The DOI matches its Crossref record; 187 of the 187 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 79 of the 165 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity
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Claims the paper makes
82 Own interpretation · 43 No basis given · 28 No full text of the sources · 27 Partly supported · 24 Not checked yet · 18 Supported · 12 Own method · 7 Supported so far · 7 Couldn’t confirm · 4 Sources not found · 4 Own result · 2 Not supported · 1 Mixed support · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Typically, scoring and staging systems and treatment algorithms for obesity are based on the presence of other diseases (often referred to as comorbidities), rather than clinical manifestations of obesity itself.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Sharma, 2009, A proposed clinical staging system for obesity, Int J Obes source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Aasheim, 2011, Assessment of obesity beyond body mass index to determine benefit of treatment, Clin Obes source
- Disputedcites [18] Wharton, 2020, Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline, CMAJ sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The guideline’s discussion of the Edmonton Obesity Staging System says it considers metabolic, physical and psychological parameters to guide treatment, rather than relying on the presence of other diseases instead of clinical manifestations. Its Level 3 recommendation likewise proposes the system to assess obesity severity and guide decisions. The cited paper therefore does not support the claimed contrast. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Other anthropometric measures, such as waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and weight-to-height ratio have been suggested as alternative methods to BMI for diagnosis of obesity. However, these anthropometric measures also have notable limitations.45”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Limitations of other anthropometric measures of adiposity
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [45] Stanaway, 2018, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on high BMI reports its attributable disease burden, while the Methods section discusses outcomes associated with high BMI. Neither addresses limitations of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, or weight-to-height ratio as obesity measures. Searches for those measures and for limitations of anthropometric alternatives found no passage supporting the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, overall diet quality and physical activity or fitness level are potent modulators of the risk associated with any BMI value, regardless of body composition.44”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [44] Després, 2021, Management of obesity in cardiovascular practice: JACC Focus seminar, J Am Coll Cardiol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section 'Lifestyle and prevention/remission of T2D in visceral obesity' (page unavailable) links healthier diets and physical activity to lower cardiovascular risk and identifies fitness as a powerful risk predictor. 'From obesity to obesities' (page unavailable) also describes risk variation within BMI categories. The paper does not establish that these factors modulate risk at any BMI regardless of body composition; it emphasizes visceral adiposity as an important source of risk variation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For example, many population studies have shown that within every BMI category considered, the larger the waist circumference, the greater the morbidity or mortality risk.36”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [36] Ross, 2020, Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a consensus statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity, Nat Rev Endocrinol source
In “Identifying the high-risk obesity phenotype” (page not provided), the paper states that adults with higher waist circumference have greater adverse health risk within any given BMI category. It also reports pooled cohort findings of higher mortality with greater waist circumference in every BMI category examined. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The current definition of obesity on the basis of BMI has several limitations.38,39”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Blüher, 2019, Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis, Nat Rev Endocrinol source
- Supportedcites [39] Bray, 2023, Beyond BMI, Nutrients source
Section 3, “Limitations of the BMI,” explicitly says BMI has serious limitations for evaluating individuals with excess adiposity and understanding the heterogeneity of obesity. The Abstract identifies several specific deficiencies, including its failure to measure fat distribution and its limited usefulness for diagnosing obesity in an individual. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Other ectopic fat depots, including liver fat, also contribute to variations in health risk.50”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Limitations of other anthropometric measures of adiposity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [50] Tejani, 2022, Cardiometabolic health outcomes associated with discordant visceral and liver fat phenotypes: insights from the Dallas Heart Study and UK Biobank, Mayo Clin Proc source
The Introduction states that variation in fat accumulation at ectopic sites such as the liver is associated with differing cardiometabolic disease risk. The Conclusions report distinct risk profiles for visceral and liver fat, supporting the claim that fat distribution contributes to variations in health risk. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This definition has been widely adopted and used in epidemiological studies, clinical practice, and public health policy.35”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [35] Romero-Corral, 2008, Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population, Int J Obes (Lond) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says BMI has long been the primary way to diagnose obesity, has been used in many epidemiological studies, and has been recommended for clinical practice. The Methods identify standardized BMI cutoffs, but the paper does not establish that this definition has been adopted or used in public health policy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“However, eliminating individuals from the analysis on the basis of such factors can plausibly create biases.45,46”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [45] Stanaway, 2018, Lancet sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section describes incorporating current, former, and occasional smokers into exposure estimates, while Discussion > Limitations discusses how smoking histories were reconstructed (page numbers unavailable). Neither passage addresses whether excluding individuals because of smoking history or occult disease creates bias; searches for exclusion, selection bias, and occult disease found no passage that does. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Could not verifycites [46] Stanford, 2019, Race, ethnicity, sex, and obesity: is it time to personalize the scale?, Mayo Clin Proc sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s “To the Editor” section discusses recalibrating BMI thresholds by race, ethnicity, and sex, but does not address excluding people from an analysis because of smoking history or occult disease. Searches for those factors and for exclusion or selection bias found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Specific examples include gaps in referral to bariatric or metabolic surgery,66 with only <1% of qualified surgical candidates being referred for such operations,67”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers > Health-care professionals’ views and attitudes about obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] Holmes, 2022, Gaps in referral to bariatric surgery for patients with type 2 diabetes seen in endocrinology clinics, Can J Diabetes source
- Partly supportedcites [67] Funk, 2015, Patient and referring practitioner characteristics associated with the likelihood of undergoing bariatric surgery: a systematic review, JAMA Surg sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not provided) says that fewer than 1% of severely obese U.S. adults undergo bariatric surgery annually; it does not say that fewer than 1% are referred. The Discussion (page not provided) identifies referral as a step toward surgery and calls for better understanding of referring-provider practices, but gives no referral rate. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This state of positive energy balance maintained over a prolonged period—or energy burden—drives adipocyte hypertrophy and, to a lesser extent, hyperplasia, as well as weight gain.85,86”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Causes of obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Leibel, 1995, Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight, N Engl J Med source
- Partly supportedcites [86] Rosenbaum, 2010, Energy intake in weight-reduced humans, Brain Res sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports weight gain during overfeeding and explains that a small energy surplus can produce substantial weight gain over time. It does not say that prolonged positive energy balance causes adipocyte hypertrophy or hyperplasia, or that hypertrophy occurs to a greater extent. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 102
- It may state two separate claims as one. 95
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Disease states are fundamentally defined by their ability to cause illness, intended as both an objective and subjective human experience of ill health, secondary to ongoing alterations in the functioning of organs and tissues.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Scully, 2004, What is a disease?, EMBO Rep source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Partly supportedcites [20] Boyd, 2000, Disease, illness, sickness, health, healing and wholeness: exploring some elusive concepts, Med Humanit sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Dictionary definitions section describes disease as a disorder of structure or function that can produce or threaten illness. But A medical definition distinguishes objective disease from illness as an entirely personal experience; it also says disease can occur without felt illness. The copy does not specifically define disease through ongoing changes in organs and tissues. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites [21]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Disputedcites [22] Farre, 2017, The new old (and old new) medical model: four decades navigating the biomedical and psychosocial understandings of health and illness, Healthcare sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction distinguishes disease from illness rather than defining disease by its ability to cause illness. It explicitly says a person can have disease without illness, or experience illness without objectively verifiable disease; illness is therefore not necessarily secondary to changes in organs and tissues. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not matchedcites [23]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not checked yet
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“The association between BMI-based obesity and mortality is actually U-shaped, with factors such as smoking history, occult disease, recent unintentional weight loss, weight variability, and body fat distribution pattern influencing the shape of the BMI versus mortality curve.43”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [43] Flegal, 2013, Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, several studies have shown that BMI does not reflect body fat distribution or metabolic health, and alternative measures such as waist circumference or body fat percentage could be more appropriate.36”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [36] Ross, 2020, Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a consensus statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity, Nat Rev Endocrinol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) says BMI alone does not fully capture abdominal adiposity or cardiometabolic risk and recommends waist circumference to refine risk assessment. The section on waist circumference, BMI and health outcomes (page unavailable) favors using the two measures together, rather than replacing BMI. The cited passages do not support body fat percentage as a more appropriate measure. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, BMI can underestimate fat mass in the elderly, in individuals who have lost bone or muscle mass, and in people of certain ethnicities (eg, Asian populations), leading to underdiagnosis of obesity.35,40”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [35] Romero-Corral, 2008, Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population, Int J Obes (Lond) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that BMI misses more than half of people classified as obese by body-fat percentage, particularly among the elderly, and explains that BMI cannot distinguish fat from lean mass. Its example of a person with limited lean mass supports the muscle-mass portion. Our copy does not specifically establish underdiagnosis in people who have lost bone mass or in Asian populations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [40] Sperrin, 2016, Body mass index relates weight to height differently in women and older adults: serial cross-sectional surveys in England (1992–2011), J Public Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says BMI is not a measure of body fat amount, and the Discussion, ‘What this study adds’ (page unavailable), cautions that BMI’s meaning varies across adults and age groups. The paper does not establish that BMI specifically underestimates fat mass in older adults, people who have lost bone or muscle, or particular ethnic groups, or that it leads to underdiagnosis of obesity. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, some research studies have called into question the role of sedentary lifestyle as a cause of obesity in modern societies.59”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers > Views of people with obesity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [59] Rimbach, 2022, Total energy expenditure is repeatable in adults but not associated with short-term changes in body composition, Nat Commun sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports no evidence that adults with lower adjusted total energy expenditure were more likely to gain body fat, which lends some support to questioning an expenditure-based explanation of weight gain. But it also says the study lacked objective physical-activity measures. It therefore does not directly test whether a sedentary lifestyle causes obesity in modern societies. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The causes of obesity are multifactorial and incompletely understood.2,5,80”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Causes of obesity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites [5] Bray, 2017, Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation, Obes Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The agent and Genetic factors sections describe multiple environmental and genetic contributors to obesity, supporting ‘multifactorial.’ Our copy does not say that obesity’s causes are incompletely understood, so that part of the claim is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Purnell, 2000, Definitions, classification, and epidemiology of obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Another multidisciplinary group of international experts found that people living with obesity are frequently confronted with biases or stigma that extend from their social interactions to the workplace and to health-care settings, causing psychological and physical harm.11”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers > Health-care professionals’ views and attitudes about obesity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [11] Rubino, 2020, Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity, Nat Med source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Environmental pollutants might also contribute to obesity, although those mechanisms are largely undefined.82,83”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Causes of obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] Lobstein, 2021, Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and obesity risk: a review of recommendations for obesity prevention policies, Obes Rev source
- Supportedcites [83] Mohajer, 2021, Obesogens: how they are identified and molecular mechanisms underlying their action, Front Endocrinol source
The EDCs and Obesogens section links exposure to industrial chemicals with obesity. The Conclusion says the mechanisms of action of known obesogens are still not well understood, while noting that some pathways have been identified. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Biased views toward patients living with obesity are common among clinicians and other health-care professionals, often resulting in detrimental effects on patient care.11,63”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers > Health-care professionals’ views and attitudes about obesity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [11] Rubino, 2020, Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity, Nat Med source
The consensus statement says many healthcare professionals hold negative attitudes about obesity (Methodology, consensus item 3.1), and the Summary of evidence reports weight bias across multiple healthcare professions. Its Quality of care and health care utilization section describes shorter appointments, less patient education, poor treatment outcomes, and avoidance of future care associated with weight bias. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [63] Nadolsky, 2023, Endocr Pract source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The traditional narrative about the health effect of obesity emphasises associations between excess adiposity and numerous diseases and conditions.53,54”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Current clinical characterisation of obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Powell-Wiley, 2021, Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Circulation source
- Supportedcites [54] Sarwer, 2016, The psychosocial burden of obesity, Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am source
The Abstract lists cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, and several cancers as conditions associated with obesity. It then turns to psychosocial effects, consistent with the claim that the conventional health narrative emphasizes disease associations. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Again, this approach might increase accuracy in identifying individuals with greater risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in the future, but concerns remain for its validity as a measure of ongoing disease.52”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Limitations of other anthropometric measures of adiposity
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [52] Sinaga, 2018, Optimal cut-off for obesity and markers of metabolic syndrome for Ethiopian adults, Nutr J sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports waist-circumference cut-offs for high triglyceride levels in Ethiopian adults, but does not evaluate a combined hypertriglyceridaemic-waist approach. Searches for future cardiovascular risk and validity as a measure of ongoing disease found no passage addressing either claim; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Hence, the pathophysiology of obesity not only involves an increase in total body fat, with preferential distribution to the intra-abdominal compartment in the presence of insulin resistance, but also ectopic lipid accrual into non-adipose tissues, especially in the liver, skeletal muscle, and the pancreas.95”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Distinct pathophysiology of obesity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [95] Chait, 2020, Adipose tissue distribution, inflammation and its metabolic consequences, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease, Front Cardiovasc Med source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“If a patient has obesity, this can change the hippocampus, affecting food-related memory and cognitive processes, potentially influencing eating behaviours.93”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Excessive adipose tissue expansion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [93] Farooqi, 2015, Genetic, molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in human obesity: Society for Endocrinology medal lecture 2012, Clin Endocrinol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Homeostatic pathways section discusses hypothalamic circuits that regulate appetite, and the SIM1 deficiency section mentions cognitive and behavioural deficits in variant carriers. Neither passage addresses whether obesity changes the hippocampus or affects food-related memory. Searches for hippocampal changes, memory and cognition found no passage supporting that claim; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“NTS neurons express receptors for multiple satiety peptides such as leptin, melanocortin, and GLP-1, and are key contributors to satiety control.93”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Excessive adipose tissue expansion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [93] Farooqi, 2015, Genetic, molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in human obesity: Society for Endocrinology medal lecture 2012, Clin Endocrinol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 'Homeostatic pathways involved in the regulation of weight' section discusses leptin-responsive neurons and melanocortin receptors in the hypothalamus, not NTS neurons. Searches for NTS, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and GLP-1 found no passage addressing the claimed receptor expression or the NTS's role in satiety control; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.77)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Lean individuals can be insulin-resistant and, conversely, people with obesity can be insulin-sensitive without an increased risk of future diabetes or cardiovascular disease.96”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Insulin resistance
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [96] Gonzalez-Cantero, 2018, Insulin resistance in lean and overweight non-diabetic Caucasian adults: study of its relationship with liver triglyceride content, waist circumference and BMI, PLoS One sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction states that insulin resistance occurs in non-obese individuals, supporting the first part of the claim. The paper does not establish that people with obesity can be insulin-sensitive without increased future diabetes or cardiovascular risk; the Discussion says its cross-sectional design could not assess the natural progression of insulin resistance, and the Introduction reports increased cardiovascular risk with higher BMI. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Obesity is also causally associated with atrial fibrillation, with preliminary evidence of reduced incident atrial fibrillation from large weight loss (eg, >10% of total body mass).114”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Cardiovascular
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [114] Pontiroli, 2023, Effect of prolonged and substantial weight loss on incident atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutrients sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Conclusions (pages unavailable in our copy) report that bariatric surgery is associated with reduced incident atrial fibrillation, possibly through sustained weight loss. The Introduction describes an association between obesity and atrial fibrillation, not an established causal link; the Discussion says a causal relationship between weight loss and prevention of atrial fibrillation still needs confirmation. The paper also says more studies are needed to determine how much weight loss is required, so it does not establish the cited >10% threshold. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Lymphoedema can also lead to severe infections, ulcer formation, psychosocial morbidity, and malignant transformation.104,105”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Lymphatic
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [104] Mehrara, 2014, Lymphedema and obesity: is there a link?, Plast Reconstr Surg sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The opening section (page not available) associates adipose deposition in late-stage lymphedema with severe infections, psychosocial morbidity, and malignant transformation. It mentions skin changes, but does not specifically identify ulcer formation; it also frames these outcomes as associations with late-stage disease rather than effects of lymphedema generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [105] Gasparis, 2020, Diagnostic approach to lower limb edema, Phlebology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says chronic edema negatively affects psychological health and quality of life, which supports the psychosocial part at a broader level than lymphoedema specifically. The Physical examination section associates ulcerations with advanced venous disease, while the paper does not say lymphoedema leads to severe infections or malignant transformation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Although the case for physical inactivity as a cause of obesity is weak,84 there is clear evidence that it contributes to adverse metabolic effects associated with obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Causes of obesity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [84] Pontzer, 2012, Hunter-gatherer energetics and human obesity, PLoS One source
The citation follows the first clause, about the weak case for physical inactivity as a cause of obesity. The Discussion (page unavailable) says the Hadza–Westerner comparison challenges the view that decreased energy expenditure is a primary cause of obesity and reports no correlation between physical activity level and adiposity. The later clause about adverse metabolic effects is not attached to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Obesity increases risk of thromboembolism, which has also been confirmed genetically.107”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Cardiovascular
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [107] Larsson, 2020, Body mass index and body composition in relation to 14 cardiovascular conditions in UK Biobank: a Mendelian randomization study, Eur Heart J source
The Methods classify deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism as thrombo-embolic diseases. The Results (Body mass index) report significant positive associations between genetically predicted BMI and both conditions, supporting the claim's genetic-evidence framing. (LLM, conf=0.93)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Obesity increases cancer risk by stimulating anabolic signalling pathways, altering hormone regulation, increasing inflammation, inducing DNA damage, and impairing DNA repair mechanisms, although specific mechanisms of action remain somewhat unclear.133”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Broader clinical effect of obesity in adults (due to obesity-related diseases or conditions)
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [133] Pati, 2023, Obesity and cancer: a current overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, outcomes, and management, Cancers sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Men with obesity have elevated rates of erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms.123”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Renal and urinary
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [123] Palmer, 2012, Impact of obesity on male fertility, sperm function and molecular composition, Spermatogenesis sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The ‘Male Obesity and Altered Hormone Profiles’ and ‘Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Fertility’ sections discuss testosterone, sperm counts, and fertility, not rates of erectile dysfunction or lower urinary tract symptoms. Searches for both symptoms and related terms found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed rates. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Weight discrimination can cause people to have higher levels of weight gain, cardiometabolic risk, obesity-related complications, and increased mortality.11”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Broader clinical effect of obesity in adults (due to obesity-related diseases or conditions)
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [11] Rubino, 2020, Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity, Nat Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Summary of evidence, under “Physical and mental health consequences of weight stigma” (page unavailable), links weight stigma to weight gain and reports higher cardiometabolic risk and mortality among people experiencing weight discrimination. It describes these outcomes chiefly as associations, not established effects caused by discrimination; it also does not directly establish the broader claim about obesity-related complications. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Peripheral neuropathy and chronic pain are related to clinical obesity and can contribute to functional impairment.132”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Effect of obesity on daily activities
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [132] Fjeldstad, 2008, The influence of obesity on falls and quality of life, Dyn Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) show that the obese group had worse bodily-pain and physical-function scores than the non-obese group. They do not establish that the pain was chronic or that pain contributed to functional impairment. Peripheral neuropathy appears only in a reference about falls; our copy does not link it to obesity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“A major contributor to obesity is psychological stress, which can lead to uncontrolled eating.134”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Broader clinical effect of obesity in adults (due to obesity-related diseases or conditions)
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [134] Petrelli, 2021, Association of obesity with survival outcomes in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA Netw Open sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion address obesity in relation to cancer risk and survival, not causes of obesity. Searches for psychological stress, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating found no passage in our copy supporting the claimed link. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In men, obesity is a cause of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism resulting in spermatogenesis disturbances and erectile dysfunction.121–123”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Reproductive
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [121] Fernandez, 2019, Male obesity-related secondary hypogonadism—pathophysiology, clinical implications and management, Eur Endocrinol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and the ‘Obesity and hypogonadism – bidirectional relationship’ section describe obesity as a cause of functional hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. The ‘Exercise alone’ section discusses recovery of erectile function in patients with MOSH. However, the paper attributes suppression of spermatogenesis to testosterone replacement therapy, not to obesity-induced hypogonadism; no page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [122] Sultan, 2020, Male obesity associated gonadal dysfunction and the role of bariatric surgery, Front Endocrinol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Testosterone Deficiency section says obesity is a strong risk factor for male secondary hypogonadism and that its effects include erectile dysfunction and changes in sperm and semen parameters. The Erectile Dysfunction section also describes obesity-related central hypogonadism. But the Sperm and Semen Parameters section says obesity’s effect on those parameters remains ambiguous, so the claim’s unqualified assertion of resulting spermatogenesis disturbances is stronger than the paper supports. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [123] Palmer, 2012, Impact of obesity on male fertility, sperm function and molecular composition, Spermatogenesis sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 'Male Obesity and Altered Hormone Profiles' section links higher BMI with altered reproductive hormones and reduced sperm counts, but describes obesity-related disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis as a hypothesis rather than establishing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as its consequence. 'Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome and Fertility' also cautions that obesity may not directly cause reduced sperm counts. The paper passages found do not support the erectile-dysfunction part of the claim (searched: erectile dysfunction, sexual dysfunction). (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Obesity is associated with increased risk for 13 types of cancer that account for more than 40% of cancer diagnoses annually.99,133,134”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Broader clinical effect of obesity in adults (due to obesity-related diseases or conditions)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [99] Gallagher, 2020, Hyperinsulinaemia in cancer, Nat Rev Cancer source
- Partly supportedcites [133] Pati, 2023, Obesity and cancer: a current overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, outcomes, and management, Cancers sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 6 (Obesity and Cancer Risk; page not provided) reports strong evidence linking obesity to increased risk of 13 cancers. The paper does not state that those 13 cancer types account for more than 40% of annual cancer diagnoses; its 4–8% figure in Section 4 measures the proportion of cancers attributed to obesity, which is a different quantity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [134] Petrelli, 2021, Association of obesity with survival outcomes in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis, JAMA Netw Open sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says increased BMI is associated with increased risk of multiple cancer types. It does not specify 13 types or say that they account for more than 40% of annual cancer diagnoses; searches for those figures found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The iteration characteristics of the Delphi technique have intrinsic limitations and might lead to groupthink, where participants might conform to dominant opinions of the group, which could affect objectivity.197”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Strengths and limitations of this Commission
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [197] Hsu, 2007, The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus, Pract Assess Res Eval source
In “Potential of Molding Opinions” (page not provided), the paper says iterative feedback can mold participants’ opinions and identifies subtle pressure to conform to group ratings as a major drawback. It also reports that distorted or false feedback changed participants’ ratings, supporting the claim’s concern about objectivity. The paper does not use the word “groupthink,” but the claim paraphrases the risk it describes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“type 2 diabetes is a highly heterogeneous disease (some studies suggest multiple subtypes might exist),195”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Diagnostic criteria for clinical obesity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [195] Ahlqvist, 2018, Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: a data-driven cluster analysis of six variables, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
The Abstract explicitly describes type 2 diabetes as highly heterogeneous and reports five replicable clusters with different characteristics and complication risks. The Introduction also describes heterogeneity in clinical presentation and progression. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
In the paper
“In a survey of commissioners’ initial opinions, a large majority of the group (~70%) agreed that the current definition of obesity (“abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health”)34 is not consistent with the notion of a standalone disease state.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One important limitation is the lack of clarity on whether abnormal function (metabolic, endocrine, or both) of adipose tissue and excess adipose tissue mass should both be present to define obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A specific pre-Delphi survey on the question of whether obesity is a disease showed that more than half of the commissioners rejected the all-or-nothing scenario implied in the question, but supported the view that obesity is a risk factor for other diseases and sometimes a disease itself.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commissioners’ views on obesity as a disease
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was general agreement among commissioners that abnormal function of adipose tissue results in several perturbances of physiology, such as insulin resistance, thereby crucially contributing to metabolic consequences of obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only about a third supported the idea of obesity as a disease, and the rest of the commissioners did not consider obesity to be a disease.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commissioners’ views on obesity as a disease
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial opinions diverged substantially, clearly indicating that a consensus would not be reached on a blanket definition of obesity as a disease, at least as currently defined.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commissioners’ views on obesity as a disease
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was strong agreement among commissioners (98%) that the use of BMI should be restricted to the screening of patients with potential obesity (table 1), whereas additional measures of adiposity are essential to confirm obesity status (ie, excess adiposity) at the clinical level.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, those who responded stated that the treatment of obesity was less effective than for nine of ten other chronic conditions.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers > Health-care professionals’ views and attitudes about obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Foster, 2003, Primary care physicians' attitudes about obesity and its treatment, Obes Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The majority (75%) of physicians felt that a 10% weight reduction was sufficient to improve obesity-related health complications, but claimed that insufficient reimbursement limited their ability to treat obesity adequately.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers > Health-care professionals’ views and attitudes about obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Foster, 2003, Primary care physicians' attitudes about obesity and its treatment, Obes Res source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although overeating and a high-fat diet were considered important, physical inactivity was listed by responders as the most salient cause for obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers > Health-care professionals’ views and attitudes about obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Foster, 2003, Primary care physicians' attitudes about obesity and its treatment, Obes Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When ascertaining perceived treatment effectiveness, lifestyle interventions (eg, healthy eating and physical activity) are considered more useful than medical management among people with obesity.57”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers > Views of people with obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Kaplan, 2018, Perceptions of barriers to effective obesity care: results from the national ACTION study, Obesity source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Patients living with obesity were described as unattractive, awkward, and non-compliant.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers > Health-care professionals’ views and attitudes about obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [64] Foster, 2003, Primary care physicians' attitudes about obesity and its treatment, Obes Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most cited perceived barriers to successful management of obesity are lack of exercise and motivation.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers > Views of people with obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Skin-on-skin rubbing and excessive moisture damage skin, causing inflammation and rash (eg, intertrigo), which predispose skin to fungal and bacterial infections.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Broader clinical effect of obesity in adults (due to obesity-related diseases or conditions)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Paradoxically, weight stigma can exacerbate disordered eating, binge eating, emotional overeating, the choice of unhealthy diets, avoidance of physical activity, and encouragement of sedentary behaviour.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Broader clinical effect of obesity in adults (due to obesity-related diseases or conditions)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence and severity of obesity-related organ dysfunction vary among children and adolescents, and not all people are susceptible to the same complications.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Obesity in children and adolescents
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not every person with excess adiposity has ongoing illness; some people with obesity might be able to maintain normal function of organs and substantially preserved health, long term.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Defining illness in obesity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About half of children with obesity will have obesity throughout their lives, with considerable effects on adult morbidity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Obesity in children and adolescents
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the inability to recognise obesity as a direct cause of ill health could undermine effective treatment and medically sound policies from regulatory agencies and health insurers.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The idea of obesity as a standalone disease entity, however, remains controversial, both within and beyond the medical community.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With no explicit characterisation of the illness intrinsically induced by obesity, independent of comorbidities—in other words, without a clear subject for disease diagnosis—the question of whether obesity is a disease is objectively unanswerable.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: The illness directly caused by obesity is yet to be defined.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this context, a blanket attribution of disease status to obesity (as currently defined and measured [ie, BMI >30 kg/m2, or 27·5 kg/m2 for Asian populations]) poses an objective risk of overdiagnosis, resulting in unwarranted use of drugs, technologies, and surgical procedures, with staggering costs for society, and negative ramifications at clinical, economic, and political levels.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Rosen, 2014, Is obesity a disease or a behaviour abnormality? Did the AMA get it right?, Mo Med
- Not checked yetcites [14] Katz, 2014, Perspective: obesity is not a disease, Nature source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Not checked yetcites [15] Luli, 2023, The implications of defining obesity as a disease: a report from the Association for the Study of Obesity 2021 annual conference, EClinicalMedicine source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We defined 18 criteria for the diagnosis of clinical obesity in adults (range of consensus 90–100%; table 2), plus 13 criteria in children and adolescents (range of consensus 96–100%; table 2).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Methods > Consensus development process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, if obesity were only a condition of risk to health (as per its current definition) it would be difficult to understand why it should be considered a disease.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 82 statements (including definitions and diagnostic criteria) had consensus, of which 49 (60%) were unanimous consensus and 33 (40%) near-unanimous.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Methods > Consensus development process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three rounds of Delphi were accomplished with 100% response rate (58 of 58 commissioners).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Methods > Consensus development process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consistent with its original definition as a condition that poses a risk to health,1,4 obesity has been framed and extensively studied as a harbinger of other diseases.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
“obesity has been framed and extensively studied as a harbinger of other diseases.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 2004, Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies, Lancet source
- Not matchedcites [4]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to potentially misclassifying excess adiposity itself, BMI provides no information about the functional status of tissues and organs, or the ability of an individual to conduct normal daily activities, which are two fundamental criteria for assessment of a person’s health.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BMI does not differentiate between fat and lean mass or account for differences in body fat distribution.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several professional organisations, including the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology and the European Association for the Study of Obesity have recommended consideration of pathophysiological abnormalities in the mass, distribution, and function of adipose tissue as more appropriate than BMI-centric criteria to assess the effect of excess adiposity on health.48,49”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Mechanick, 2017, Adiposity-based chronic disease as a new diagnostic term: the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement, Endocr Pract source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Frühbeck, 2019, The ABCD of obesity: an EASO position statement on a diagnostic term with clinical and scientific implications, Obes Facts source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This dispute, however, reveals a crucial missing piece in the way obesity is conceptualised: because the illness directly caused by obesity is yet to be defined, obesity lacks a precise clinical identity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The illness directly caused by obesity is yet to be defined.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regardless of the causality of such associations, these conditions are diseases in their own right and cannot be configured as expressions of a single disease process.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to WHO, an adult with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or higher is considered to have obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All commissioners reviewed the results and signed a statement to confirm their agreement with the final recommendations.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Methods > Consensus development process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, an accurate definition of obesity should make it clear that excess fat mass is the fundamental characteristic of obesity, whereas abnormal function of adipose tissue might or might not be part of obesity (ie, obesity should be defined by excess fat mass, with or without abnormal function).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All recommendations presented in this Commission have been agreed with the highest level of consensus among the commissioners (grade of agreement 90–100%) and have been endorsed by 76 organisations worldwide, including scientific societies and patient advocacy groups.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obesity is currently conceived and defined as a condition of excess adiposity that presents a “risk to health”.34”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [34]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The aforementioned examples of other chronic diseases show that the notion of disease in medicine fundamentally implies an ability of the disease to cause illness, intended as a human experience of ill health, characterised by distinct clinical manifestations secondary to ongoing alterations in the functioning of organs, tissues, or both.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commissioners’ views on obesity as a disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, BMI remains the most commonly used measure of obesity worldwide, and helps identification of individuals at risk of obesity-related comorbidities.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although not appropriate for use as a clinical parameter, BMI remains a universally accepted measure of obesity at the individual level.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The narrative of the clinical effect of obesity focuses instead on adiposity-related risks of developing other diseases—that is, distinct clinical entities with their own pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evolution, and prognosis.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commissioners’ views on obesity as a disease
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The objective evidence and logic behind both perspectives suggest fundamental issues in the current framing of obesity and in the methods used for its diagnosis.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commissioners’ views on obesity as a disease
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the current BMI-based definition of obesity can either underestimate or overestimate both adiposity and illness (figure 2).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conversely, some individuals with a BMI in the range currently defining obesity (>30 kg/m2 in individuals of European descent) do not have excess fat mass and are not at increased risk of morbidity or mortality.41”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Després, 2023, BMI versus obesity subtypes in the era of precision medicine, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most crucially, BMI has become an integral part of the current definition of obesity, as most health-care services, medical organisations, and public health agencies recommend use of a BMI threshold (ie, 30 kg/m2 in individuals of European descent) to diagnose obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, a more accurate definition of obesity—consistent with evidence that risk for other diseases and ongoing illness can both be associated with excess adiposity—is necessary to explain the full effect of obesity on health.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the exclusive focus on risk in the definition of obesity inherently implies that ill health has not yet materialised (and might, at least theoretically, never materialise).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One practical consequence of defining obesity as a disease, under its current BMI-based definition, is that approximately 30–40% of people in some countries would be diagnosed as having this disease right now and would be rendered eligible, overnight, for claims of disability or expensive (and potentially unnecessary) treatments.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, BMI thresholds are routinely used in clinical practice to rank the severity of obesity (class 1, 2, or 3 [eg, BMI of 30–34·9 kg/m2, 35–39·9 kg/m2, or >40 kg/m2, respectively, for individuals of European descent]), establish indications for therapeutic interventions, or decide insurance coverage of obesity treatments.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current diagnosis of obesity worldwide is based on BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of a clearly identifiable illness caused by obesity provides no subject for accurate disease diagnosis, thus representing a major stumbling block for the consideration of obesity as a disease (panel 4).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commissioners’ views on obesity as a disease
plaindirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For all these reasons, using BMI for the diagnosis of obesity represents a major barrier for both the understanding and acceptance of obesity as a disease.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Feedback from such groups did not change the conclusions of the Commission but has been used to improve the presentation of our findings in this manuscript.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Methods > Consensus development process
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, one can legitimately argue that a risk factor is not necessarily a disease, and that a disease should be diagnosed when it occurs, not before.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Conceptual and practical issues in the current definition of obesity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a result, some individuals with a BMI in the so-called normal or overweight range (eg, 18·5–29·9 kg/m2 in individuals of European descent) could have excess body fat and be at increased risk of obesity-related morbidity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > The BMI issue
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast with such generally adopted medical principles, the current definition of obesity provides no clear characterisation of the illness induced by obesity itself.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commissioners’ views on obesity as a disease
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once developed, excess adiposity can affect the structure and function of multiple organs (ie, cause illness) and also predisposes individuals to obesity-related diseases and conditions that contribute to an increased risk of morbidity, mortality, and impaired quality of life.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Causes of obesity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anthropometric measures have been extensively studied as predictors of metabolic risk, but much less so as a sign of ongoing organ dysfunction caused by obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Limitations of other anthropometric measures of adiposity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Describing the health effect of obesity through other diseases inherently implies that the onset of other diseases is necessary for obesity to cause ill health.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Current clinical characterisation of obesity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In fact, many chronic diseases are substantially influenced by lifestyle choices (eg, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]), yet their disease status is not under discussion.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The debate around the idea of obesity as a disease elicits polarising and often emotional reactions, often based on non-medical considerations.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Without a clear definition of the illness caused by obesity, it is not possible to establish which biomarkers, and with what specific thresholds, have objective clinical validity as measures of disease in obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Limitations of other anthropometric measures of adiposity
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The conventional narrative about the health effects of obesity might also contribute to controversy about the idea of obesity as a disease.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Current clinical characterisation of obesity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although using anthropometric measures as alternatives or in addition to BMI could improve detection of excess adiposity and prediction of cardiometabolic risk, akin to BMI they are not a robust measure of ongoing illness.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Limitations of other anthropometric measures of adiposity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Adding biochemical markers, such as plasma triglyceride levels, to the measurement of waist circumference—a phenotype described as hypertriglyceridaemic waist—has been suggested as a useful method for identification of individuals with excess visceral adipose tissue and ectopic fat.51”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Limitations of other anthropometric measures of adiposity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Lemieux, 2000, Hypertriglyceridemic waist: a marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men?, Circulation source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the availability and cost of biochemical tests can limit their widespread implementation in clinical practice, especially in the context of variable reliability.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Limitations of other anthropometric measures of adiposity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although such a narrative has merit to alert clinicians, policy makers, patients, and the public about the need to take obesity seriously, it could contribute to misconceptions in the way obesity is approached clinically, compared with other chronic diseases.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Current clinical characterisation of obesity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These seemingly irreconcilable arguments result from a narrative that highlights only partial, indirect evidence of the negative effects of excess adiposity on health, and fails to recognise direct consequences of obesity itself on tissues and organs, with resulting illness (figure 1).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Limitations of the current framing of obesity > Current clinical characterisation of obesity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although alternative anthropometric measures and biomarkers have been suggested as possible replacements for BMI as diagnostic tools or to inform decisions about treatment, they have not been used as a measure of health in individual patients and would have insufficient diagnostic accuracy as a measure of ongoing illness.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Model for the diagnosis of clinical obesity > Anthropometric versus clinical model
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher levels of adiposity worsen insulin resistance, increasing β-cell demand, particularly when fat is deposited ectopically in the liver and muscle.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Metabolic
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Obesity can directly cause organ dysfunction via several pathophysiological mechanisms, including the physical effect of increased adipose tissue mass, the presence of ectopic fat within tissues and organs, metabolic effects, inflammatory mechanisms, and psychological consequences (figure 3).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, obesity functions as a chronically inflamed state that originates from adipose tissue but also occurs systemically.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Inflammation and gut microbiota
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings show that eating is both an innate (hard-wired) and learned behaviour.93”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Causes of obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Farooqi, 2015, Genetic, molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in human obesity: Society for Endocrinology medal lecture 2012, Clin Endocrinol source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These clinical manifestations are responsible for conferring morbidity, mortality, and impaired quality of life in people with obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, disruption of genes in the leptin-melanocortin pathway alters eating behaviour by increasing hunger, decreasing satiety, activating food reward cues, and increasing the preference for dietary fat.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Mechanistic evidence of disease in obesity > Causes of obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Farooqi, 2015, Genetic, molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in human obesity: Society for Endocrinology medal lecture 2012, Clin Endocrinol source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the severity of symptoms and complications vary among individuals at any given BMI, and not all people are susceptible to the same symptoms and complications.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lymphoedema of the lower limbs is strongly associated with severe obesity, particularly in women, which develops due to mechanical compression of lymphatic vessels and reduced drainage, with feelings of pain, tightness, or both, resulting in decreased range of motion.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Lymphatic
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a strong association of disordered eating with lack of exercise, which can exacerbate stress levels, additionally causing increased food intake.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Broader clinical effect of obesity in adults (due to obesity-related diseases or conditions)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Urinary incontinence is common in women with obesity and develops due to high intra-abdominal pressure combined with pelvic floor dysfunction.127”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Renal and urinary
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [127] Doumouchtsis, 2022, The role of obesity on urinary incontinence and anal incontinence in women: a review, BJOG source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The presence of MASLD is also associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes (and is present in ~70% of people with type 2 diabetes) and cardiovascular disease.125”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Liver
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] Hydes, 2020, Mechanisms, screening modalities and treatment options for individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes, Diabet Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Eating disorders are common among people living with obesity, especially binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome.140”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Broader clinical effect of obesity in adults (due to obesity-related diseases or conditions)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [140] Shillito, 2018, Why I eat at night: a qualitative exploration of the development, maintenance and consequences of night eating syndrome, Appetite source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In line with such interactions, many people with obesity present with raised triglycerides, surrogate evidence of excess liver fat, and often with reduced HDL cholesterol and elevated blood glucose and HbA1c concentrations.120”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Metabolic
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [120] Sattar, 2022, High circulating triglycerides are most commonly a marker of ectopic fat accumulation: connecting the clues to advance lifestyle interventions, Circulation source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The development of obesity-related glomerulopathy is well recognised and can lead to end-stage kidney disease.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Renal and urinary
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychological stress changes not only the amount of the food ingested but also shifts eating patterns away from recommended diets to sweeter and fattier foods.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical manifestations of organ dysfunction directly caused by obesity in adults > Broader clinical effect of obesity in adults (due to obesity-related diseases or conditions)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our appraisal of evidence included a broad range of topics related to obesity, but relied on narrative reviews and experts’ assessment of evidence, rather than on systematic reviews and meta-analyses.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Strengths and limitations of this Commission
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the extensive use of live and offline pre-Delphi surveys, and discussions within smaller subgroups (subcommittees), provided ample opportunities for dissenting opinions to be heard and considered before developing a Delphi questionnaire.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Strengths and limitations of this Commission
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, the meaning of preclinical obesity does not coincide with the terms overweight or preobesity (defined as a BMI of 25·0–29·9 kg/m2).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Definitions of clinical and preclinical obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, the diagnosis of clinical obesity requires confirmation of obesity status through fulfilment of anthropometric criteria (an anthropometric component) plus signs or symptoms of abnormalities in the function of one or more tissue or organ systems, substantial (age-adjusted) limitations of daily activities, or both (a clinical component).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Principles for the diagnosis of clinical obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This approach could plausibly reduce risks of inequality or discrimination pertaining to access to care for obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Patients’ perspectives and the impact of weight bias
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“using a disease state as a diagnostic criterion for another disease would be contradictory on logical grounds, and would also undermine differential diagnosis, as it would make diseases indistinguishable from one another.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Diagnostic criteria for clinical obesity
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there is an inevitable risk of bias in this group, as in any selection of experts.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Strengths and limitations of this Commission
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the criteria for the diagnosis of clinical obesity are only met when one can plausibly exclude other causes.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Recommendations for clinical practice
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our definition of clinical obesity actually emphasises illness, which is objective, rather than risk, which is highly variable among individuals of different age, gender, and ethnicity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Patients’ perspectives and the impact of weight bias
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the preclinical–clinical obesity model allows to objectively and pragmatically distinguish scenarios that require substantially different timing and intensity of intervention; these scenarios are also associated with different time frames over which to assess health outcomes and cost-effectiveness of such interventions”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Recommendations for policy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The recognition of clinical obesity as a chronic illness should facilitate a more rational use of prevention versus treatment strategies, resulting in more appropriate and cost-effective allocation of resources.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Recommendations for policy
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Obesity is defined by excess adiposity. Hence, verification of excess adiposity is necessary to confirm obesity status for the purpose of clinical assessment.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Clinical assessment of obesity status
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With current knowledge, it is not possible to identify the amount of weight loss necessary to reach such goals”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Goals for treatment of clinical obesity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is plausible that different clinical manifestations of clinical obesity (eg, cardiovascular, metabolic, and musculoskeletal) might require different intensity of treatment, respond to different degrees of weight reduction, or both.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Goals for treatment of clinical obesity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is objective evidence that obesity can cause illness by directly inducing dysfunction of several organs and tissues.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Defining illness in obesity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is common during childhood to observe only preclinical signs of organ dysfunction, which is probably due to the early stage of disease progression, shorter exposure to obesity-related stressors, and greater capacity for repair and compensation.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Obesity in children and adolescents
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the effects of excess adiposity on the organ systems involved in metabolism can be pragmatically detected, with sufficient specificity, by a cluster of biochemical alterations that reflect downstream effects of insulin resistance and ectopic fat accumulation—typical pathogenetic mechanisms of obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Diagnostic criteria for clinical obesity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The conditions indicated here as diagnostic criteria represent alterations of organ function that are not exclusive of clinical obesity and might be caused by other diseases and conditions.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Recommendations for clinical practice
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such lack of clinical characterisation has so far hindered acceptance of obesity as a disease state, while also undermining rational approaches to care and policy.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The manifestations of obesity as an illness have not been adequately characterised.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As defined, clinical and preclinical obesity are likely to be very heterogeneous conditions.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Strengths and limitations of this Commission
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With current knowledge, illness due to obesity can only be defined by the presence of clinical manifestations of abnormal organ function.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Defining illness in obesity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“inclusion of type 2 diabetes (as a disease) in the diagnostic criteria for clinical obesity would reduce specificity and potentially include subtypes of diabetes that cannot be entirely justified as related to excess or abnormal adiposity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Diagnostic criteria for clinical obesity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“preclinical obesity generally will require a lower urgency and intensity of care compared with clinical obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Management of preclinical obesity
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“clinical obesity objectively reflects ongoing illness, therefore providing a rational and medically meaningful target for diagnosis and treatment prioritisation.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the potential implications of introducing new names are also unclear. New terms might bring about other shortcomings, while still carrying over bias and prejudice associated to excess adiposity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Strengths and limitations of this Commission
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Preclinical obesity identifies people with a variable level of health risk but with substantially preserved health at present.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Management of preclinical obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distinction between preclinical and clinical obesity is, in fact, similar to the conceptual framework of risk versus issue, used to facilitate problem management.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Recommendations for policy
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The definition of clinical obesity implies the combination of an obesity phenotype with objective and specific evidence of ongoing illness due to obesity (table 1).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Principles for the diagnosis of clinical obesity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because health or illness is not solely defined by metabolic abnormalities, preclinical and clinical obesity do not coincide with the previously proposed distinctions of metabolically healthy or metabolically unhealthy obesity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Definitions of clinical and preclinical obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Excess adiposity can directly induce illness (ie, clinical obesity), in addition to being a harbinger of other diseases and conditions (ie, a risk to health).”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Definitions of clinical and preclinical obesity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Early diagnosis and treatment of obesity in children and adolescents is essential because they are likely to develop short-term or medium-term diseases or disorders, and to continue to have obesity in adulthood, putting them at risk for developing clinical obesity and other non-communicable diseases.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Obesity in children and adolescents
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We recognise that a medically or diagnostically based approach to defining clinical obesity could present challenges, such as inconsistencies in clinical practice, limited access to diagnostic tools, and variability in interpreting symptoms.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Strengths and limitations of this Commission
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Akin to other chronic illnesses, clinical obesity results from alterations in the function of organs, the whole organism, or both, directly induced by excess adiposity.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Definitions of clinical and preclinical obesity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because obesity can cause illness, assessment of obesity—and any medical advice for its management—should always be provided by qualified health-care professionals.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Recommendations for clinical practice
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this Commission’s diagnostic criteria for clinical obesity only include individual alterations of organ function, not diseases in their own right.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Diagnostic criteria for clinical obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cluster of metabolic criteria recommended in this Commission for diagnosis of obesity includes both diabetic and non-diabetic levels of hyperglycaemia, high triglyceride concentrations, and low HDL cholesterol.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Diagnostic criteria for clinical obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the Commission acknowledges the limitation of having a very small number of patient representatives and representatives from low-income and middle-income countries, despite being geographically diverse.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Strengths and limitations of this Commission
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we believe that this Commission was inclusive of many relevant medical specialties and achieved sufficiently broad geographical representation to align with the intended global outreach of the initiative.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Strengths and limitations of this Commission
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“clinical obesity is a systemic and heterogeneous illness with a broad range of severity and prognosis.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Diagnostic criteria for clinical obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Not all possible clinical manifestations of clinical obesity occur in the same individual, and different clinical manifestations have distinct effects on quality of life and prognosis.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BMI and anthropometric measures do not provide information about organ function or limitations in the activities of normal living; hence, they do not allow discrimination between health and illness at the individual level.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Defining illness in obesity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the commissioners were, inevitably, from high-income countries, reflecting the availability of resources and expertise in those regions.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Strengths and limitations of this Commission
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Obesity is therefore a heterogeneous condition, and an obesity phenotype does not necessarily reflect ongoing illness.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Defining illness in obesity
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our proposed clinical reframing of obesity, and its focus on the diagnosis of illness, allows objective assessment of the health effect of obesity on an individual, and should address concerns about potential negative consequences of overdiagnosis”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Commission recommendations: definitions and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Patients’ perspectives and the impact of weight bias
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear that the issue of weight bias is complex, and has deep and incompletely understood causes that pertain perhaps more to our misunderstanding of mechanisms of regulation of adipose tissue mass and causes of obesity, rather than names, per se.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Strengths and limitations of this Commission
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
Current BMI-based measures of obesity can both underestimate and overestimate adiposity and provide inadequate information about health at the individual level.
“Current BMI-based measures of obesity can both underestimate and overestimate adiposity and provide inadequate information about health at the individual level, which undermines medically-sound approaches to health care and policy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Clinical obesity can lead to severe end-organ damage, causing life-altering and potentially life-threatening complications.
“Clinical obesity can lead to severe end-organ damage, causing life-altering and potentially life-threatening complications (eg, heart attack, stroke, and renal failure).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The risk of mortality and obesity-associated diseases can rise as a continuum across increasing levels of fat mass.
“Although the risk of mortality and obesity-associated diseases can rise as a continuum across increasing levels of fat mass”
The paper relies on this without support.
Obesity is a highly heterogenous condition.
“Other critics point to more objective issues, such as the fact that obesity is a highly heterogenous condition and that many people with excess adiposity have no signs of ongoing illness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many people with excess adiposity have no signs of ongoing illness.
“Other critics point to more objective issues, such as the fact that obesity is a highly heterogenous condition and that many people with excess adiposity have no signs of ongoing illness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The illness directly caused by obesity is yet to be defined.
“This dispute, however, reveals a crucial missing piece in the way obesity is conceptualised: because the illness directly caused by obesity is yet to be defined, obesity lacks a precise clinical identity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The phenotype of obesity is still only defined by corpulence.
“In fact, the phenotype of obesity is still only defined by corpulence, despite evidence that excess adiposity can also have clinical manifestations and cause illness by inducing dysfunction of various organs and tissues.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Excess adiposity can also have clinical manifestations and cause illness by inducing dysfunction of various organs and tissues.
“In fact, the phenotype of obesity is still only defined by corpulence, despite evidence that excess adiposity can also have clinical manifestations and cause illness by inducing dysfunction of various organs and tissues.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The manifestations of obesity as an illness have not been adequately characterised.
“The manifestations of obesity as an illness, however, have not been adequately characterised.”
“The manifestations of obesity as an illness, however, have not been adequately characterised.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Weight-based bias and stigma are major obstacles in efforts to effectively prevent and treat obesity.
“Weight-based bias and stigma are major obstacles in efforts to effectively prevent and treat obesity; health-care professionals and policy makers should receive proper training to address this important issue of obesity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The diagnosis of disease in other areas of medicine is generally based on the detection of signs and symptoms induced by dysfunction of organs or the whole organism.
“The diagnosis of disease in other areas of medicine is generally based on the detection of signs and symptoms induced by dysfunction of organs or the whole organism (see section Chronic diseases).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The illness specifically caused by obesity had not been clinically characterised before this Commission.
“As the illness specifically caused by obesity has not been clinically characterised before this Commission, there are currently no available anthropometric measures or biomarkers that have sufficiently robust diagnostic accuracy to conceive a single-criterion, diagnostic model of clinical obesity (as there is for diabetes).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Obesity facilitates the development of several mental disorders.
“Although this Commission recognises that obesity facilitates the development of several mental disorders, the mechanisms behind such associations are complex and not fully understood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many medications used to treat mental disorders promote weight gain, exacerbating obesity.
“Unfortunately, many medications used to treat mental disorders promote weight gain, exacerbating obesity.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Resolution of manifestations of clinical obesity (ie, restoring normal organ function) should have a positive effect on an individual’s experience of illness and on quality of life.
“It is plausible to assume that resolution of manifestations of clinical obesity (ie, restoring normal organ function) should have a positive effect on an individual’s experience of illness and on quality of life.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity assume exclusion of obvious other causes of organ dysfunction or signs and symptoms.
“Importantly, all diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity assume exclusion of obvious other causes of organ dysfunction or signs and symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Traditional grading and scoring systems of obesity and health insurance policies typically include a mix of individual alterations of organ structure or function and diseases in their own right, all incorrectly referred to as comorbidities or complications.
“Traditional grading and scoring systems of obesity and health insurance policies typically include a mix of individual alterations of organ structure or function (eg, MASLD) and diseases in their own right (eg, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, and cancer)—all incorrectly referred to as comorbidities or complications.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The diagnosis of type 2 diabetes reflects a disease state characterised by its own pathophysiology and distinct clinical manifestations.
“this diagnosis reflects a disease state characterised by its own pathophysiology and distinct clinical manifestations (eg, fatigue, polyuria, and polydipsia).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Not all possible clinical manifestations of clinical obesity occur in the same individual, and different clinical manifestations have distinct effects on quality of life and prognosis.
“not all possible clinical manifestations of clinical obesity occur in the same individual, and different clinical manifestations have distinct effects on quality of life and prognosis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The individual level of risk varies substantially with several factors (eg, ethnicity, family history, or fat distribution).
“the individual level of risk varies substantially with several factors (eg, ethnicity, family history, or fat distribution)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Obesity exerts a substantial and broad effect on people’s lives, beyond just health. Social, financial, and emotional effects of obesity compound the health effect of excess adiposity.
“Obesity exerts a substantial and broad effect on people’s lives, beyond just health. Social, financial, and emotional effects of obesity (especially experience of societal stigma) compound the health effect of excess adiposity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Much remains unknown about the cause, pathophysiology, management, and societal effect of obesity.
“much remains unknown about its cause, pathophysiology, management, and societal effect.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The use of diagnostic criteria is a well established approach for identification of many chronic illnesses.
“the use of diagnostic criteria is a well established approach for identification of many chronic illnesses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Widespread weight bias, stereotypes, and stigma contribute towards a pejorative connotation to various terms related to excess adiposity, including the name obesity itself.
“widespread weight bias, stereotypes, and stigma contribute towards a pejorative connotation to various terms related to excess adiposity, including the name obesity itself.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Every disease is characterised by its distinct pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evolution, and prognosis.
“Every disease is characterised by its distinct pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evolution, and prognosis.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, people with excess adiposity but without evidence of reduced organ/tissue function due to obesity or significant, age-adjusted limitations of day-to-day activities would still warrant intervention, primarily through structured lifestyle modification rather than pharmacotherapy or surgery, to avert the progression toward metabolic dysfunction and end-organ damage [94].”
From Precision obesity medicine: A phenotype-guided framework for pharmacologic therapy across the lifespan (2025) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The 2024 Lancet Commission on the diagnosis and management of obesity formally introduced the notion of a “preclinical obesity” stage, analogous to other chronic diseases such as prediabetes or prehypertension.”
From Precision obesity medicine: A phenotype-guided framework for pharmacologic therapy across the lifespan (2025) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The ongoing debate on the definition, diagnostic criteria, and staging for obesity makes it difficult for physicians without specialist backgrounds or sufficient resources to decide when and for whom the prescription of pharmacotherapy might be relevant”
From The societal implications of using glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [57]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Some individuals who are classified as overweight (BMI > 25 and < 30 kg/m2) may not have excess body fat, while others with BMIs within the normal range may exhibit elevated percentages of fat [16, 31].”
From Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP i ): A Population‐Based Study (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This reframed narrative is endorsed by the WHO [1] and is reflected in the 2025 global commission publication on the definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity [4].”
From Application of nutrition interventions with GLP-1 based therapies: A narrative review of the challenges and solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In older people, the current definition for obesity based on BMI may result in an underdiagnosis of obesity due to the loss of bone or muscle mass [16].”
From Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP i ): A Population‐Based Study (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition, BMI is now viewed as a flawed metric for representing normative weight ranges because of its insensitivity to differences in body type and lean versus fat mass and inconsistency across race and sex groups.76–80”
From Malnutrition and Cachexia in Inpatients With Acute Cardiac Conditions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2026) · cites this paper as [80]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Particularly, Zambon and colleagues [16] developed a reliable diagnostic tool utilizing body composition measurements to identify cardiometabolic conditions in younger patients (mean age: 45 ± 12.9 years).”
From Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP i ): A Population‐Based Study (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Previous proposed scoring systems have identified persons with overweight or obesity at risk of SO [16, 33].”
From Sarcopenic Obesity Phenotype Index (SOP i ): A Population‐Based Study (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A recent expert group reviewed the utility of BMI-based measures for assessing individual health and concluded that these can misclassify (both underestimate and overestimate) adiposity—and thus undermine effective clinical care and policy development [263].”
In the citing paper
“That expert group recommended using BMI as a surrogate measure of clinical obesity for population-level assessments.”
In the citing paper
“To address this, the report proposed a new definition of clinical obesity—a chronic, systemic illness resulting from excess adiposity and characterized by alterations in tissue and organ function.”
In the citing paper
“The report further distinguished clinical obesity, defined as excess adiposity with significant tissue or organ dysfunction that can lead to severe complications, from preclinical obesity, defined as excess adiposity without immediate organ dysfunction but with an increased risk of progression to clinical obesity and other non-communicable diseases.”
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > Views and attitudes about obesity among patients, health-care professionals, and policy makers > Health-care professionals’ views and attitudes about obesity
“A 2022 meta-analysis of studies about weight bias among health-care professionals”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > References
“65. Lawrence BJ, Kerr D, Pollard CM, Weight bias among health care professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29: 1802– 12.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > References
“March 1, 2024.”
§ Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity > References
“(accessed Dec 8, 2023).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rubino, F., Cummings, D. E., Eckel, R. H., Cohen, R. V., Wilding, J. P. H., Brown, W. A., Stanford, F. C., Batterham, R. L., Farooqi, I. S., Farpour-Lambert, N. J., le Roux, C. W., Sattar, N., Baur, L. A., Morrison, K. M., Misra, A., Kadowaki, T., Tham, K. W., Sumithran, P., Garvey, W. T., Kirwan, J. P., Fernández-Real, J.-M., Corkey, B. E., Toplak, H., Kokkinos, A., Kushner, R. F., Branca, F., Valabhji, J., Blüher, M., Bornstein, S. R., Grill, H. J., Ravussin, E., Gregg, E., Al Busaidi, N. B., Alfaris, N. F., Al Ozairi, E., Carlsson, L. M. S., Clément, K., Després, J.-P., Dixon, J. B., Galea, G., Kaplan, L. M., Laferrère, B., Laville, M., Lim, S., Luna Fuentes, J. R., Mooney, V. M., Nadglowski, J., Urudinachi, A., Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, M., Pan, A., Pattou, F., Schauer, P. R., Tschöp, M. H., van der Merwe, M. T., Vettor, R., & Mingrone, G.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz (BR)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- The Alfred Hospital (AU)
- Harvard University (US)
- Eli Lilly (United Kingdom) (GB)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- McMaster Children's Hospital (CA)
- National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (IN)
- Toranomon Hospital (JP)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Boston University (US)
- University of Graz (AT)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Northwestern University (US)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- National Health Service (GB)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (IE)
- King Fahd Medical City (SA)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Inserm (FR)
- VITAM - Centre de recherche en santé durable (CA)
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (DK)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Lyon 1 Université (FR)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (CN)
- University of Pretoria (ZA)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Rubino, Francesco
- ORCID
- Rubino, Francesco
- Eckel, Robert H
- Cohen, Ricardo V
- Wilding, John P H
- Brown, Wendy A
- Stanford, Fatima Cody
- Batterham, Rachel L
- Farooqi, I Sadaf
- le Roux, Carel W
- Sattar, Naveed
- Baur, Louise A
- Morrison, Katherine M
- Misra, Anoop
- Kadowaki, Takashi
- Tham, Kwang Wei
- Sumithran, Priya
- Garvey, W Timothy
- Kirwan, John P
- Corkey, Barbara E
- Toplak, Hermann
- Kokkinos, Alexander
- Kushner, Robert F
- Branca, Francesco
- Valabhji, Jonathan
- Blüher, Matthias
- Bornstein, Stefan R
- Grill, Harvey J
- Gregg, Edward
- Alfaris, Nasreen F
- Carlsson, Lena M S
- Clément, Karine
- Després, Jean-Pierre
- Dixon, John B
- Galea, Gauden
- Kaplan, Lee M
- Laferrère, Blandine
- Laville, Martine
- Lim, Soo
- Mooney, Vicki M
- Nadglowski, Joseph
- Pan, An
- Schauer, Philip R
- Tschöp, Matthias H
- Vettor, Roberto
- Mingrone, Geltrude
- Venue
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-03
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 221-262
- ISSN
- 2213-8587 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11870235
- OpenAlex
- W4406352787
- Cited by
- 1,811
- References
- 185
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1028 · 2025: 782
- FWCI
- 182.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2025-03-01)
- Open access
- green
- pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U54GM104940)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U24DK132733, UE5DK137285)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- clinical obesity, excess adiposity, preclinical obesity, diagnostic criteria, body mass index limitations, anthropometric measures, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat measurement, obesity as chronic disease, obesity-related comorbidities, non-communicable diseases, obesity policy, expert consensus, lived experience of obesity, health risk assessment, target organ damage
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-20, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-20 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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