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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
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Items 901–1,000 of 4,870
Finch, L. E., Cummings, J. R., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.04.022 · Cited by 52
Huang, Q., Zhang, Q., An, Y., & Xu, W. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.07.002 · Cited by 50
Junior doctors' experiences with interprofessional collaboration: Wandering the landscape
van Duin, T. S., Filho, C., Pype, P. F., Borgmann, S., Olovsson, M. H., Jaarsma, D. A. D. C., & Versluis, M. (2021) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14711 · Cited by 51
“By reflecting on their emotions, junior doctors learn to recognise their emotions, understand how emotions influence their behaviour and the group and, finally, modulate their emotions to optimise their performance and the collaboration process.(47,48) Interestingly, many participants expressed how drawing rich pictur…”
BackgroundPsychological perspectives on acting.
Goldstein, T. R. (2009) · Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0014644 · Cited by 64
Mood effects on autonomic activity in mood regulation
Silvestrini, N., & Gendolla, G. H. E. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00532.x · Cited by 50
“Past studies have investigated autonomic nervous system reactions during the control of specific emotional expressions in the context of emotion elicitation (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundAttenuated modulation of brain activity accompanies emotion regulation deficits in alexithymia
Pollatos, O., & Gramann, K. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01348.x · Cited by 50
Roberts, R. L., Ledermann, K., & Garland, E. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110677 · Cited by 50
Kritikou, M., & Giovazolias, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1057697 · Cited by 95
“It is more than decreasing negative emotions, as emotion regulation may also occur without conscious awareness and is neither inherently good nor bad (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundHuman-robot facial coexpression
Hu, Y., Chen, B., Lin, J., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Mehlman, C., & Lipson, H. (2024) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adi4724 · Cited by 54
“…value (PPV), false omission rate (FoR), false positive rate (FPR), sensitivity (Sen), likelihood ratio–positive (lR + ). facial gestures such as smiling, nodding, and maintaining eye contact are typically reciprocated naturally and are perceived positively in human communication ( 40 , 41 ).”
BackgroundA multi-modal approach to the study of attachment-related distress
Dewitte, M. D., Houwer, J. D., Goubert, L., & Buysse, A. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.06.006 · Cited by 48
“Due to space limits, we report only those figures that illustrate complex relationships.3”
BackgroundEducated intuitions. Automaticity and rationality in moral judgement
Sauer, H. (2012) · Philosophical Explorations · doi:10.1080/13869795.2012.706822 · Cited by 51
“(Pizarro and Bloom 2003, 194; see also Gross 2002, 282) Ex post education is concerned with how an intuition, once it has been generated, can and should be dealt with, and how controlled after-the-fact reflection feeds back into an agent’s intuitive system: a “closer examination of the interaction…”
BackgroundRelationship of exposure to clinically irrelevant emotion cues and obsessive–compulsive symptoms
Allen, L. B., & Barlow, D. H. (2009) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445509344180 · Cited by 49
“These strategies are often adaptive responses to strong emotions initially; however, repeated rigid and excessive attempts to control, suppress, hide, or overengage with emotional experiences (both positive and negative) results in increased levels, intensity, and duration of emotions (Gross, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1…”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation in Intractable Conflicts
Gross, J. J., Halperin, E., & Porat, R. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721413495871 · Cited by 48
“Given that reappraisal allows people to appreciate the broader meaning of events (Ray et al., 2008), leading to a more balanced perspective (Gross, 2002), reappraisal has the potential to increase support for conciliatory attitudes by decreasing the negative intergroup emotions associated with…”
BackgroundSelf-citationOrnaghi, V., Pepe, A., Agliati, A., & Grazzani, I. (2018) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12351 · Cited by 49
“Take a step back”: teacher strategies for managing heightened emotions
Beltman, S., & Poulton, E. (2019) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-019-00339-x · Cited by 52
“Previous research on emotion regulation (e.g. Gross 2002) and coping (Chang 2009) proposed that strategies to manage emotions could occur in particular sequences and a chronological approach was the best fit for the higher order categories.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNurses’ emotions, emotional labor, and job satisfaction
Lee, M., & Jang, K.-S. (2019) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/ijwhm-01-2019-0012 · Cited by 59
Liu, C., Chen, L., & Chen, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00420 · Cited by 52
Richards, A. S., Bessarabova, E., Banas, J. A., & Bernard, D. R. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1839203 · Cited by 49
“…to regulate emotions while fully experiencing them (e.g., suppression) are only effective in managing expressive behavior (by reducing the associated affect displays) but fail to reduce the experience and intensity of negative emotions (e.g., Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; John & Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundHabitual emotion regulation strategies and baseline brain perfusion
Abler, B., Hofer, C., & Viviani, R. (2008) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f3adeb · Cited by 49
“Elevated stress levels in participants using suppression as their preferred regulation strategy [21] could also contribute to the finding of higher rCFB in this region.”
BackgroundBrain systems at the intersection of chronic pain and self-regulation
Reddan, M. C., & Wager, T. D. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.047 · Cited by 46
Effort in emotion work and well-being: The role of goal attainment.
Wong, E., Tschan, F., & Semmer, N. K. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000196 · Cited by 48
Alonzo, D. M., & Popescu, M. L. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_21_21 · Cited by 52
Zhao, T., Fu, Z., Xi, L., Ye, L., & Huang, W. Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.675910 · Cited by 63
“Suppression decreases the likelihood of emotional sharing, social support, and relationship closeness (Gross, 2002; Gross and John, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodNon-invasive vagal nerve stimulation enhances cognitive emotion regulation
Smet, S. D., Baeken, C., Seminck, N., Tilleman, J., Carrette, E., Vonck, K. E. J., & Vanderhasselt, M. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103933 · Cited by 48
Shahidin, S. H., Midin, M., Sidi, H., Choy, C. L., Jaafar, N. R. N., Sahimi, H. M. S., & Roos, N. A. C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315848 · Cited by 66
“In contrast, expressive suppression changes the behavioral aspects of emotional response tendencies without processing the experience of emotions; therefore, does not influence either the expression of positive emotions or the reduction in negative emotions [14].”
BackgroundNature exposure and social health: Prosocial behavior, social cohesion, and effect pathways
Arbuthnott, K. D. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102109 · Cited by 59
The role of nature in emotion regulation processes: An evidence-based rapid review
Vitale, V., & Bonaiuto, M. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102325 · Cited by 67
Beblo, T., Pastuszak, A., Griepenstroh, J., Fernando, S. C., Drießen, M., Schütz, A., Rentzsch, K., & Schlosser, N. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181da4b4f · Cited by 48
“Although these findings concern the experience of emotions, some authors regard impaired emotion regulation, with significant destructive effects on wellbeing and social functioning (Gross, 2002) as the major emotional dysfunction in patients with BPD (Glenn and Klonsky, 2009; Gratz et al.”
BackgroundBuilding Better Digital Badges
McDaniel, R., & Fanfarelli, J. R. (2016) · Simulation & Gaming · doi:10.1177/1046878115627138 · Cited by 62
“…we know that cognitive, social, and affective characteristics have been linked to complex psychological processes such as the regulation of emotion (Gross, 2002); this connection has also been hypothesized as a necessary dimension for considering better frameworks for achievement design (Hamari &…”
BackgroundDetecting Genuine and Deliberate Displays of Surprise in Static and Dynamic Faces
Zloteanu, M., Krumhuber, E. G., & Richardson, D. C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01184 · Cited by 45
“Expansions may also consider individual differences in expressive control (Berenbaum and Rotter, 1992) and emotion regulation (Gross, 2002) as factors for the successful production of deliberate expressions.”
BackgroundVeijalainen, J., Reunamo, J., & Heikkilä, M. M. (2019) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2019.1611045 · Cited by 48
Neural characteristics of cognitive reappraisal success and failure: An ERP study
Cao, D., Li, Y., & Niznikiewicz, M. A. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1584 · Cited by 50
“Reappraisal appears to be highly effective in down-regulating the experience of negative emotions with few cognitive and physiological costs (Gross, 1998, 2002; Hermann, Kress, & Stark, 2017; Ochsner, Silvers, & Buhle, 2012; Shafir, Schwartz, Blechert, & Sheppes, 2015; Silvers, Buhle, Ochsner, &…”
BackgroundFrye, N., H.Ganong, L., Jensen, T. M., & Coleman, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x20935504 · Cited by 48
“Cognitive reappraisal entails reframing a situation to alter its emotional impact, usually in positive ways (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundCarton, A., & Fruchart, É. (2013) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131911.2013.769937 · Cited by 49
“…permit the re-organisation of the meaning of an event on a cognitive level (Scherer, Schorr, and Johnstone 2001), the acceleration and orientation of the process of decision-making (Damasio 1994; Ya-Chung and Shih-Chia 2008), and guidance for social interaction (Keltner and Kring 1998, Gross 2002).”
BackgroundCardiac autonomic regulation and anger coping in adolescents
Vögele, C., Sorg, S., Studtmann, M., & Weber, H. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.010 · Cited by 48
“In this context two emotion regulation strategies have recently been investigated: expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal (Gross, 2002).”
MethodHan, J., Yin, H., & Wang, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01727 · Cited by 66
“The former is an antecedent-focused emotional regulation that involves “construing a potentially emotional-eliciting situation in non-emotional terms,” and the latter is a response-focused emotional regulation that involves “inhibiting ongoing emotional expressive behavior” (Gross, 2002, p. 283).”
BackgroundJohnson, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Military Ethics · doi:10.1080/15027570.2023.2175887 · Cited by 67
Aerobic exercise promotes emotion regulation: a narrative review
Wang, X., Liu, T., Jin, X., & Zhou, C. (2024) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-024-06791-1 · Cited by 58
“…inhibition involves the deliberate suppression of emotional expression, integrating interoception–proprio-ception and social awareness, and is characterised by the inhibition of bodily movements, facial expressions and other emotional overt expression (Gross 1998, 2002; Muhtadie et al. 2021).”
van Rijn, S., Barendse, M. E. A., van Goozen, S. H. M., & Swaab, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084721 · Cited by 50
“Emotion regulation refers to the ability to monitor, evaluate, and modify the intensity and temporal dynamics of emotional reactions through extrinsic means (managing overt behaviors and social situations) and intrinsic means (recruiting cognitive and psychophysiological systems) [33,34].”
Schäfer, J., Wïttchen, H., Höfler, M., Heinrich, A., Zimmermann, P. L., Siegel, S., & Schönfeld, S. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.010 · Cited by 46
“…resilient individuals are characterized by attentional biases to emotional stimuli, i.e. avoiding threat and turning to positive stimuli relative to neutral stimuli, indicating that resilient individuals use emotional stimuli for adaptive emotional responses (e.g. Gross, 2002; Troy & Mauss, 2011).”
BackgroundPerry, Y., Henry, J. D., Nangle, M. R., & Grisham, J. R. (2012) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2012.661405 · Cited by 47
Tough, sensitive and sincere: how adolescent boys manage masculinities and emotions
Randell, E., Jerdén, L., Öhman, A., Starrin, B., & Flacking, R. (2015) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2015.1106414 · Cited by 46
Self-Efficacy and Burnout Syndrome Among Teachers
Smetáčková, I. (2017) · The European Journal of Social & Behavioural Sciences · doi:10.15405/ejsbs.219 · Cited by 51
“The emotion-regulation ability influences how teachers express emotions, manage stress, and interact with the others (Gross, 2002) and it therefore correlates with the burnout syndrome (Brackett et al., 2010).”
BackgroundCapacity for upregulation of emotional processing in psychopathy: all you have to do is ask
Shane, M. S., & Groat, L. L. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsy088 · Cited by 46
“Indeed, an established literature has revealed that healthy individuals are quite capable of such minimization (Gross and Levenson, 1997; Gross, 2002; Ochsner et al., 2002; Goldin et al., 2008), and that individuals who undertake such strategies can show an apparent insensitivity to aversive…”
BackgroundFoster, B., Lomas, J. E., Downey, L. A., & Stough, C. K. K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02463 · Cited by 55
“Research suggests that successful emotional regulation prevents both avoidance or over-engagement with emotions which are two tendencies that are associated with poor mental health outcomes (Beevers et al., 1999; Gross, 2002; Hu et al., 2014).”
BackgroundIntegrating Technology Addiction and Use: An Empirical Investigation of Facebook Users
Serenko, A., & Turel, O. (2015) · AIS Transactions on Replication Research · doi:10.17705/1atrr.00002 · Cited by 51
Stratégies de régulation émotionnelle et de coping : quels liens ?
Delelis, G., Christophe, V., Berjot, S., & Desombre, C. (2011) · Bulletin de psychologie · doi:10.3917/bupsy.515.0471 · Cited by 47
Neural mechanisms of the cognitive control of emotion
Green, M. J., & Malhi, G. S. (2006) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2006.00149.x · Cited by 51
“A similar conceptual distinction is highlighted in Gross (1) model of emotion regulation, in which antecedent-focused strategies are distinguished from response-focused strategies according to their temporal initiation in relation to the stressor.”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotional perception in eating disorders
Joos, A. A. B., Cabrillac, E., Hartmann, A., Wirsching, M., & Zeeck, A. (2008) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20621 · Cited by 47
Lumley, M. A., Keefe, F. J., Mosley-Williams, A., Rice, J. R., McKee, D., Waters, S. J., Partridge, R. T., Carty, J. N., Coltri, A. M., Kalaj, A., et al. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036958 · Cited by 41
“A second, more recent but distinct literature indicates that awareness, expression, and processing of emotions can be adaptive, whereas emotional avoidance or suppression is often maladaptive (Gross, 2002; Kennedy-Moore & Watson, 1999; Taylor, Bagby, & J Consult Clin Psychol.”
BackgroundAffect and Autocracy: Emotions and Attitudes in Russia after Crimea
Greene, S. A., & Robertson, G. B. (2020) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592720002339 · Cited by 47
“The result is an interaction of the “automatic” physiological emotions and emotions produced by social context, which influences that psychological response by creating perceptions of others’ emotional states (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundCano, S. P., González, C. S. G., Gil, R., & Albiol-Pérez, S. (2021) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21155166 · Cited by 46
“ER can be defined as the ability to monitor, evaluate, and modify one’s emotional state to achieve a goal [31].”
BackgroundMethodInterpersonal Mindfulness Questionnaire: Scale Development and Validation
Khoury, B., Vergara, R. C., & Spinelli, C. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01855-1 · Cited by 53
“In fact, the quality of interpersonal interactions depends on effective regulation of one’s emotions (Gross, 2002) which further requires skillfully responding to one’s own and others’ emotions (Zaki & Williams, 2013).”
BackgroundAydın, S., & Akın, B. (2022) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103740 · Cited by 49
Petruso, F., Giff, A., Milano, B. A., Rossi, M. M. D., & Saccaro, L. F. (2023) · Neuronal Signaling · doi:10.1042/ns20220077 · Cited by 53
Parlamis, J. D. (2012) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/10444061211199322 · Cited by 46
Bekker, M. H. J., Croon, M. A., van Balkom, E. G. A., & Vermee, J. B. G. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20486 · Cited by 46
“If low assertiveness leads a person to inhibit or suppress the expression of negative feelings and to adapt to (perceived) wishes of others, negative feelings and high arousal might result (e.g., Gross, 2002 ).”
BackgroundTabibnia, G., Creswell, J. D., Kraynak, T., Westbrook, C. A., Julson, E., & Tindle, H. (2014) · Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614522037 · Cited by 52
“Although these are distinct regulatory processes (Gross, 2002), they share a common feature, namely that of inhibiting a dominant response.”
Patterns of cybervictimization and emotion regulation in adolescents and adults
Vranješ, I., Erreygers, S., Vandebosch, H., Baillien, E., & Witte, H. D. (2018) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21790 · Cited by 54
Buonomo, I., Fiorilli, C., & Benevene, P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17030736 · Cited by 63
Laslo‐Roth, R., George‐Levi, S., & Margalit, M. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22490 · Cited by 52
Schneier, F. R. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.515 · Cited by 48
The associations of emotion regulation and dysregulation with the metabolic syndrome factor
Kinnunen, M.-L., Kokkonen, M., Kaprio, J. A., & Pulkkinen, L. (2005) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.02.004 · Cited by 48
“Moreover, emotion regulation as an adaptive way to cope with daily life may require time to affect physical health [15,51,52].”
BackgroundThe Change and Growth Experiences Scale: A Measure of Insight and Emotional Processing.
Hayes, A. M., Feldman, G. C., & Goldfried, M. R. (2007) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11532-011 · Cited by 57
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Positive and negative emotion regulation in adolescence: links to anxiety and depressionPreprint
Young, K. S., Sandman, C. F., & Craske, M. G. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/uwy6q · Cited by 49
Alkoby, A., Pliskin, R., Halperin, E., & Levit-Binnun, N. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000461 · Cited by 45
“Various ER strategies have been identified, and these can roughly be charted along a disengagement-engagement continuum (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundBeadman, M., Das, R. K., Freeman, T. P., Scragg, P., West, R., & Kamboj, S. K. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.03.013 · Cited by 45
Desirable responding mediates the relationship between emotion regulation and anxiety
Arndt, J. E., Hoglund, W. L. G., & Fujiwara, E. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.022 · Cited by 46
“Briefly, while instructed reappraisal often leads to successful down-regulati on of (negative) emotions, suppressi on is less successfu l (e.g., Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundLyons, K. E., & DeLange, J. (2016) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3506-2_17 · Cited by 53
Maternal emotion regulation strategies, internalizing problems and infant negative affect
Edwards, E. S., Holzman, J. B. W., Burt, N. M., Rutherford, H. J. V., Mayes, L. C., & Bridgett, D. J. (2016) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2016.12.001 · Cited by 53
“This process model of emotion regulation distinguishes emotion regulation strategies by their time of implementation, either before (antecedent-focused) or after (response-focused) the emotion is experienced (Gross, 2002).”
InfluentialMcDermott, R. (2018) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.11.005 · Cited by 46
Torrence, B. S., & Connelly, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01486 · Cited by 55
“Conversely, response-focused strategies are implemented once an emotion and its responses (e.g., experiential, behavioral) are activated (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialZheng, S., & Zhou, X. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912604 · Cited by 53
“Students’ ER: On top of discovering and analyzing the emotions experienced in an educational context, scholars generally contend that how people regulate emotions matters [65].”
Gender Differences in Implicit Processing of Sexual Stimuli
Dewitte, M. D. (2015) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2031 · Cited by 46
“However, conceptualizing the sexual system as an emotion regulation device that is inherently dynamic in nature (Gross, 1998; 2002), it is most likely that gender differences do not appear on all process stages.”
BackgroundAffect and Cognition in Attitude Formation toward Familiar and Unfamiliar Attitude Objects
van Giesen, R. I., Fischer, A. R. H., van Dijk, H., & van Trijp, J. C. M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141790 · Cited by 51
“This results in a stable, crystallised attitude [3] that can draw upon learned cognitions such as facts and statements [9] but also in learned emotional responses such as somatic markers that are associated with past outcomes [10] and learned regulation of emotion [11].”
BackgroundSocial Hierarchy and Depression: The Role of Emotion Suppression
Langner, C. A., Epel, E. S., Matthews, K. A., Moskowitz, J. T., & Adler, N. E. (2012) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.652234 · Cited by 44
“However, emotion suppression does not reduce the internal experience of negative emotion (Gross & Levenson, 1997 ; John & Gross, 2004 ), and its use requires high cognitive effort and is related to decreased positive affect (Gross, 2002 ).”
BackgroundWise Emotion Regulation and the Power of Resilience in Experienced Hospitality Leaders
Haver, A., Akerjordet, K., & Furunes, T. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism · doi:10.1080/15022250.2014.899141 · Cited by 46
“The Gross’ process model on ER focuses on what individuals are doing when they try to regulate their emotions, such as trying to attempt to manipulate, initiate, increase, maintain, or decrease both positive and negative emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundWrzus, C., Luong, G., Wagner, G. G., & Riediger, M. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000019 · Cited by 48
“An exception may occur when people think about the hassle but reappraise it, that is, view the hassle in a more positive light, as reappraisal has been shown to diminish negative affect after unpleasant experiences (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundWang, W., Li, J., Sun, G., Cheng, Z., & Zhang, X.-A. (2017) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-017-0078-4 · Cited by 53
“The reason why it helps individuals to be less affected by negative events is that emotion reappraisal ccurs early in the emotion-generative process and alters the trajectory of the emotion before the emotional response is generated (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundDepression Literacy and Awareness of Psychopathological Symptoms During the Perinatal Period
Fonseca, A., Silva, S., & Canavarro, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2016.10.006 · Cited by 45
Feel, think, teach – Emotional Underpinnings of Approaches to Teaching in Higher Education
Kordts-Freudinger, R. (2017) · International Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.5430/ijhe.v6n1p217 · Cited by 45
“Expressive suppression, by contrast, is related to less functional social relations and worse health and cognitive conditions (e.g., Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; John & Published by Sciedu Press 219 ISSN 1927-6044 E-ISSN 1927-6052 The present studies will thus inform about two sets of…”
BackgroundEndurance Exercise Enhances Emotional Valence and Emotion Regulation
Giles, G. E., Eddy, M. D., Brunyé, T. T., Urry, H. L., Graber, H. L., Barbour, R. L., Mahoney, C. R., Taylor, H. A., & Kanarek, R. B. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00398 · Cited by 45
“…is the emotion regulation strategy known as cognitive reappraisal, which involves reevaluating emotional stimuli in order to augment or reduce their emotional impact (Gross, 2002), as it is generally successful in enhancing positive and reducing negative emotion experience (Webb et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResponding to identity theft: A victimization perspective
Li, Y., Yazdanmehr, A., Wang, J., & Rao, H. R. (2019) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2019.04.002 · Cited by 46
Menges, J. I., Kilduff, M. J., Kern, S., & Bruch, H. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.06.002 · Cited by 47
“Emotion suppression also increases physiological emotional responses, absorbs mental resources, deteriorates cognitive performance and impairs memory (Gross, 2002; Richards & Gross, 1999, 2000, 2006; Schmeichel, Volokhov, & Demaree, 2008).”
BackgroundThomas, K. S., Nelesen, R. A., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000126196.82317.9d · Cited by 47
“Gross JJ. Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.”
BackgroundStevens, E., & Wood, J. (2019) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2019.1657539 · Cited by 44
“…Received 5 May 2019 Revised 2 August 2019 Accepted 5 August 2019 KEYWORDS Suppression; pedophilia; minor attracted person; mental ill-health; coping mechanisms ‘Suppression’ is an emotion regulation strategy, which inhibits inappropriate or unwanted emotional responses to stimuli (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Benefit of Mental Skills Training on Performance and Stress Response in Military Personnel
Jensen, A. E., Bernards, J. R., Jameson, J., Johnson, D. C., & Kelly, K. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02964 · Cited by 44
Emotion Regulation Strategy Use and Success During Adolescence: Assessing the Role of Context
France, K. D., & Hollenstein, T. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12672 · Cited by 50
Cui, L., Tang, G., & Huang, M. (2022) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12529 · Cited by 46
Dou, S., Han, C., Li, C., Liu, X., & Gan, W. (2022) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-022-00933-y · Cited by 61
“This result is in line with several previous studies [14, 24], suggesting that clinical ability changes progressively over time and is graded.”
BackgroundResultvan Middendorp, H., Geenen, R., Sorbi, M., Hox, J., Vingerhoets, A., van Doornen, L. V., & Bijlsma, J. (2005) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3001_6 · Cited by 50
Emotional Intelligence in Social Phobia and Other Anxiety Disorders
Summerfeldt, L. J., Kloosterman, P. H., Antony, M. M., McCabe, R. E., & Parker, J. D. A. (2010) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-010-9199-0 · Cited by 44
“These two EI variables gauge one’s ability to manage and utilize emotions in challenging contexts and of the four domains of EI examined here show the greatest overlap with traditional conceptions of “emotion regulation” (e.g., Frijda 1986; Gross 2002).”
BackgroundNeural Activation Associated with the Cognitive Emotion Regulation of Sadness in Healthy Children
Belden, A. C., Luby, J., Pagliaccio, D., & Barch, D. (2014) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2014.02.003 · Cited by 48
Vervoort, T., Trost, Z., Sütterlin, S., Caes, L., & Moors, A. (2014) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.04.015 · Cited by 44
Investigating the Neural Correlates of Emotion–Cognition Interaction Using an Affective Stroop Task
Raschle, N. M., Fehlbaum, L. V., Menks, W. M., Euler, F., Sterzer, P., & Stadler, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01489 · Cited by 49
“How a person processes and regulates emotions impacts their cognition, behavior, and well-being (Dolan, 2002; Gross, 2002; John and Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation Predicts Everyday Emotion Experience and Social Function in Schizophrenia
Moran, E. K., Culbreth, A. J., & Barch, D. M. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617738827 · Cited by 42
Westerlund, M., & Santtila, P. O. (2018) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2018.1443279 · Cited by 55
“…China © 2018 The Editors of Nordic Psychology The way humans regulate their emotions has significant effects on their psychological wellbeing, affective and cognitive functioning and social interaction (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, & Schweizer, 2010; Gross, 2002, 2015; Roberton, Daffern, & Bucks, 2012).”
BackgroundBerkovich, I., & Eyal, O. (2018) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22130 · Cited by 59
Direct and indirect associations of cognitive reappraisal and suppression with disease biomarkers
Ellis, E. M., Prather, A. A., Grenen, E. G., & Ferrer, R. A. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1529313 · Cited by 47
“…whether the strategy is employed spontaneously or in controlled experimental settings (Egloff, Schmukle, Burns, & Schwerdtfeger, 2006; Ehring et al., 2010; Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997; Haga, Kraft, & Corby, 2007; John & Gross, 2004; Webb, Miles, & Sheeran, 2012).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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