 1 diabetic patients in Norway, Diabetologia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The clinical-review results report 11 deaths classified as due to hypoglycaemia among 103 deaths—about 11%—in a Norwegian cohort with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. This supports an association with deaths, but the paper does not establish the stated 4–10% range for type 1 diabetes-related deaths generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Guidelines from the American Diabetes Association, International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, and Candian Diabetes Association suggest a HbA1c target of less than 53 mmol/mol (7·0%) for adults and less than 58 mmol/mol (7·5%) in paediatric patients with type 1 diabetes;94–96”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Management of clinical disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] 2018, 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018, Diabetes Care
- Supportedcites [95] Rewers, 2014, ISPAD clinical practice concensus guidelines 2014. Assessment and monitoring of glycemic control in children and adolescents with diabetes, Pediatric Diabetes source
The HbA1c targets section recommends <7.5% (58 mmol/mol) for all patients younger than 18 and says the American Diabetes Association adopted the same pediatric target. The Rewers et al. section identifies <7% as the adult target. This paper supports the guideline targets it is cited for; the other citations in the sentence need not be established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked yetcites [96] 2013, Canadian Diabetes Association 2013 clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes in Canada. Introduction, Can J Diabetes
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“hypoglycaemic events leading to loss of consciousness or seizure occur at a rate of 2–8 per 100 person-years.103–105”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Complications of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [103] Cengiz, 2013, Severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis among youth with type 1 diabetes in the T1D exchange clinic registry, Pediatr Diabetes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Severe Hypoglycemia; page unavailable) report that 6.2% of participants had at least one event involving seizure or loss of consciousness within 12 months. The Discussion explicitly distinguishes that percentage of participants from a rate measured as events per 100 person-years. The source therefore supports the event type and a broadly similar annual frequency, but not the claimed rate of 2–8 events per 100 person-years. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [104] O'Connell, 2011, Reducing rates of severe hypoglycemia in a population-based cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes over the decade 2000–2009, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Research Design and Methods section defines these events as hypoglycemia leading to loss of consciousness or seizure. The reported rate reached 5.8 per 100 patient-years, within the claimed range, but peaked at 17.3; the paper therefore does not support 2–8 as the range for its cohort of children with type 1 diabetes (Abstract, Results; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] Karges, 2015, Hospital admission for diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia in 31,330 young patients with type 1 diabetes, Eur J Endocrinol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of premature morbidity and mortality, with data119,120 suggesting an 8–13-year shorter life expectancy for people with type 1 diabetes than for healthy individuals.”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Complications of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [119] Huo, 2016, Burden of diabetes in Australia: life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy in adults with diabetes, Diabetologia source
- Partly supportedcites [120] Livingstone, 2015, Estimated life expectancy in a Scottish cohort with type 1 diabetes, 2008-2010, JAMA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Deaths by Cause; Examination of the Life Expectancy Differential by Age and Cause) identify ischemic heart disease as the most commonly reported cause of death and circulatory disease as the largest contributor to lost life expectancy. The Abstract (Results) reports losses of about 8 years in a preserved-kidney-function subgroup and 11–13 years overall. The paper does not establish cardiovascular disease as a leading cause of morbidity, and its comparator is the general population without type 1 diabetes, not specifically healthy individuals. (LLM, conf=0.87)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the past 25 years, among people with type 1 diabetes the risks of microvascular and macrovascular compli-cations have substantially decreased and outcomes have improved.125,126”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Complications of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [125] Lachin, 2014, Update on cardiovascular outcomes at 30 years of the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications study, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusions (page not specified) report substantial long-term benefits of intensive treatment for both microvascular disease and cardiovascular outcomes in the DCCT/EDIC participants with type 1 diabetes. They do not establish that complication risks declined over the past 25 years among people with type 1 diabetes generally; the comparison is intensive versus conventional treatment, not a population-wide trend over time. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [126] Fullerton, 2014, Intensive glucose control versus conventional glucose control for type 1 diabetes mellitus, Cochrane Database Syst Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The review’s ‘Why it is important to do this review’ section says that treatment advances have made prospects for people with type 1 diabetes much better than in the past. Its Authors’ conclusions report reduced microvascular complications with tight glucose control, and ‘Agreements and disagreements with other studies or reviews’ reports a cardiovascular benefit in a follow-up study. It does not establish that both microvascular and macrovascular complication risks substantially declined across the type 1 diabetes population over the past 25 years; the latter section says its own meta-analysis cannot assess major macrovascular outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Pancreas transplants have been performed for over 50 years and have become a standard-of-care treatment in individuals who have developed end-stage renal failure and require kidney transplantation.158”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Disease-modifying therapies
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [158] Lindahl, 2013, Improved patient survival with simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation in recipients with diabetic end-stage renal disease, Diabetologia sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction dates the first pancreas transplant to 1966, consistent with a history of more than 50 years by the time of the citing statement. It calls transplantation an effective option especially for patients with diabetes and end-stage renal disease, but does not establish it as standard care for everyone with end-stage renal failure who needs a kidney transplant; it describes eligibility limits and kidney-only alternatives. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Moreover, morbidity associated with immunosuppression and limitations in the supply of donor islets restricts the number of people who can benefit from islet transplantation.161”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Disease-modifying therapies
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [161] Shapiro, 2006, International trial of the Edmonton protocol for islet transplantation, N Engl J Med source
The Discussion (p. 11) reports immunosuppression-related side effects that required therapy changes and sometimes withdrawal from the trial. The Discussion (p. 12) also states that the supply of islets from deceased donors cannot meet demand. Together, these support the claim that both factors limit who can benefit. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Other novel approaches include autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation165,166 and autologous T-regulatory cell administration.167–169”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Disease-modifying therapies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [165] Cantú-Rodríguez, 2016, Long-term insulin independence in type 1 diabetes mellitus using a simplified autologous stem cell transplant, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
- Supportedcites [166] Couri, 2009, C-peptide levels and insulin independence following autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus, JAMA source
The citation is attached to autologous haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation, not T-regulatory cell administration. The Stem Cell Mobilization Regimen and Conditioning Regimen sections describe harvesting the patients’ own stem cells and infusing them after conditioning, so this paper is an example of the cited approach. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [167] Bluestone, 2015, Type 1 diabetes immunotherapy using polyclonal regulatory T cells, Sci Transl Med source
The citation is attached to autologous T-regulatory cell administration, not stem-cell transplantation. The Introduction describes a phase 1 trial in which patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes received an infusion of expanded regulatory T cells, and the Discussion identifies these as autologous Tregs derived from patients with type 1 diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [168] Marek-Trzonkowska, 2014, Therapy of type 1 diabetes with CD4(+)CD25(high)CD127-regulatory T cells prolongs survival of pancreatic islets—results of one year follow-up, Clin Immunol source
- Supportedcites [169] Marek-Trzonkowska, 2012, Administration of CD4+CD25highCD127-regulatory T cells preserves β-cell function in type 1 diabetes in children, Diabetes Care source
The citation range attached to this source concerns autologous T-regulatory cell administration, not stem-cell transplantation. The Research Design and Methods passage reports infusion of expanded autologous Tregs into children with type 1 diabetes, and the Conclusions describe it as a novel approach. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Type 1 diabetes is a heritable polygenic disease with identical twin concordance of 30–70%,20 sibling risk of 6–7%, and a risk of 1–9% for children who have a parent with diabetes.21”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Genetics
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, wide gaps still exist in our understanding of type 1 diabetes and our ability to standardise clinical care and decrease disease-associated complications and burden.”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Knowledge of type 1 diabetes has rapidly increased over the past 25 years, resulting in a broad understanding about many aspects of the disease, including its genetics, epidemiology, immune and β-cell phenotypes, and disease burden.”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Two HLA class 2 haplotypes involved in anti gen presentation, HLA DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQ*B10201 (DR3) and HLA DRB1*0401-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0301 (DR4-DQ8), are linked to approximately 50% of disease heritability and are prevalent in white people.24”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Genetics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Noble, 2015, Immunogenetics of type 1 diabetes: a comprehensive review, J Autoimmun source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, since dysglycaemia progression can be rapid in patients with type 1 diabetes, HbA1c is less sensitive for diagnosis than fasting or stimulated blood glucose measurements.5”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] 2018, 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018, Diabetes Care
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increased frequency of islet-specific autoreactive CD8+ T lymphocytes and decreased regulatory immune function have been associated with type 1 diabetes.50”
§ Type 1 diabetes > The immune phenotype of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Roep, 1990, T-cell clones from a type-1 diabetes patient respond to insulin secretory granule proteins, Nature source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What once seemed like a single autoimmune disorder, with roots in T-cell mediated attack of insulin-producing β cells, is now recognised to result from a complex interplay between environmental factors and microbiome, genome, metabolism, and immune systems that vary between individual cases.”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Guidelines for the care of people with diabetes include periodic screening for these diseases, particularly thyroid and coeliac diseases.102”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Management of clinical disease
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] 2018, 3. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018, Diabetes Care
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Treatment in hospital for diabetic ketoacidosis occurs at a rate of 1–10 per 100 patient-years in paediatric populations with established type 1 diabetes,”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Complications of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] Karges, 2015, Hospital admission for diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia in 31,330 young patients with type 1 diabetes, Eur J Endocrinol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although ciclosporin was unable to induce a durable disease remission, insulin requirements of patients decreased during active treatment, generating enthusiasm that immune modulation could treat type 1 diabetes.134–136”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Disease-modifying therapies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [134] 1988, Cyclosporin-induced remission of IDDM after early intervention: association of 1 yr of cyclosporin treatment with enhanced insulin secretion, Diabetes source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [135] De Filippo, 1996, Long-term results of early cyclosporin therapy in juvenile IDDM, Diabetes source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [136] Feutren, 1986, Cyclosporin increases the rate and length of remissions in insulin-dependent diabetes of recent onset. Results of a multicentre double-blind trial, Lancet source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“women with type 1 diabetes have been shown to have higher rates of all-cause premature mortality and vascular events than do men with type 1 diabetes.128”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Complications of type 1 diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [128] Huxley, 2015, Risk of all-cause mortality and vascular events in women versus men with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation in experienced centres can offer an up to 80% chance of insulin independence for over 5 years, but there is substantial surgical risk, and the requirement of immunosuppression.159”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Disease-modifying therapies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [159] Gruessner, 2013, The current state of pancreas transplantation, Nat Rev Endocrinol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no drug has yet been able to induce insulin independence or progressed to a positive phase 3 trial that was translatable into clinical care.”
§ Type 1 diabetes > Disease-modifying therapies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Most people diagnosed with type 1 diabetes do not have a relative with the disease or the highest risk combination of HLA alleles.
“Despite known genetic underpinnings, most people who are diagnosed with type 1 diabetes do not have a relative with the disease or even the highest risk combination of HLA alleles, making attempts at primary disease prevention difficult.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Glycaemic control for most people with type 1 diabetes is not optimised.
“Additionally, despite advances in technology, glycaemic control for most people with type 1 diabetes is not optimised”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many people with type 1 diabetes cannot access modern therapies because of the high costs of even basic care.
“and many cannot access modern therapies because of the high costs of even basic care.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Over time, many residual β cells are lost.
“Over time, many of these residual cells are lost.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Insulin remains the mainstay of therapy for type 1 diabetes.
“Although insulin remains the mainstay of therapy, new insulin analogues with varying onsets and durations of action are widely available.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Type 1 diabetes continues to impose substantial medical, psychological, and financial burden.
“the disease continues to be associated with substantial medical, psychological, and financial burden.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hyperglycaemia is the primary risk factor for microvascular disease.
“Hyperglycaemia is the primary risk factor for microvascular disease”
The paper relies on this without support.
Reducing HbA1c through intensive diabetes management, particularly early in disease, is associated with about 70% reductions in incidence and slower progression of microvascular disease.
“reducing HbA1c through intensive diabetes management, particularly early during disease, is associated with striking (about 70%) reductions in incidence and slower progression of microvascular disease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Differences in HbA1c do not fully explain variation in incidence and severity of complications between individuals.
“However, differences in HbA1c do not fully explain the variation in the incidence of complications and the severity of disease between individuals.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The risk of cardiovascular complications does not appear to be as attenuated by intensive blood sugar control as microvascular complications.
“By contrast with microvascular complications, the risk of cardiovascular complications does not appear to be as attenuated by intensive blood sugar control.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For over 30 years, most efforts to cure type 1 diabetes have focused on altering the immune system's attack on β cells.
“For over 30 years, most efforts to cure type 1 diabetes have focused on altering the immune system’s attack on β cells.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Islet transplantation is a low-risk procedure.
“Islet transplantation is a low-risk procedure, with donor islets infused into the liver via the portal vein.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Only a minority of islet transplant recipients achieve durable insulin independence.
“However, only a minority of islet transplant recipients achieve durable insulin independence.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Currently, islet transplantation is used in a small subset of patients with extremely severe hypoglycaemic unawareness.
“Currently, islet transplantation is used in a small subset of patients who have extremely severe hypoglycaemic unawareness.”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- DiMeglio, L. A., Evans-Molina, C., & Oram, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Corresponding author
- DiMeglio, Linda A
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-06
- Volume
- 391
- Issue
- 10138
- Pages
- 2449-2462
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC6661119
- OpenAlex
- W2807893746
- Cited by
- 1,561
- References
- 179
- Citations by year
- 2026: 125 · 2025: 246 · 2024: 261 · 2023: 305 · 2022: 276 · 2021: 174 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 12
- FWCI
- 11.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Purdue University Indianapolis (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01-BX001733)
- Medical Research Council (MC_PC_15047)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK093954)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, autoimmune disease, insulin deficiency, hyperglycemia, beta-cell preservation, disease burden, disease complications, clinical management, immunophenotype
- MeSH terms
- B-Lymphocytes, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Haplotypes, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Phenotype, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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