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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 4,870
Yaroslavsky, I., Bylsma, L. M., Rottenberg, J., & Kovacs, M. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.06.008 · Cited by 56
The motivational self is more than the sum of its goals
Fishbach, A. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13002021 · Cited by 59
The association between Emotional Regulation and Internet Gaming Disorder
Lin, P., Lin, H., Lin, P., Yen, J., & Ko, C. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113060 · Cited by 73
The dual nature of escapism in video gaming: A meta-analytic approach
Hussain, U., Jabarkhail, S., Cunningham, G. B., & Madsen, J. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100081 · Cited by 66
“This may hinder positive experiences and emotional outcomes (Gross, 2002; Richards & Gross, 2000), leading to negative outcomes.”
BackgroundWang, Y., Tian, J., & Yang, Q. (2024) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2024.23777 · Cited by 92
Acheson, D., Forsyth, J. P., Prenoveau, J., & Bouton, M. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.008 · Cited by 54
Demaree, H. A., Pu, J., Robinson, J. L., Schmeichel, B. J., & Everhart, D. E. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500260427 · Cited by 55
“According to Gross' process model of emotion regulation, individuals may regulate their emotions through either ``antecedent'' or ``responsefocused'' strategies (e.g., Gross, 1998a, 1998b, 2001, 2002).”
Wang, H., Zhang, X., Si, C., Xu, Y., Liu, Q., Bian, H., Zhang, B.-W., Li, X., & Yan, Z. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s165677 · Cited by 61
“…has been proven to be a high-efficiency way of regulating affect and physiological arousal, 11 costing less in terms of cognitive resource 12,13 compared with response-focused strategies (eg, expressive suppression) and having longer-lasting effects than attention-focused strategies (eg,…”
Turliuc, M. N., Măirean, C., & Boca-Zamfir, M. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106341 · Cited by 56
The experience of basic emotions in schizophrenia with and without affective negative symptoms.
Suslow, T., Roestel, C., Ohrmann, P., & Arolt, V. (2003) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(03)00085-3 · Cited by 62
Akinola, M., Fridman, I., Mor, S., Morris, M. W., & Crum, A. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167977 · Cited by 57
Modulation of negative emotions through anodal tDCS over the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
Vergallito, A., Riva, P., Pisoni, A., & Lauro, L. J. R. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.037 · Cited by 55
“…and specifically with the chronic incapacity to suppress negative emotions, which is in turn associated to structural and functional brain abnormalities (Blair et al., 2012; Brockmeyer et al., 2012; Glenn and Klonsky, 2009; Gross, 2002; Keltner and Kring, 1998; Svaldi et al., 2012; Zapf, 2002).”
BackgroundPrefrontal engagement by cognitive reappraisal of negative faces
Nelson, B. D., Fitzgerald, D. A., Klumpp, H., Shankman, S. A., & Phan, K. L. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.034 · Cited by 57
“The ability to effectively reappraise negative emotion has been associated with better physical, psychological, and social outcomes [4,5] and is the foundation of most forms of cognitive therapy [6].”
BackgroundThe Green Valley: The Use of Mobile Narratives for Reducing Stress in Commuters
Grassi, A., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0156 · Cited by 55
Who Takes Risks in High-Risk Sport?: The Role of Alexithymia
Barlow, M., Woodman, T., Chapman, C., Milton, M., Stone, D., Dodds, T., & Allen, B. (2015) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2014-0130 · Cited by 70
“Emotion regulation refers to actions that influence “which emotions we have, when we have them, and how we experience and express them” (Gross, 2002, p. 282).”
BackgroundThe experience of partners of young stroke survivors
Buschenfeld, K., Morris, R. C., & Lockwood, S. (2009) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280902736338 · Cited by 56
“expressed tendency to suppress emotions and rely on practical coping, and the potential impact of this on identification and treatment of underlying issues [36].”
BackgroundSloan, C. A., Berke, D. S., & Shipherd, J. C. (2017) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/pro0000146 · Cited by 64
“Indeed, evidence suggests that suppression of internal experiences has the unintended effect of increasing physiological arousal (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundDo cognitive deficits predict negative emotionality and aggression in schizophrenia?
Ahmed, A. O., Richardson, J., Buckner, A., Romanoff, S., Feder, M. R., Oragunye, N., Illnicki, A., Bhat, I., Hoptman, M. J., & Lindenmayer, J. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.003 · Cited by 59
Natural language indicators of differential gene regulation in the human immune system
Mehl, M. R., Raison, C. L., Pace, T. W. W., Arevalo, J. M. G., & Cole, S. W. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1707373114 · Cited by 52
Catterson, A. D., Eldesouky, L., & John, O. P. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.04.004 · Cited by 53
Mental health during COVID-19 pandemic: the role of optimism and emotional regulation
Krifa, I., van Zyl, L. E., Braham, A., Ben Nasr, S., & Shankland, R. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031413 · Cited by 55
“Emotion regulation can be defined as the processes by which we influence the valence and intensity of emotions [28].”
BackgroundNeural Networks for Mindfulness and Emotion Suppression
Murakami, H., Katsunuma, R., Oba, K., Terasawa, Y., Motomura, Y., Mishima, K., & Moriguchi, Y. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128005 · Cited by 60
“This is consistent with evidence from previous emotion suppression studies, which showed increased peripheral responses during suppression [1,14,29].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSorić, I., Penezić, Z., & Burić, I. (2013) · Psihologijske teme · Cited by 53
Sheppes, G., Brady, W. J., & Samson, A. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00346 · Cited by 52
State-dependent attention modulation of human primary visual cortex: A high density ERP study
Rossi, V., & Pourtois, G. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.007 · Cited by 60
“…of anxiety or negative affect may also have been accompanied by the implementation of spontaneous emotion regulation strategies in these healthy adult participants (Gross, 2002 for a review; Kalisch et al., 2006), in such a way to overcome the experience of negative affect in this condition.”
A Turkish adaptation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
Eldeleklioğlu, J., & Eroğlu, Y. (2015) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/ijhs.v12i1.3144 · Cited by 55
“…reappraisal, an antecedent-focused strategy which includes reinterpreting an emotion eliciting event in order to change its emotional impact and expressive suppression, a response-focused strategy that involves hindering the external facial, bodily, or behavioral signs of the emotion (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundWang, Y., Yang, L., & Wang, Y. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096339 · Cited by 53
“Besides, reappraisal has less physiological or cognitive costs (such as impairing memory) than suppression [12].”
BackgroundFried, L., & Chapman, E. (2011) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-011-0049-1 · Cited by 56
Wessing, I., Rehbein, M. A., Postert, C., Fürniss, T., & Junghöfer, M. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.117 · Cited by 55
“In the same vein, many studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of reappraisal in regulating emotion on experiential, behavioural, physiological and neural levels (Gross, 2002; Ochsner and Gross, 2005, 2008; Ray et al., 2010; Urry, 2009).”
Regulation of emotions in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Urbanek, M., Harvey, M., McGowan, J. F., & Agrawal, N. (2014) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.06.004 · Cited by 54
“This is consistent with the theory and research on emotional inhibition, indicating that controlling an emotional response often fails to decrease emotional experience [34,37–39].”
ResultIn‐Albon, T., Bürli, M., Ruf, C., & Schmid, M. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-5 · Cited by 55
“In social interactions, emotional suppression seems to decrease both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners [74].”
BackgroundConscious Regulation of Sexual Arousal in Men
Winters, J., Kalina Christoff, A., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2009) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490902754103 · Cited by 59
“Gross (2002) suggested that two distinct processes may be at play: reappraisal and suppression.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMeland, A., Ishimatsu, K., Pensgaard, A. M., Wagstaff, A., Fonne, V., Garde, A. H., & Harris, A. (2015) · International Journal of Aviation Psychology · doi:10.1080/10508414.2015.1162639 · Cited by 56
“These mental strategies are strenuous, they can increase parasympathetic nervous system activity, and they can make us more vulnerable to environmental stressors (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundHagenauer, G., Gläser‐Zikuda, M., & Volet, S. (2016) · Frontline Learning Research · doi:10.14786/flr.v4i3.236 · Cited by 62
Comparing the Effects of Three Online Cognitive Reappraisal Trainings on Well-Being
Ranney, R. M., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Ayduk, Ö. N. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9779-0 · Cited by 61
Chahal, R., Kirshenbaum, J. S., Miller, J. G., Ho, T. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.010 · Cited by 58
“For example, the recruitment of ECN regions has been shown to be necessary for cognitive reappraisal (80), an emotional regulatory strategy that involves adaptively reframing an emotion-evoking situation in nonemotional terms (81).”
Mindfulness in Forensic Mental Health: Does It Have a Role?
Howells, K., Tennant, A., Day, A., & Elmer, R. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-009-0001-x · Cited by 54
Influence of affective personality on cognition-mediated emotional processing: Need for empowerment
Archer, T., Adrianson, L., Plancak, A., & Karlsson, E. (2007) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4321/s0213-61632007000400002 · Cited by 50
Emotions and the policy process: enthusiasm, anger and fear
Pierce, J. J. (2021) · Policy & Politics · doi:10.1332/030557321x16304447582668 · Cited by 57
Chhabra, B., & Pandey, P. (2022) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/jkm-05-2021-0403 · Cited by 62
Parker, S. L., Jimmieson, N. L., Walsh, A. J., & Loakes, J. (2014) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-014-9383-4 · Cited by 63
“It is a powerful emotion regulation strategy that can improve physiological and affective responses to stress (Gross 1998, 2002), as well as task performance (Jamieson et al. 2010).”
BackgroundNeural mechanisms of cognitive reappraisal in remitted major depressive disorder
Smoski, M. J., Keng, S., Schiller, C. E., Minkel, J. D., & Dichter, G. S. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.073 · Cited by 57
“…reappraisal of sad images in unmedicated individuals with a history of MDD. Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002) that predicts depressive symptom severity (Kraaij et al., 2002; Gross and John, 2003; Joormann and Gotlib, 2010) and that may convey…”
An examination of trait, spontaneous and instructed emotion regulation in dysphoria
Quigley, L., & Dobson, K. S. (2013) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.848786 · Cited by 56
“Reappraisal involves changing one’s interpretation of a potential emotional experience in order to neutralise its emotional impact before a full emotional response has been generated (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialParents' inconsistent emotion socialization and children's socioemotional adjustment
Mirabile, S. P. (2014) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2014.06.003 · Cited by 52
‘Be Cool!’: Emotional costs of hiding feelings in a job interview
Sieverding, M. (2009) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2009.00481.x · Cited by 58
“The regulation of emotion, and especially its suppression, is known to have physiological, social, affective, and cognitive consequences (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundHelbig‐Lang, S., Rusch, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22135 · Cited by 54
“This methodology might also help to understand interrelations between different ER components that are delineated in a temporal sequence (see Gross, 2002), the interplay between situational demands, and the emotional effects of certain strategies.”
BackgroundAdolph, D., Meister, L., & Pause, B. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00283 · Cited by 57
The effect of arousal on regulation of negative emotions using cognitive reappraisal: An ERP study
Langeslag, S. J. E., & Surti, K. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.05.012 · Cited by 59
Zhang, L., Lu, J., Li, B., Wang, X., & Shangguan, C. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110094 · Cited by 54
Sharma, M., Batra, K., Davis, R. E., & Wilkerson, A. H. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9010055 · Cited by 55
Gkonou, C., & Miller, E. R. (2023) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103046 · Cited by 56
Measures of Coping for Psychological Well-Being
Greenaway, K. H., Louis, W. R., Parker, S. L., Kalokerinos, E. K., Smith, J. R., & Terry, D. J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386915-9.00012-7 · Cited by 57
Negative urgency and emotion regulation strategy use: Associations with displaced aggression
Scott, J. P., DiLillo, D., Maldonado, R. C., & Watkins, L. E. (2015) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21588 · Cited by 52
“Nevertheless, evidence documenting the significant cognitive load required of suppression (Bonanno, Papa, Lalande, Westphal, & Coifman, 2004; Gross, 2002; Richards & Gross, 2000) suggests that participants in this condition may have used their available resources to tamp down emotional distress.”
InfluentialSlavin‐Spenny, O. M., Lumley, M. A., Thakur, E. R., Nevedal, D. C., & Hijazi, A. M. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9500-z · Cited by 53
“For example, experiential avoidance theory (12) posits that most psychopathology results from avoiding emotionally provocative experiences, and research on emotion regulation demonstrates that suppressing emotions has pathological cognitive, behavioral, and physiological consequences (13).”
Initial Orienting to Emotional Faces in Female Adolescents with Borderline Personality Disorder
von Ceumern-Lindenstjerna, I.-A., Brunner, R. M., Parzer, P., Mundt, C., Fiedler, P. A., & Resch, F. (2010) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000274176 · Cited by 54
“most of the symptoms exhibited by patients with BPD, such as impulsive and self-injurious attitudes, are either a direct or indirect consequence of emotion dysregulation or attempts to modulate intense emotional reactions.Gross [”
BackgroundProfessional Distress and Meaning in Health Care: Why Professional Empathy Can Help
Ekman, E., & Halpern, J. (2015) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2015.1046575 · Cited by 53
“Suppression is useful to manage inappropriate negative emotions; however, it is not a fine instrument, and the chronic suppression of undesired emotions can lead to the dampening or suppression of all emotions (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Zapf, Vogt, Seifert, Mertini, & Isic, 1999).”
BackgroundOn the Control of Social Approach–Avoidance Behavior: Neural and Endocrine Mechanisms
Kaldewaij, R., Koch, S. B. J., Volman, I., Toni, I., & Roelofs, K. (2016) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_446 · Cited by 60
Shafir, T. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01451 · Cited by 68
“This is the “processes by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions” (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundExpressive suppression and emotional eating in older and younger adults: An exploratory study
Samuel, L., & Cohen, M. W. (2018) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2018.06.012 · Cited by 58
Difficulties in emotion regulation and chronic pain-related disability and opioid misuse
Lutz, J., Gross, R. T., & Vargovich, A. M. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.07.018 · Cited by 53
Protective buffering and emotional desynchrony among spousal caregivers of cancer patients.
Langer, S. L., Rudd, M. E., & Syrjala, K. L. (2007) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.5.635 · Cited by 53
“This is commensurate with noted work regarding deleterious affective and physiological consequences of emotional inhibition (Gross, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
BackgroundResultVoluntary arousing negative experiences (VANE): Why we like to be scared.
Kerr, M., Siegle, G. J., & Orsini, J. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000470 · Cited by 57
Is emotion regulation associated with cancer-related psychological symptoms?
Guimond, A.-J., Ivers, H., & Savard, J. (2019) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1514462 · Cited by 51
“This strategy is considered maladaptive given its association with decreased positive affect and cognitive performance (Gross, 2002; Richards & Gross, 1999) and increased anxiety, pain, chronic fatigue, and risk of insomnia in the general population (Amstadter, 2008; Chalder & Hill, 2012; Fern andez-Mendoza et al.”
BackgroundPathways to student engagement: beyond triggers and mechanisms at the engagement interface
Trowler, V., Allan, R. L., Bryk, J., & Din, R. R. (2021) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-021-00798-1 · Cited by 55
“…affective engagement: • Fostering positive emotions in students (through curriculum, pedagogy, rapport, pastoral input, fostering well-being, etc.) • Helping students regulate negative emotions through fostering reappraisal skills (see Gross, 2002) to short-circuit negative associations taking hold”
BackgroundThe Influence of Parents on Emotion Regulation in Middle Childhood: A Systematic Review
Raeymaecker, K. D., & Dhar, M. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9081200 · Cited by 76
“Emotion regulation refers to the ability to assess, adapt and monitor internally felt and expressed emotional reactions in order to reach one’s own goals, given the present situational context and the developmental age of the individual [75,76].”
BackgroundBylsma, L. M., & Rottenberg, J. (2011) · Emotion Regulation and Well-Being · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6953-8_14 · Cited by 52
“In addition, programs providing emotion regulation instructions could be valuable in reducing emotional symptoms of depression, as emotion regulation instructions have been shown to be effective in reducing emotional reactivity in laboratory studies (e.g., Gross, 2002 ).”
BackgroundRaphiphatthana, B., Jose, P. E., & Kielpikowski, M. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.005 · Cited by 51
Valence, Arousal, and Cognitive Control: A Voluntary Task-Switching Study
Demanet, J., Liefooghe, B., & Verbruggen, F. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00336 · Cited by 54
“Yet, research not only has shown that cognitive control modulates emotions (e.g., Gross, 2002) but also that emotions influence cognitive control (e.g., Gray, 1999; for a review see Pessoa, 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMaldonado, R. C., DiLillo, D., & Hoffman, L. (2015) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/a0035454 · Cited by 52
“Gross (1998a, 1998b, 2002) has conducted seminal research on two common emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, that may function to increase or minimize IPA risk.”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotions, Existential Feelings, and Their Regulation
Stephan, A. (2012) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073911430138 · Cited by 53
“…regulation, attentional deployment can be used to direct one’s attention to specific aspects within a given situation: either to distract one from an unpleasant topic or to concentrate on an important one, or even “to get to the bottom of a problem by ruminating about it” (Gross, 2002, p. 283).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotional Intelligence - New Perspectives and Applications
Fabio, A. D. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/1188 · Cited by 55
Yang, E., & Dorneich, M. C. (2017) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-017-0407-x · Cited by 52
“Emotion regulation models suggest that acting early in the emotion-generative process to reappraise the situation to decrease the emotional impact is often more effective than trying to suppress the emotions at a later stage [44].”
BackgroundSchneier, F. R., & Goldmark, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13060-6_3 · Cited by 76
Zweerings, J., Sarkheil, P., Keller, M., Dyck, M., Klasen, M., Becker, B., Gaebler, A. J., Ibrahim, C. N., Turetsky, B. I., Zvyagintsev, M., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102483 · Cited by 45
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
BackgroundInfluentialNavigating successful confrontations
Monteith, M. J., Burns, M. D., & Hildebrand, L. K. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814715-3.00006-0 · Cited by 52
“…reappraising the confrontation as an opportunity to reduce bias (rather than focusing on the negative feelings elicited by bias), or actively inhibiting the expression of negative emotion, regardless of what one is actually feeling (e.g., see the process model of emotion regulation; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSturgill, R., Martinasek, M. P., Schmidt, T., & Goyal, R. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/25372 · Cited by 54
“The inability to emotionally self-regulate often leads to psychopathology due to the avoidance of, or preoccupation with, negative emotion [18] and, as a result, may have negative consequences on the individual’s health, relationships, and work and school performance [19].”
Comparative Analytical Survey on Cognitive Agents with Emotional Intelligence
Zall, R., & Kangavari, M. R. (2022) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-022-10007-5 · Cited by 56
“Consequently, there are two main categories of methods for the regulation of emotions: antecedent-focused and response-focused [118].”
BackgroundGao, H., Chen, X., Gao, H., & Yu, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.881294 · Cited by 80
“According to Gross (2010), emotion regulation methods operate at the cognitive level.”
BackgroundRossi, A. A., Panzeri, A., & Mannarini, S. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-10006-8 · Cited by 53
“…of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, PD, Italy 2 Interdepartmental Center for Family Research, University of Padova, Padova, Italy 3 Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy 1 3 2015) and can significantly affect life (Gross, 2002; Vine & Aldao, 2014).”
BackgroundGiese‐Davis, J., Dimiceli, S., Sephton, S. E., & Spiegel, D. (2006) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.04.003 · Cited by 55
“Emotion-regulation abilities may develop during psychotherapy for clients who have difficulty expressing or regulating affect (Giese-Davis et al., 2002; Greenberg, 1993), or may exist as trait-like abilities (Gross, 2002; Lopes et al., 2005; Salovey et al., 1995).”
BackgroundHill‐Soderlund, A. L., & Braungart‐Rieker, J. M. (2008) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2007.12.007 · Cited by 58
A case for an integrative view on affect regulation through media usage
Schramm, H., & Wirth, W. (2008) · Communications · doi:10.1515/commun.2008.002 · Cited by 51
“According to Gross (2002), people sometimes fall back into their initial mood they had before media consumption because they only suppress their affect temporarily.”
BackgroundPreschool Social Exclusion, Aggression, and Cooperation
Stenseng, F., Belsky, J., Skalická, V., & Wichstrøm, L. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214554591 · Cited by 64
“This includes the ability to attenuate particular emotions, such as sadness and anger (Gross, 1998, 2003).”
BackgroundTurpyn, C. C., Chaplin, T. M., Cook, E. C., & Martelli, A. M. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.02.009 · Cited by 62
Baur‐Streubel, R., Conzelmann, A., Wieser, M. J., & Pauli, P. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.022 · Cited by 59
“As antecedent-focused strategies, Gross (1998, 2002) identified situation selection, attentional deployment, and reappraisal.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKelley, T. M., & Lambert, E. G. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0090-9 · Cited by 57
“dant or suppressive coping strategies are ineffective (Gross 2002; John and Gross 2004), associated with depression and substance abuse (Hayes et al.”
BackgroundThe effects of acceptance and suppression on anticipation and receipt of painful stimulation
Braams, B. R., Blechert, J., Boden, M. T., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.04.001 · Cited by 51
“…2011), or (c) have no effect (Gross & Levenson, 1993; Roberts, Levenson, & Gross, 2008) on emotional experience, but (d) lead to increases sympathetic nervous system activation (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006; Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997; Gross, 1998, 2002; Hofmann, Heering, Sawyer, & Asnaani, 2009).”
Self-citationAdolescents’ Emotion Regulation Strategies, Self-Concept, and Internalizing Problems
Hsieh, M., & Stright, A. D. (2012) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431611433848 · Cited by 59
“We also focused on just one aspect of the emotion regulation system, using just one model of emotion regulation strategies developed by Gross (2002).”
MethodNeural correlates of reappraisal considering working memory capacity and cognitive flexibility
Zähringer, J., Falquez, R., Schubert, A., Nees, F., & Barnow, S. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-017-9788-6 · Cited by 57
“It is a form of cognitive change by which individuals deliberate emotion-eliciting stimuli in a way that modulates the emotional response to these stimuli (Gross 2002; Gross and Thompson 2007; Ochsner et al. 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialLangeslag, S. J. E., & Strien, J. W. V. (2010) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000009 · Cited by 52
“The absence of age differences in objective measures may be a result of the instruction to use behavioral suppression as the emotion regulation strategy, which appears to be less effective in decreasing emotional feelings than cognitive strategies such as reappraisal (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodKotsou, I., Leys, C., & Fossion, P. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.047 · Cited by 50
Mindfulness:A Transtherapeutic Approach for Transdiagnostic Mental Processes
Greeson, J., Garland, E. L., & Black, D. (2014) · The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Mindfulness · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch28 · Cited by 50
“Paradoxically, however, the more one tries to suppress negative emotions, the more distress they experience and the greater the psychophysiological activation, not less (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundSlotter, E. B., & Ward, D. E. (2014) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407514546978 · Cited by 50
“Redemptive narratives focus on finding emotional positivity in negative events (e.g., Pals, 2006), whereas cognitive reappraisal focuses on rationally examining the negative event while reducing the emotional charge associated with it (e.g., Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe Effect of Mindfulness on Heart Rate Control
Delizonna, L., Williams, R., & Langer, E. J. (2009) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-009-9050-6 · Cited by 59
“Gross and colleagues (Gross 2002; Gross and Levenson 1997) also have examined the effects of cognitive reappraisal in the context of emotion regulation and revealed that cognitive strategies are the most efficient methods of positive emotion regulation.”
BackgroundLee, J., Sohn, Y., & Fowler, J. H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083143 · Cited by 54
“Due to this temporal difference, reappraisal has been found to be more effective than suppression in making individuals feel less negative after the event [22,23] and leading to less sympathetic nervous system arousal [23,24].”
BackgroundGaggioli, A., Ferscha, A., Riva, G., Dunne, S., & Viaud‐Delmon, I. (2015) · doi:10.1515/9783110471137 · Cited by 51
Ortner, C. N. M., Marie, M. S., & Corno, D. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167253 · Cited by 63
Li, T., Liu, T., Han, J., Zhang, M., Li, Z., Zhu, Q., & Wang, A. (2017) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2017.1384553 · Cited by 55
“Research has show that reappraisal as a leading strategy to manage unpleasant emotions reduces the risk of negative emotions, contributes to resilience development, and thus has an impact on strengthening PTG (Carlson, Dikecligil, Greenberg, & Mujica-Parodi, 2012; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Cole, S. T., Ricci, P., & Gao, J. (2017) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287517741004 · Cited by 51
최해연, & Min, K.-H. (2007) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2007.21.4.004 · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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