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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 4,870
Altering the Trajectory of Affect and Affect Regulation: the Impact of Compassion Training
Jazaieri, H., McGonigal, K. M., Lee, I. A., Jinpa, T., Doty, J. R., Gross, J. J., & Goldin, P. R. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0773-3 · Cited by 74
“Cognitive reappraisal, largely considered to be an Badaptive^ strategy (e.g., Gross 2002; John and Gross 2004), refers to efforts made to alter one’s affect by modifying the subjective meaning of the situation.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNewhill, C. E., Eack, S. M., & Mulvey, E. P. (2012) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2012.26.3.452 · Cited by 67
Gendered emotion management and teacher outcomes in secondary school teaching: A review
Olson, R. E., McKenzie, J., Mills, K. A., Patulny, R., Bellocchi, A., & Caristo, F. (2019) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2019.01.010 · Cited by 80
“…the internal strategies used tomodify emotions, distinguishing between strategies used to modify one's situation (Gross, 2002) or inner feelings by reevaluating a situation before an emotional sensation manifests (Grandey, 2000), and strategies used after emotions are generated (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundMohammed, A., Kosonogov, V., & Lyusin, D. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.007 · Cited by 75
Liu, Y., Duan, L., Shen, Q., Ma, Y., Chen, Y., Xu, L., Wu, Y., & Zhang, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60326-w · Cited by 68
Cognitive modulation of emotion anticipation
Erk, S., Abler, B., & Walter, H. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04976.x · Cited by 68
“It has been proposed that there is a continuum of emotionregulation strategies ranging from the use of simple attentional control up to the use of higher cognitive restructuring in order to modulate emotion perception and emotional responses (Gross, 1999, 2002; Ochsner & Gross, 2005).”
BackgroundFunctional Dysphonia During Mental Imagery: Testing the Trait Theory of Voice Disorders
van Mersbergen, M., Patrick, C. J., & Glaze, L. E. (2008) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/06-0216 · Cited by 67
The role of Social Value Orientation in response to an unfair offer in the Ultimatum Game
Karagonlar, G., & Kuhlman, D. M. (2013) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.07.006 · Cited by 69
Electronic Aggression Among Emerging Adults
Kellerman, I., Margolin, G., Piero, L. B. D., Baucom, B., & Iturralde, E. (2013) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696813490159 · Cited by 67
“Emotion regulation, or the processes influencing how emotions are experienced and expressed (Gross, 2002), may also protect against the effects of risky family environments (Curtis & Cicchetti, 2007).”
BackgroundBayesian Data Analysis with the Bivariate Hierarchical Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process Model
Oravecz, Z., Tuerlinckx, F., & Vandekerckhove, J. (2016) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2015.1110512 · Cited by 65
Healey, M. P., & Hodgkinson, G. P. (2017) · California Management Review · doi:10.1177/0008125617712258 · Cited by 67
“For a review of the evidence for reappraisal, see Gross (2002), op. cit.”
BackgroundGoldsmith, S. F., & Kelley, E. A. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3483-3 · Cited by 77
“Although research in TD populations shows reliable associations between maladaptive regulation and various negative outcomes—many of which are also established symptoms of ASD (e.g., elevated physiological arousal, reduced positive affect, poor social relationships; Gross 2002; Knott et al.”
InfluentialThe paradox of fiction: Emotional response toward fiction and the modulatory role of self-relevance
Sperduti, M., Arcangeli, M., Makowski, D., Wantzen, P., Zalla, T., Lemaire, S., Dokic, J., Pelletier, J., & Piolino, P. (2016) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.02.003 · Cited by 68
“The first mechanism is believed to be one of the most efficient and adaptive for regulating emotional response (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundRationalize or reappraise? How envy and cognitive reappraisal shape unethical contagion
Thiel, C. E., Bonner, J., Bush, J. T., Welsh, D. T., & Pati, R. K. (2020) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/peps.12387 · Cited by 71
Camodeca, M., & Nava, E. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520934438 · Cited by 75
“Individuals with difficulties in emotion regulation are more likely to experience depression and rumination, to show aggressive and disruptive behavior, and to incur in psychopathological symptoms (Gross, 2002; Rieffe & De Rooij, 2012).”
BackgroundAydın, S. (2021) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-021-09542-7 · Cited by 69
“Four different strategies can be defined in CERs: Rumination (RU) is characterized by negative and depressive thoughts (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundChang, M., Gaines, R., & Mosley, K. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.846290 · Cited by 84
“Conversely, suppression has little impact on unpleasant emotions while also consuming cognitive resources which, in turn, constricts the capacity to absorb information and access memory throughout the duration of the emotion regulation period (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundPoker-faced morality: Concealing emotions leads to utilitarian decision making
Lee, J., & Gino, F. (2014) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.10.006 · Cited by 73
“As compared to controls, individuals who were instructed to use reappraisal felt less negative after experi- encing a negative event and had less sympathetic nervous system arousal (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundFinset, A., & Mjaaland, T. A. (2009) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.12.007 · Cited by 66
“Gross presents a process model of emotion regulation [3].”
BackgroundThe role of emotion regulation on social participation following stroke
Cooper, C. L., Phillips, L. H., Johnston, M., Whyte, M., & MacLeod, M. J. (2014) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12068 · Cited by 66
Sympathetic and parasympathetic responses to social stress across adolescence
Hollenstein, T., McNeely, A., Eastabrook, J., Mackey, A. R., & Flynn, J. J. (2011) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20582 · Cited by 72
Clinical events in coronary patients who report low distress: Adverse effect of repressive coping.
Denollet, J., Martens, E. J., Nyklı́ček, I., Conraads, V. M., & de Gelder, B. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.302 · Cited by 71
“However, individuals greatly differ in their threshold for responding to negative stimuli with self-reports of emotional distress (Gross, 2002) and in their ability to recognize emotional stimuli (Lane, Sechrest, Riedel, Shapiro, & Kaszniak, 2000).”
BackgroundLewis, E. J., Yoon, K. L., & Joormann, J. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1310088 · Cited by 77
Ruggiero, G. M., Spada, M. M., Caselli, G., & Sassaroli, S. (2018) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-018-0292-8 · Cited by 87
“…it in an emotional disorder—by activating repetitive cycles of so-called Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) that feed on themselves for two main reasons: they are mistakenly conceived as functional plans for coping with reality and its problems (Gross 2002; Hayes and Feldman 2004; Salovey et al.”
Backgroundde Houwer, J., & Hermans, D. (2010) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203853054 · Cited by 73
Behavioural and neural correlates of self-focused emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder
Gaebler, M., Daniels, J. K., Lamke, J.-P., Fydrich, T., & Walter, H. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.130080 · Cited by 64
Emotion Regulation and Emotion Work: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
von Scheve, C. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00496 · Cited by 66
“Emotion regulation in principle extends to most of these components and involves changes in expressive behavior, subjective feeling, or physiological responses (cf. Gross, 1999, p. 557; Gross, 2002, p. 282).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe interaction between cognition and emotion
Liu, Y., Fu, Q., & Fu, X. (2009) · Chinese Science Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s11434-009-0632-2 · Cited by 70
Murray, D. W., Rosanbalm, K. D., Christopoulos, C., & Meyer, A. L. (2019) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-019-00556-1 · Cited by 80
“Emergent self-regulation skills include actively engaging parent/caregiver assistance in fearful or frustrating situations (Gross, 2002) and adjusting behavior 388 The Journal of Primary Prevention (2019) 40:367–403 1 3 to achieve short-term goals.”
BackgroundAsnaani, A., Tyler, J., McCann, J. P., Brown, L. A., & Zang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.160 · Cited by 69
A winning smile? Smile intensity, physical dominance, and fighter performance.
Kraus, M. W., & Chen, T.-W. D. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0030745 · Cited by 66
“Given our theoretical argument suggesting that prefight smiles unintentionally leak information about a fighter's reduced physical dominance, it is interesting to consider the role of emotion regulation in fighter performance (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotion processing and regulation in women with morbid obesity who apply for bariatric surgery
Zijlstra, H., van Middendorp, H., Devaere, L., Larsen, J. K., van Ramshorst, B., & Geenen, R. (2011) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.600761 · Cited by 65
“Cognitive reappraisal means reframing the way a situation is interpreted so as to decrease its emotional impact (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundKing, K. M., Feil, M. C., & Halvorson, M. A. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618785619 · Cited by 64
“Efforts to deny, suppress, or avoid a stressor or emotion may produce rapid but short-term decreases in negative emotions (Compas et al., 2001; Gross, 2002), reinforcing those emotion regulation strategies despite their longterm ineffectiveness.”
BackgroundEvent-related potential measures of emotion regulation in early childhood
Lewis, M. D., Todd, R. M., & Honsberger, M. J. M. (2007) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e328010a216 · Cited by 65
“[5]), all of these activities require executive control of attention and/or action.”
BackgroundLin, T.-J., Ko, H.-C., Wu, J. Y.-W., Oei, T. P., Lane, H.-Y., & Chen, C.-H. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2018.1436104 · Cited by 64
“Response-focused strategies refer to things we do once an emotion is already underway, after the response tendencies have been generated (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation across the life span
Helion, C., Krueger, S. M., & Ochsner, K. N. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00014-8 · Cited by 78
On Emotion Regulation Strategies and Well-Being: The Role of Passion
St-Louis, A. C., Rapaport, M., Chénard‐Poirier, L. A., Vallerand, R. J., & Dandeneau, S. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00296-8 · Cited by 72
“…these two emotion regulation strategies has shown that cognitive reappraisal is typically associated with positive outcomes as it generally enhances and reduces both the experiential and behavioral components of positive and negative emotions, respectively (Gross 1998a, 2002; Gross and John 2003).”
BackgroundFaustino, B., Vasco, A. B., da Silva, A. N., & Marques, T. M. (2020) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2020.442 · Cited by 82
“…beliefs, interpretations, expectations, and dysfunctional meaning-making processes seem to be recurring elements across different theories, which supports the notion of maladaptive cognitive appraisals and emotion regulation strategies (Greenberg, 2015; Gross 2002; Lehay, 2015; Vasco et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPreuss, H., Capito, K., van Eickels, R. L., Zemp, M., & Kolar, D. R. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100388 · Cited by 64
“Emotion regulation (ER) belongs to the coping strategies within a transdiagnostic approach aiming to foster positive affective states and regulate negative affective states (Gross, 2002, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodWiltink, J., Glaesmer, H., Canterino, M., Wölfling, K., Knebel, A., Kessler, H., Brähler, E., & Beutel, M. E. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3205/psm000078 · Cited by 66
“For the development of the original version of the ERQ Gross [4] assumed a characteristic model of the process of emotional reactions.”
BackgroundMethodA hierarchical state space approach to affective dynamics
Lodewyckx, T., Tuerlinckx, F., Kuppens, P., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2010) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2010.08.004 · Cited by 65
“First, they are multicomponential, consisting of experiential, physiological and behavioral components (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundIncreased attempts to suppress negative and positive emotions in Borderline Personality Disorder
Beblo, T., Fernando, S. C., Kamper, P., Griepenstroh, J., Aschenbrenner, S., Pastuszak, A., Schlosser, N., & Drießen, M. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.06.036 · Cited by 70
“While Gross (2002) focuses primarily on suppression of emotional expression, other authors relate the attempt to suppress emotions to the entire emotional response including psychological and physiological features (Liverant et al., 2008).”
BackgroundStrauss, G. P., Kappenman, E. S., Culbreth, A. J., Catalano, L. T., Ossenfort, K. L., Lee, B. G., & Gold, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000017 · Cited by 63
“Importantly, Gregory P. Strauss, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Binghamton; Emily S. Kappenman, Center for Mind and Brain and Department of Psychology, University of California Davis; Adam J. Culbreth and Lauren T. Catalano, Department of Psychiatry and Maryland Psychiatric Research Center,…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialManaging perceptions of distress at work: Reframing emotion as passion
Wolf, E. B., Lee, J. J., Sah, S., & Brooks, A. W. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.003 · Cited by 64
“Cognitive reappraisal involves changing how one thinks about a situation to change its emotional impact (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundAcceptance and commitment therapy: New wave or morita therapy?
Hofmann, S. G. (2008) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00138.x · Cited by 63
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy that is present to some extent in all CBT approaches (e.g., Gross, 2002), whereas acceptance strategies counteract suppression and other emotional (or experiential) avoidance tendencies.”
BackgroundTirch, D. D., Leahy, R. L., Silberstein, L. R., & Melwani, P. S. (2012) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.4.380 · Cited by 62
Mocaiber, I., Sanchez, T. A., Pereira, M. G., Erthal, F. S., Joffily, M., de Araújo, D. B., Volchan, E., & Oliveira, L. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.003 · Cited by 63
Employee adaptability to change at work: a multidimensional, resource-based framework
van Dam, K. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139096690.009 · Cited by 69
Towards affect-integrated driving behaviour research
Jeon, M. (2015) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/1463922x.2015.1067934 · Cited by 70
“The most well-accepted affect regulation model in psychology is a ‘process model’ (Gross 1998a, 1998b, 2002; Gross and Thompson 2006), in which affect may be regulated at five points in the affect generative process: situation selection, situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive…”
BackgroundBurns, J. W., Quartana, P. J., Gilliam, W. P., Gray, E., Matsuura, J. T., Nappi, C. M., Wolfe, B., & Lofland, K. R. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013044 · Cited by 62
From mindful attention to social connection: The key role of emotion regulation
Quaglia, J. T., Goodman, R. J., & Brown, K. W. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.988124 · Cited by 70
“…enhanced social emotion regulation during day-to-day social interactions, as operationalised by key markers of emotion regulation, namely greater positive and less negative emotion (Gross, 2002; Hill & Updegraff, 2012), and less negative affective lability (Kuppens, Oravecz, & Tuerlinckx, 2010).”
BackgroundRice, J. A., Levine, L. J., & Pizarro, D. A. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.812 · Cited by 62
“…approaches to regulating emotion are likely to have different effects on cognitive processes such as memory because each directs regulation efforts toward different sorts of information to execute the strategy (Gross, 1998a, 2002; Richards, Butler, & Gross, 2003; Richards & Gross, 1999, 2000).”
BackgroundAffective Empathy Differs in Male Violent Offenders With High- and Low-Trait Psychopathy
Pfabigan, D. M., Seidel, E., Wucherer, A. M., Keckeis, K., Derntl, B., & Lamm, C. (2014) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_145 · Cited by 64
“Cognitive appraisal is one of the core processes of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002), describing the ability to up- or down-regulate ongoing emotional responses (Ochsner & Gross, 2005).”
BackgroundInduced depressive behavior impairs learning and memory in rats
Sun, M., & Alkon, D. L. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.07.041 · Cited by 63
Preference for negative emotions.
Västfjäll, D., & Gärling, T. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.326 · Cited by 62
“We do, however, believe that both explicit awareness of the effects of emotions on task performance (Gohm, 2003), task and social constraint activating conscious affectregulation (Erber et al., 2004), and nonconscious affect-regulation mechanisms (Gross, 2002) play important roles.”
BackgroundEthnic Variation in Emotion Regulation
Arens, E. A., Balkır, N., & Barnow, S. (2012) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022112453314 · Cited by 62
“It has been shown that response-focused ER strategies (i.e., inhibiting ongoing emotions after they have been generated) are less effective than antecedent-focused ER strategies (i.e., alteration of the emotional response before it arises) (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; John & Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundFang, F. Z., Potter, T. B. H., Nguyen, T. P., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065720500513 · Cited by 60
Examining Academics’ Strategies for Coping With Stress and Emotions: A Review of Research
Salimzadeh, R., Hall, N. C., & Saroyan, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.660676 · Cited by 87
“…ability to effectively manage stress and emotions has important consequences for health and adaptive functioning (e.g., Folkman and Moskowitz, 2004; Gross, 2002; Gross and Levenson, 1997; John and Gross, 2004; for meta-analytical summaries, Skinner et al., 2003; Aldao et al., 2010; Webb et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialLingering Effects: Stereotype Threat Hurts More than You Think
Inzlicht, M., Tullett, A. M., Legault, L., & Kang, S. K. (2011) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2011.01031.x · Cited by 61
“In this way, reappraisal can essentially stop spillover before it starts, circumventing potentially damaging attempts to suppress negative emotions (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundIndependent and Collaborative Contributions of the Cerebral Hemispheres to Emotional Processing
Shobe, E. R. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00230 · Cited by 68
The relation between fluid intelligence and self-regulatory depletion
Shamosh, N. A., & Gray, J. R. (2007) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930701273658 · Cited by 66
“On one hand, suppression of emotion has been demonstrated to have specific cognitive and physiological consequences (e.g., Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotional disclosure interventions for chronic pain: from the laboratory to the clinic
Lumley, M. A., Sklar, E. R., & Carty, J. N. (2011) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-011-0085-4 · Cited by 63
“Experimental studies confirm that suppressing affectively laden cognitions disrupts one’s memory, interpersonal functioning, and physiology [18], as does suppressing emotional expression [19].”
BackgroundHoltmann, J., Herbort, M. C., Wüstenberg, T., Soch, J., Richter, S., Walter, H., Roepke, S., & Schott, B. H. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00054 · Cited by 63
“The ability to regulate negative emotions successfully allows an individual to adaptively respond to stressful experiences, with deficits in emotion regulation often leading to considerable psychological distress (Gross and Muñoz, 1995; Davidson et al., 2000; Gross, 2002; Ochsner and Gross, 2005).”
BackgroundImportance of emotional intelligence in negotiation and mediation
Kelly, E. J., & Kaminskienė, N. (2016) · International Comparative Jurisprudence · doi:10.1016/j.icj.2016.07.001 · Cited by 62
“Suppressing resentment, anger, or other strong emotions can debilitate a negotiator's cognitive and behavioral functioning in several ways (Gross, 2002): the negative emotional experience remains, leaving the negotiator in an internal state of tension; the effort to suppress the display of emotions…”
Life hassles, experiential avoidance and distressing delusional experiences
Goldstone, E., Farhall, J., & Ong, B. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.02.002 · Cited by 60
“The paradox of EA is that attempting to inhibit unpleasant thoughts may only increase their frequency and the distress associated with them (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundYuan, J., Liu, Y., Ding, N., & Yang, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097420 · Cited by 63
“If this happens, please try to control your negative emotional expression and do not let them show, such that a person watching your face would not know what you feel [2,3,5,66].”
BackgroundMedeiros, L., Bosse, T., & Gerritsen, C. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems · doi:10.1109/thms.2021.3113643 · Cited by 73
“The chatbot used supportive messages tailored to different types of daily-life stressors, inspired by the emotion regulation strategies proposed by Gross [30].”
MethodReactions to abusive supervision: examining the roles of emotions and gender in the USA
ATWATER, L. E., Kim, K. Y., Witt, A., Latheef, Z., Callison, K., Elkins, T. J., & Zheng, D. (2015) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2015.1088887 · Cited by 63
Experienced emotions, emotion regulation and student activity in a web-based learning environment
Vuorela, M., & Nummenmaa, L. (2004) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03173219 · Cited by 60
“Recently, many studies have focused on consequences of two emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression (see Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundBartsch, A. (2012) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01657.x · Cited by 64
“Through the lens of Gross’ (2002) model of emotion regulation, gratifications sought are related to a specific type of antecedent-focused emotion regulation, that is, situation selection (specifically, selective exposure to media content that accommodates individuals’ affective needs).”
MethodGootjes, L., Franken, I. H. A., & Van Strien, J. W. (2011) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000043 · Cited by 61
Liu, S., Yu, C., Conner, B. T., Wang, S., Lai, W., & Zhang, W. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.07.011 · Cited by 68
Transdiagnostic perspective on psychological inflexibility and emotional dysregulation
Faustino, B. (2021) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465820000600 · Cited by 62
“These results may support the assumption that cognitive reappraisal is an adaptive regulation strategy (Aldao et al., 2010; Gross, 2002; Gross and John, 2003) and cognitive fusion may be a result of emotion suppression which is a form of experiential avoidance (Hayes et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialReactivity and regulation in children prenatally exposed to cocaine.
Dennis, T. A., Bendersky, M., Ramsay, D. S., & Lewis, M. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.4.688 · Cited by 61
“…distinctions between emotional reactivity and regulation: Reactivity increases the probability of behavior but does not force the initiation of regulatory actions, and different regulation strategies have distinct implications for adjustment independent of emotional reactivity (e.g., Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundExamining trait mindfulness, emotion dysregulation, and quality of life in multiple sclerosis.
Schirda, B., Nicholas, J. A., & Prakash, R. S. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000215 · Cited by 58
Basic Emotions in Social Relationships, Reasoning, and Psychological Illnesses
Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073911410738 · Cited by 66
Zeidan, R. K., Haddad, C., Hallit, R. R., Akel, M., Honein, K., Akiki, M., Kheir, N., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2019) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-019-0270-2 · Cited by 61
Baziliansky, S., & Cohen, M. W. (2020) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2972 · Cited by 76
Lönn, A., Weurlander, M., Seeberger, A., Hult, H., Thornberg, R., & Wernerson, A. M. (2023) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-023-10229-8 · Cited by 82
“In situations that are emotionally challenging, we sometimes need to regulate our emotions, which involves suppression of feelings as a way of managing them in a certain situation that demands a certain behavior (Doulougeri et al., 2016; Gross, 2002; Lundin et al, 2018; Mann & Cowburn, 2005).”
BackgroundAffect Regulation During Learning: The Enhancing Effect of Cognitive Reappraisal
Strain, A. C., & D’Mello, S. K. (2014) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3049 · Cited by 65
“This finding supports previous research in nonlearning contexts that demonstrated the negative effects of suppression on affective responding and memory (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006; Gross, 2002; Richards & Gross, 2000).”
ResultCan you trust a customer's expression? Insights into nonverbal communication in the retail context
Puccinelli, N. M., Motyka, S., & Grewal, D. (2010) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20368 · Cited by 63
“Display rules dictate the socially acceptable intensity and type of feelings to be expressed (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundWhen the Show must Go On: Investigating Repeated Organizational Change in Elite Sport
Wagstaff, C. R. D., Gilmore, S. E., & Thelwell, R. (2015) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697017.2015.1062793 · Cited by 61
“…be argued that stage-based models of change are out of sync with contemporary conceptualizations of stress (e.g. Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) and emotions (e.g. Gross, 2002), which are widely viewed as processes that unfold over time as individuals continually appraise their fit with their environment.”
BackgroundRosen, P. J., Walerius, D. M., Fogleman, N. D., & Factor, P. I. (2015) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-015-0175-0 · Cited by 68
Petrides, K. V., Gómez, M. G., & Pérez-González, J. C. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2079 · Cited by 71
“Lack of mindfulness can lead to avoidance of, or preoccupation with, negative emotions, which are common agents of psychopathology (Gross, 2002).”
Pauw, L. S., Sauter, D. A., Kleef, G. A. V., & Fischer, A. H. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1400949 · Cited by 61
“By providing another perspective, listeners may help the sharer change their appraisal of the situation and thereby also their emotional response (Gross, 2002; Jones & Wirtz, 2006; Rimé, 2009).”
BackgroundKobylińska, D., Zajenkowski, M., Lewczuk, K., Jankowski, K. S., & Marchlewska, M. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00861-7 · Cited by 81
“Emotional regulation reduces, strengthens or maintains either positive or negative emotions, due to the person’s current goals (Gross 1998, 2002, 2014; Tamir 2009).”
BackgroundBurns, J. W., Bruehl, S. P., & Quartana, P. J. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000238211.89198.e4 · Cited by 60
“That anger management style is related to pain appears consonant with current conceptualizations of emotion regulation indicating that the particular ways in which emotions are handled will affect physical health (e.g., ( 6 )).”
BackgroundEmotion down-regulation diminishes cognitive control: A neurophysiological investigation.
Hobson, N. M., Saunders, B., Al‐Khindi, T., & Inzlicht, M. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0038028 · Cited by 60
Well-Being as a Cognitive Load Reducing Agent: A Review of the Literature
Hawthorne, B. S., Vella‐Brodrick, D., & Hattie, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2019.00121 · Cited by 79
“In contrast, cognitive regulation helps to decrease physiological arousal, neutralizes negative experience without impairing memory (Jackson et al., 2000; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundAbler, B., Hofer, C., Walter, H., Erk, S., Hoffmann, H., Traue, H. C., & Kessler, H. (2010) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.05.010 · Cited by 62
“The suggested relationship between psychological well-being (Gross, 2002), clinical depression (Abler et al., 2007; Drevets, 2003; Whalen et al., 2002) and habitual emotion-regulation styles makes it promising to investigate the neural signature of emotion-regulation habits that may be related to…”
BackgroundInfluentialRichards, D. W., Fenton‐O’Creevy, M., Rutterford, J., & Kodwani, D. G. (2018) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2018.01.003 · Cited by 60
“Research has particularly focused on the differences between two emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal, which is a strategy to influence the nature of the emotion response, and expressive suppression, which occurs later in the emotion process (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAfrashteh, M. Y., & Hasani, F. (2022) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-022-00192-y · Cited by 96
“One of them is Gross (2002) emotion regulation process model which is based on two strategies of cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES).”
MethodGrezellschak, S., Lincoln, T. M., & Westermann, S. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.103 · Cited by 58
“A body of evidence indicates a better social, affective and cognitive outcome of reappraisal than expressive suppression (Gross, 2002; Henry et al., 2008).”
BackgroundChinese Teachers’ Emotion Regulation Goals and Strategies
Gong, S., Chai, X., Duan, T., Zhong, L., & Jiao, Y. (2013) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2013.411125 · Cited by 58
“Emotion regulation means the processes by which individuals influence which emotions they have, and when and how to experience and express those emotions (Gross, 1998, 2002; Richards & Gross, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTurning shame into creativity: The importance of exposure to creative team environments
González‐Gómez, H. V., & Richter, A. W. (2014) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.09.004 · Cited by 58
Neuropsychotherapy: conceptual, empirical and neuroethical issues
Walter, H., Berger, T., & Schnell, K. (2009) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-009-0058-5 · Cited by 60
“Explicit emotion regulation is a process guided either by attention deployment or by the intentional use of various cognitive reappraisal strategies, such as detachment or reinterpretation [ 25 ].”
MethodMatusitz, J., & Spear, J. A. (2015) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2015.1035148 · Cited by 58
“, & De Maeseneer, J. (2002). Is GP-patient communication related to their perceptions of illness”
BackgroundInfluentialFelton, J. W., Banducci, A. N., Shadur, J. M., Stadnik, R., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000335 · Cited by 63
“Following from this, it is possible these individuals would be more likely to notice more stressful events in their environments and experience an accumulation of negative affect, resulting in the onset and maintenance of internalizing symptoms (Gross, 1998, 2002; Lynch & Mizon, 2011).”
BackgroundAnxiety and self-efficacy as sequential mediators in US college students’ career preparation
Deer, L. K., Gohn, K., & Kanaya, T. (2018) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-07-2017-0096 · Cited by 58
McLafferty, M., Armour, C., Bunting, B., Ennis, E., Lapsley, C. R., Murray, E. K., & O’Neill, S. M. (2019) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.301 · Cited by 72
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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