The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 82 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; none of the 24 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
“Stress: appraisal and coping,”
Folkman, S. (2013) · Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_215 · Cited by 27,833
The expression of the emotions in man and animals.
Darwin, C. D. (1872) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.1037/10001-000 · Cited by 12,120
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1978) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90002-4 · Cited by 10,586
The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916
Self-citationPsychological stress and the coping process
Lazarus, R. S. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,164
Murray, C. J. L., & López, A. D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07492-2 · Cited by 7,007
Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1252 · Cited by 5,312
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.224 · Cited by 4,671
Self-citationProgress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.8.819 · Cited by 3,272
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Buck, R. W. ~ 1979 ! . Individual differences in non-verbal sending accuracy and electrodermal responding: The externalizing-internalizing dimension. In R. Rosenthal ~ Ed. ! , Skill in non-verbal communication ~ pp. 140170 ! . Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
- Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.
- Clore, G. L. ~ 1994 ! . Why emotions vary in intensity. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson ~ Eds. ! , The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions ~ pp. 386-393 ! . New York: Oxford University Press.
- Frijda, N. H. ~ 1986 ! . The emotions . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. ~ in press ! . Wise emotion regulation. In L.
- Head, H. ~ 1921 ! . Release function in the nervous system. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Biology , 92B , 184-209.
- Jones, H. E. ~ 1950 ! . The study of patterns of emotion expression. In M. Reymert ~ Ed. ! , Feelings and emotions ~ pp. 161-168 ! . New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Leary, M. R. ~ 1986 ! . Affective and behavioral consequences of shyness: Implications for theory, measurement, and research. In W. H. Jones & J. M. Cheek & S. R. Briggs ~ Eds. ! , Shyness: Perspectives on research and treatment ~ pp. 27-38 ! . New York: Plenum Press.
- Levenson, R. W. ~ 1994 ! . Human emotions: A functional view. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson ~ Eds. ! , The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions ~ pp. 123-126 ! . New York: Oxford University Press.
- Mauss, I. B., & Gross, J. J. ~ in press ! . Emotion suppression and cardiovascular disease: Is hiding feelings bad for your heart? In L. R. Temoshok, I. Nyklicek, & A. Vingerhoets ~ Eds. ! , Emotions in health promotion and disease . London: Harwood Academic Press.
- Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., Gabrieli, J. D. E. ~ 2002 ! . The neural bases of reappraisal . Manuscript under review.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,100 of 4,870
Brandl, F., Corbi, Z. L. H., Bratec, S. M., & Sorg, C. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.07.008 · Cited by 45
Berkovich, I., & Eyal, O. (2019) · Research Papers in Education · doi:10.1080/02671522.2019.1677758 · Cited by 53
“Cognitive reappraisal has been shown to have superior positive effects on individuals' affective state, cognitive functioning, and social interactions (Gross 2002; Gross and John 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBilinçli Farkındalık: Güncel Bir Gözden Geçirme
Aktepe, İ., & TOLAN, Ö. Ç. (2020) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.692250 · Cited by 62
McLafferty, M., Bunting, B., Armour, C., Lapsley, C. R., Ennis, E., Murray, E. K., & O’Neill, S. M. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105212 · Cited by 48
Assessing Cognitive Performance Using Physiological and Facial Features
Sharma, K., Niforatos, E., Giannakos, M. N., & Kostakos, V. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3411811 · Cited by 48
“Emotions influence arousal and affect, bearing important effects on productivity and cognitive performance [26, 95], and can be reflected in physiological responses [51].”
BackgroundMekawi, Y., Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Kuzyk, E., Dixon, H. D., Carter, S. E., Bradley, B., Fani, N., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. D. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1824398 · Cited by 42
“The process of emotion regulation refers to either conscious or unconscious attempts to alter an emotion’s likelihood, intensity, or duration (Gross, 2002), and emotion dysregulation is characterized by difficulties effectively regulating emotional responses.”
BackgroundA review of cognitive neuropsychiatry in the taxonomy of eating disorders: State, trait, or genetic?
Kanakam, N., & Treasure, J. L. (2012) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2012.682362 · Cited by 45
“Cognitive reappraisal reframes and accepts the emotion and is associated with positive self-esteem, better emotional experiences, adaptive social interactions (Gross, 2002; Saarni, 1990), and effective emotional coping strategies in response to stress (Tugade & Fredrickson, 2002).”
BackgroundA laboratory-based procedure for measuring emotional expression from natural speech
Cohen, A. S., Minor, K. S., Najolia, G. M., & Hong, S. L. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.1.204 · Cited by 44
“This is a critical scientific advance, because expression of emotion is integral to social behavior (Decety & Lamm, 2006; Gross, 2002; LeDoux, 2000), and because it is compromised in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (Cohen et al., 2005; Cohen & Minor, in press),…”
BackgroundMeyer, T., Smeets, T., Giesbrecht, T., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.05.034 · Cited by 49
“In contrast to reappraisal (but see Lam et al., 2009), it may even produce undesirable effects such as decreased positive affect, increased physiological arousal, or memory impairments (e.g., Hofmann et al., 2009; for a review, see Gross, 2002).”
Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review
Lazzarelli, A., Scafuto, F., Crescentini, C., Matiz, A., Orrù, G., Ciacchini, R., Alfì, G., Gemignani, A., & Conversano, C. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14111107 · Cited by 49
Lavi, I., Ozer, E. J., Katz, L. F., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102099 · Cited by 43
Self-citationOppenheimer, J. E., Measelle, J. R., Laurent, H. K., & Ablow, J. C. (2013) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.01.003 · Cited by 42
“…most studies of emotion regulation in adult populations have examined individuals' regulatory strategies as internalized processes during relatively isolated situations, for example watching emotion-inducing film clips (e.g., Gross, 1998; 1999; 2001; 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1993; 1997).”
Mindful Emotion Regulation Predicts Recovery in Depressed Youth
Chambers, R., Gullone, E., Hassed, C. S., Knight, W., Garvin, T., & Allen, N. B. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0284-4 · Cited by 54
“Suppression was found to negatively predict physical QOL, consistent with previous literature demonstrating deleterious physical health consequences of suppression (Gross 1998a, 2002) (Gross and John 2003; Gross and Levenson 1993).”
ResultGeuens, N., Braspenning, M., Bogaert, P. V., & Franck, E. (2015) · Burnout Research · doi:10.1016/j.burn.2015.05.003 · Cited by 43
“A potential mechanism underlying this finding may be increased sympathetic activation, which has been found to be associated with emotional expressive suppression (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundRussell, M. C., & Brickell, M. (2015) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci4041087 · Cited by 47
“Interestingly, suppressing emotional expression, including positive emotions, increases blood pressure for suppressor and observer, as well as decreasing other-focused attention [105].”
BackgroundGetting Our Act Together: Toward a General Model of Self-Control
Magen, E., & Gross, J. J. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391381.003.0018 · Cited by 45
Self-citationOsborne, K. J., Willroth, E. C., DeVylder, J., Mittal, V. A., & Hilimire, M. R. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.011 · Cited by 44
Zalewski, M., Lewis, J. K., & Martin, C. G. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.013 · Cited by 37
Zhang, L., Opmeer, E. M., van der Meer, L., Aleman, A., Ćurĉić‐Blake, B., & Ruhé, H. G. (2018) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12611 · Cited by 45
Forrest, C. L., Gibson, J. L., Halligan, S. L., & Clair, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00188 · Cited by 57
“One of the most common regulation strategies, reappraisal, involves using inner speech to reframe negative situations in a positive light during the change of cognitions stage (e.g., Aldao et al., 2010; Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundEmotion may predict susceptibility to fake news but emotion regulation does not seem to help
Bagó, B., Rosenzweig, L. R., Berinsky, A. J., & Rand, D. G. (2022) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2022.2090318 · Cited by 53
“These strategies have different effects on our emotional, physiological and neural states (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundA Benchmarked Feasibility Study of a Self-Hypnosis Treatment for Depression in Primary Care
Dobbin, A., Maxwell, M., & Elton, R. (2009) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207140902881221 · Cited by 46
“It has been shown to be the most effective way of reducing the autonomic load in emotional distress (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCohen, A. S., Hong, S. L., & Guevara, A. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.11.008 · Cited by 43
“Emotional expression is essential to a wide range of human functions (Decety & Lamm, 2006; Gross, 2002; LeDoux, 2000) and is compromised in a host of psychiatric and developmental disorders, such as schizophrenia (Cohen, Alpert, Nienow, Dinzeo, & Docherty, 2008; Cohen et al., 2005), depression…”
BackgroundZhoc, K., Cai, Y.-Y., Yeung, S., & Shan, J. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12513 · Cited by 40
“The continual consumption of cognitive resources for self- monitoring and controlling emotion inevitably reduces the cognitive resources available for optimal performance in other areas, such as learning (Gross, 2002, 2014).”
BackgroundCognitive Reappraisal: The Bridge between Cognitive Load and Emotion
Brockbank, R. B., & Feldon, D. F. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14080870 · Cited by 63
“This is accomplished via effective emotion regulation, a capacity positively associated with many beneficial outcomes on mental and physical health, social interactions and relationships, and task and/or work performance [95,96].”
Implicit interpretation biases affect emotional vulnerability: A training study
Tran, T. B., Siemer, M., & Joormann, J. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.532393 · Cited by 42
“…responding from the regulation of affect and its consequences is difficult even though some authors have begun to formulate core features of these concepts (Gross, 2002; Gross & Thompson, 2007; see Bloch, Moran, & Kring, 2009, for a discussion of different definitions of emotion regulation).”
BackgroundThe Significance of Teachers’ Academic Emotions
Çubukçu, F. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.01.105 · Cited by 42
Asberg, K. K. (2013) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2012.715601 · Cited by 41
“Specifically, Gross (2002) suggested that ER can occur at any point in the process by which emotions are generated.”
BackgroundNegative Emotion Regulation in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Xiong, K., Zhang, Y., Qiu, M., Zhang, J., Sang, L., Wang, L., Xie, B., Wang, J., & Li, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081957 · Cited by 44
“There are two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion [40].”
MethodMasuda, A., Mandavia, A., & Tully, E. C. (2014) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034437 · Cited by 42
Gardner, F. L., Moore, Z. E., & Dettore, M. (2014) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445514539346 · Cited by 43
“The results of the present study suggest the possibility that while the behavior in question (i.e., IPV) may have the topographical features of control or dominance, the actual function of the behavior may very well be a type of situation-modification emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundImpaired emotion processing and a reduction in trust in patients with somatic symptom disorder
Erkic, M., Bailer, J., Fenske, S. C., Schmidt, S. N. L., Trojan, J., Schröder, A., Kirsch, P., & Mier, D. U. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2151 · Cited by 48
Distinct temporal brain dynamics in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia during emotion regulation
Zhang, L., Ai, H., Opmeer, E. M., Marsman, J.-B. C., van der Meer, L., Ruhé, H. G., Aleman, A., & van Tol, M. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719000217 · Cited by 41
“The most investigated strategy of cognitive ER is cognitive reappraisal, aiming at influencing the emotional intensity and con-notation of a stimulus by reinterpreting its meaning (Gross, 2001, 2002; Gross and John, 2003).”
BackgroundWellness, Emotion Regulation, and Relapse During Substance Use Disorder Treatment
Clarke, P. B., Lewis, T. F., Myers, J. E., Henson, R. A., & Hill, B. (2020) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12296 · Cited by 45
Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation
Boehme, S., Biehl, S. C., & Mühlberger, A. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9090225 · Cited by 42
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
BackgroundAydın, S. (2022) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-022-09843-w · Cited by 46
“In cognitive science, CERs are Rumination (RU), which is defined by repetitive and long-term depressive thoughts (Gross 2002), and Cognitive Distraction (CD), which is characterized by pleasant thoughts in order to distract the negative matter (Phan 2005; Webb 2012).”
BackgroundA Test for the Implementation?Maintenance Model of Reappraisal
Paret, C., Brenninkmeyer, J., Meyer, B., Yuen, K. S. L., Gartmann, N., Mechias, M.-L., & Kalisch, R. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00216 · Cited by 47
“de Reappraisal has been defined as a conscious, deliberate change in the way an emotional stimulus is interpreted, initiated in order to change its emotion-eliciting character (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCognitive-Adaptation Training for Improving Performance and Stress Management of Air Force Pilots
Fornette, M.-P., Bardel, M.-H., Lefrançois, C., Fradin, J., Massioui, F. E., & Amalberti, R. (2012) · International Journal of Aviation Psychology · doi:10.1080/10508414.2012.689208 · Cited by 41
“…on this topic indicates that there are three types of intentional emotion-regulation strategies: (a) avoidance of emotionally meaningful stimuli, (b) modulation of emotional responses, and (c) cognitive change or reappraisal, which involves changing how we think about a situation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundIntentional and Incidental Self-Control in Ventrolateral PFC
Cohen, J. R., Berkman, E. T., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011) · Cited by 44
Validation of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in a Korean population
AhnHyunnie, 주혜선, & Nabin, L. (2013) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.14.3.201306.1773 · Cited by 40
Kinney, K. L., Burkhouse, K. L., & Klumpp, H. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.01.019 · Cited by 40
Beames, J. R., O’Dean, S., Grisham, J. R., Moulds, M. L., & Denson, T. F. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407518819295 · Cited by 47
Schlumpf, Y. R., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Klein, C., Jäncke, L., & Bachmann, S. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101807 · Cited by 44
“Cognitive reappraisal, but not expressive suppression, is effective in reducing physiological arousal and negative emotions (Gross, 2002; Gross and Levenson, 1997; Hagemann et al., 2006) and is associated with beneficial physiological and psychological outcomes (Aldao et al., 2010; John and Gross,…”
BackgroundThe Multidimensional Emotion Questionnaire (MEQ): Rationale and Initial Psychometric Properties
Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E., Hibbert, A. S., & Hajcak, G. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09741-2 · Cited by 51
“At the same time, we agree with Cole and Gross and others (Cole et al. 2004; Gross 2002) that emotion regulation differs from emotion reactivity, and warrants assessment as its own construct.”
BackgroundMethodResultRohrmann, S., Bechtoldt, M., Hopp, H., Hodapp, V., & Zapf, D. (2011) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.530262 · Cited by 43
“This should negatively affect service providers’ capacities to engage in fluent conversations with customers, resulting in more self-initiated breaks and more filler words while responding to customers (cf. Baumeister et al., 1998; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundVanderhasselt, M.-A., Remue, J., Ng, K. K., & De Raedt, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00207 · Cited by 41
Emotion-focused coping in young children: Self and self-regulatory processes
Kopp, C. B. (2009) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.241 · Cited by 43
“Children were, in effect, using a parent to help them stay calm—an elemental expression of the complex and multiple processes involved in antecedent emotion regulation (Gross, 1998, 2002; Ochsner & Gross, 2008).”
Experimental measurement of the regulation of anger and aggression in women with anorexia nervosa
Harrison, A., Genders, R., Davies, H. A., Treasure, J. L., & Tchanturia, K. (2010) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.726 · Cited by 41
Emotion suppression affects cardiovascular responses to initial and subsequent laboratory stressors
Quartana, P. J., & Burns, J. W. (2009) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910709x474613 · Cited by 40
Lavell, C. H., Webb, H. J., Zimmer‐Gembeck, M. J., & Farrell, L. J. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.11.006 · Cited by 45
“…(Teper, Segal, & Inzlicht, 2013), which plays a vital role in overall functioning, given that our “emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we response to challenges and opportunities” (Gross, 2002, p. 281).”
BackgroundHan, F., Duan, R., Huang, B., & Wang, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1110642 · Cited by 41
“(2007) for adolescents from the original Emotion Regulation Questionnaire developed by Gross (2010).”
BackgroundThe pursuit of happiness: the power and influence of AI teammate emotion in human-AI teamwork
Mallick, R., Flathmann, C., Lancaster, C., Hauptman, A. I., McNeese, N. J., & Freeman, G. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2277909 · Cited by 42
Compare, A., Mommersteeg, P. M. C., Faletra, F. F., et al. (2014) · Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.2459/jcm.0b013e328365cd8c · Cited by 40
Examining emotion regulation in an isolated performance team in Antarctica.
Wagstaff, C. R. D., & Weston, N. J. V. (2014) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000022 · Cited by 40
Weems, C. F., & Piña, A. (2010) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-010-9178-5 · Cited by 41
“The regulation of emotion is clearly an important concept, although a highly complex one (Bridges et al. 2004; Calkins and Dedmon 2000; Eisenberg et al. 2000a, b; Gross 1999, 2002; Thompson 1991, Thompson 1994; Thompson et al. 2008).”
BackgroundEmotional disclosure and victim blaming.
Harber, K. D., Podolski, P., & Williams, C. H. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000056 · Cited by 58
Steffen, A., Fiess, J., Schmidt, R., & Rockstroh, B. S. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0514-x · Cited by 46
“Alexithymia was assessed with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-26(9); [47–49]), habitual emotion regulation styles (suppression and cognitive reappraisal) were quantified in the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ(10) [31], German version [50]).”
BackgroundMethodHow Affective Science Can Inform Clinical Science
Tracy, J. L., Klonsky, E. D., & Hajcak, G. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614537627 · Cited by 43
“A growing body of research by Gross and his colleagues (e.g., Gross, 2002) has focused on expressive suppression as a form of response-focused emotion regulation, and reappraisal as a form of antecedent-focused emotion regulation.”
BackgroundHe, V. F., Sirén, C. A., Singh, S., Solomon, G. T., & von Krogh, G. (2017) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/etap.12273 · Cited by 46
RetractedQuigley, L., Wen, A., & Dobson, K. S. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.015 · Cited by 41
Vranješ, I., Baillien, E., Vandebosch, H., Erreygers, S., & Witte, H. D. (2018) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2018.1437233 · Cited by 40
“Moreover, while suppression is an energy depleting strategy (Gross, 2002), that”
BackgroundKhan, A. J., Pedrelli, P., Shapero, B. G., Fisher, L. B., Nyer, M., Farabaugh, A. H., & MacPherson, L. (2018) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1464027 · Cited by 41
“Notably, while attention typically refers to antecedent-focused strategies (Gross, 2002), the absorption items on the DTS appear to assess attention after the distress has been fully generated.”
BackgroundEmotional development in eating disorders: A qualitative metasynthesis
Henderson, Z. B., Fox, J. R. E., Trayner, P., & Wittkowski, A. (2019) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2365 · Cited by 39
“These findings provide further support for and add to the models of emotion regulation, which have been referred to in this review (see Fox & Power, 2009; Gross, 1998, 2002;Schmidt & Treasure, 2006 ; Treasure & Schmidt, 2013).”
MethodResultBenefits of Art Therapy in People Diagnosed With Personality Disorders: A Quantitative Survey
Haeyen, S., Chakhssi, F., & van Hooren, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00686 · Cited by 40
“The way people express emotions plays an important role in social interactions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe effect of flight delay on customer loyalty intention: The moderating role of emotion regulation
Li, S., Jiang, Y., Cheng, B., & Scott, N. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.03.004 · Cited by 40
Patron, E., Benvenuti, S. M., Favretto, G., Gasparotto, R., & Palomba, D. (2013) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2013.11.004 · Cited by 40
“Our findings add to the literature showing that increased suppression of emotion-expressive behavior is selectively associated with increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular and electrodermal systems(Gross, 2002).”
Good acting requires a good cast: A meso-level model of deep acting in work teams
Becker, W. J., & Cropanzano, R. (2014) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.1978 · Cited by 40
Emotion regulation choice: Theory and findings.
Sheppes, G. (2014) · Cited by 55
Preston, T. J., Carr, D. C., Hajcak, G., Sheffler, J., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1998350 · Cited by 41
“On the whole, CR involves reinterpreting emotion-eliciting situations by changing the way one thinks about a distressing situation in order to attenuate negative affect (Buhle et al., 2014; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSharvit, K., Brambilla, M., Babush, M., & Colucci, F. P. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215592843 · Cited by 38
“The reasoning behind the present research combines insights from the domains of motivated cognition (Kruglanski et al., 2012), emotion regulation and reappraisal (Gross, 2002, 2008), moral disengagement (Bandura, 1999; Castano, 2008; Leidner et al., 2010), and intergroup relations.”
BackgroundMethodThe feeling physician: educating the emotions in medical training
Shapiro, J. F. (2013) · European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare · doi:10.5750/ejpch.v1i2.664 · Cited by 40
“changing environmental and interpersonal contingencies [65].”
Validation de la version francophone de l’Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC-vf)
Nader-Grosbois, N., & Mazzone, S. (2015) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2014.10.002 · Cited by 36
Aboulafia-Brakha, T., Buschbeck, C. G., Rochat, L., & Annoni, J. (2012) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2012.747443 · Cited by 40
Der „Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ)”: Deutsche Adaption und Validitäten
Graser, J., Bohn, C., Kelava, A., Schreiber, F., Hofmann, S. G., & Stangier, U. (2012) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000056 · Cited by 47
Schreurs, B. H. J., Guenter, H., Hulsheger, U. R., & van Emmerik, H. (2014) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035067 · Cited by 39
“According to Gross (2002), regulation strategies that target early processing stages (i.e., antecedent-focused strategies such as deep acting) require less cognitive effort than regulation strategies that target later processing stages (i.e., response-focused strategies such as surface acting).”
BackgroundShochet, I. M., Saggers, B. R., Carrington, S. B., Orr, J. A., Wurfl, A. M., Duncan, B. M., & Smith, C. L. (2016) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0203-4 · Cited by 48
EL‐Awad, U., Fathi, A., Petermann, F., & Reinelt, T. (2017) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci7110146 · Cited by 39
“It leads to a higher ability to appropriately respond to emotional experiences and can be seen as a dynamic process in which positive and negative emotions are being increased or decreased by using emotion regulation strategies [39,40].”
BackgroundInfluentialKira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H. A. M., Ibraheem, B. A., & Aljakoub, J. (2018) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2018.1451361 · Cited by 39
“The suppression of emotional expression was thought of to be a risk factor for negative psychological reactions (e.g., Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundKeith, J. M., Jamieson, J. P., & Bennetto, L. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3685-8 · Cited by 41
“Additionally, other prominent theories addressing stress and performance would suggest that self-regulation interventions could aim to help individuals reappraise situational demands and personal resources during overwhelming sensory experiences (please see Gross 2002; Jamieson et al.”
BackgroundMcGinnis, R. S., McGinnis, E. W., Hruschak, J. L., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Fitzgerald, K. D., Rosenblum, K. L., & Muzik, M. (2018) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513327 · Cited by 38
“1, task behaviors can be conceptually segmented into the three temporal phases Potential Threat, Startle, and Response Modulation [23].”
BackgroundHigher well-being is related to reduced affective reactivity to positive events in daily life.
Rueschkamp, J. M. G., Kuppens, P., Riediger, M., Blanke, E. S., & Brose, A. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000557 · Cited by 44
Batchelder, A., Moskowitz, J. T., Jain, J. P., Cohn, M., Earle, M. A., & Carrico, A. W. (2019) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2019.03.001 · Cited by 44
“, 2015), or the ability to influence the experience or expression of emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSachs‐Ericsson, N., Carr, D. C., Sheffler, J., Preston, T. J., Kiosses, D. N., & Hajcak, G. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1698516 · Cited by 49
“…that increase ER skills may help diminishing such detrimental effects of stress (Moore, Zoellner, & Mollenholt, 2008; Troy, Wilhelm, Shallcross, & Mauss, 2010) while improving the individuals’ interpersonal functioning (Diamond & Aspinwall, 2003; Gross, 2002; Tugade & Fredrickson, 2007).”
BackgroundWang, D., Yuan, B., Han, H., & Wang, C. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00754-9 · Cited by 47
Leo, I. D., & Muis, K. R. (2020) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101879 · Cited by 53
Emotion and Intercultural Communication
Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J., & Yoo, S. H. (2005) · Cited by 47
The Effects of Self‐Regulatory Strength, Content, and Strategies on Close Relationships
Luchies, L. B., Finkel, E. J., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00701.x · Cited by 42
“Reappraisal and suppression have been linked, respectively, to a variety of positive and negative outcomes, both within and beyond the interpersonal relationships domain (for a review, see Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotional Regulation in Adolescent Substance Use Disorders: Rethinking Risk
Siegel, J. P. (2014) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/1067828x.2012.761169 · Cited by 49
“, & Grossman, R. (2001). Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: Relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD and cortisol excretion. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 733–753. Zhang, L., Welte, J. W., & Wieczorek, W. F. (1999). The influence of parental drinking and closeness on adolescent drinki…”
BackgroundInfluentialvan der Velde, J., Opmeer, E. M., Liemburg, E. J., Bruggeman, R., Nieboer, R. M., Wunderink, L., & Aleman, A. (2015) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/npjschz.2015.26 · Cited by 39
A Brief Review of Personality in Marathon Runners: The Role of Sex, Age and Performance Level
Nikolaidis, P. Τ., Rosemann, T. J., & Knechtle, B. (2018) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports6030099 · Cited by 39
“Athletes and non-athletes might adopt different emotion regulation strategies considering a model where strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on [49].”
BackgroundYin, H., Tam, W. W. Y., Park, M., et al. (2022) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-022-00647-4 · Cited by 38
“As Gross (2002) pointed out, some strategies for regulating emotions may be more adaptive than others, although they are inherently neither good nor bad.”
BackgroundSerrano‐Ibáñez, E. R., Corrás, T., del Prado, M., Diz, J., & Varela, C. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221082944 · Cited by 49
Exploitative leadership and counterproductive work behavior: a discrete emotions approach
Guo, L., Luo, J., & Cheng, K. (2023) · Personnel Review · doi:10.1108/pr-02-2021-0131 · Cited by 38
Martini, T. S., & Busseri, M. A. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0018776 · Cited by 42
The role of compassion, suffering, and intrusive thoughts in dementia caregiver depression
Schulz, R., Savla, J. T., Czaja, S. J., & Monin, J. K. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1191057 · Cited by 42
Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on the Interpretation and Expression of Emotions in Anorexia Nervosa
Leppänen, J., Cardi, V., Ng, K. W., Paloyelis, Y., Stein, D. J., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.12458 · Cited by 42
At-Risk Teachers: The Association Between Burnout Levels and Emotional Appraisal Processes
Fiorilli, C., Pepe, A., Buonomo, I., & Albanese, O. (2017) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101710010127 · Cited by 39
Cooney, M. D., & Menezes, M. L. R. (2018) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti2030052 · Cited by 39
Higgs, C. A., McIntosh, T. J., Connelly, S., & Mumford, M. D. (2019) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-018-00082-z · Cited by 45
The impact of emotion regulation and mental health difficulties on health behaviours during COVID19
Cardi, V., Albano, G., Gentili, C., & Sudulich, L. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.001 · Cited by 35
“Two main strategies have been researched widely in the literature: cognitive reappraisal and emotion suppression (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-01, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-01 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
