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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,101–1,200 of 4,870
Role of Gender-Based Emotional Intelligence in Corporate Financial Decision-Making
Ran, Z., Gul, A., Akbar, A., Haider, S. A., Zeeshan, A., & Akbar, M. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s335022 · Cited by 50
“Cognitive scientists have found the process model that differentiates ER strategies based on when they act in the generative emotion process 61 to be extremely valuable, and this has led to groundbreaking findings on the impact of ER on cognition, physiology, and health (for recent reviews, see…”
Jacob, G. A., Ower, N., & Buchholz, A. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.006 · Cited by 43
“…based regulation (similar to EA and found to be more harmful in the long run) from reappraisal based strategies (seen as more adaptive in the long run) (overview in Gross, 2002) and research in coping showed the adaptive value of approaching emotional experiences (Austenfeld & Stanton, 2004).”
BackgroundButler, E. A., Young, V. J., & Randall, A. K. (2010) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.599 · Cited by 38
“The women in Benjamin and Kamin-Shaaltiel’s (2004) study reported suppressing with the goal of accommodating their male partners, but what are the relationship effects of suppression? A fairly large literature suggests that hiding emotions often has negative impacts on relationships, not positive ones, including lower…”
BackgroundUnderstanding Disruptive Behavior Problems in Preschool Children
Breitenstein, S. M., Hill, C., & Gross, D. A. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2007.10.007 · Cited by 39
How does cognitive reappraisal affect the response to gains and losses?
Yang, Q., Gu, R., Tang, P., & Luo, Y. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12091 · Cited by 40
“The frequent use of cognitive reappraisal leads to an enhanced control of emotion, better interpersonal functioning, and psychological and physical well-being (Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; McRae, Jacobs, Ray, John, & Gross, 2012).”
BackgroundA sociocultural neuroscience approach to pain
Anderson, S. R., & Losin, E. A. R. (2016) · Culture and Brain · doi:10.1007/s40167-016-0037-4 · Cited by 42
“Brain mechanisms related to emotion regulation, or the goal-directed practice of consciously or unconsciously modulating one’s response to an emotion (Gross 2002), may underlie the pain modulating effects of cultural variability in stoicism.”
BackgroundWorking Memory With Emotional Distraction in Monolingual and Bilingual Children
Janus, M., & Bialystok, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01582 · Cited by 37
“…has been shown to underlie a range of maladaptive outcomes including aggressive behavior problems (e.g., Stieben et al., 2007; Lewis et al., 2008; Holley et al., 2017) and academic underachievement (e.g., Hawkins et al., 1999; Gumora and Arsenio, 2002; Djambazova-Popordanoska, 2016) in children.”
BackgroundPlatt, B., Campbell, C. A., James, A. C., Murphy, S. E., Cooper, M. J., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.11.016 · Cited by 37
Alfano, C. A., Bower, J. L., Connaboy, C., Agha, N. H., Baker, F. L., Smith, K. A., So, C. J., & Simpson, R. J. (2021) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.01.051 · Cited by 36
Eres, R., Lim, M. H., & Bates, G. W. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12469 · Cited by 43
Klumpp, H., Fitzgerald, D. A., Piejko, K., Roberts, J., Kennedy, A. E., & Phan, K. L. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv146 · Cited by 39
“…in regions involved in fear processes (e.g. amygdala; LeDoux, 2000; Hariri and Whalen, 2011) and its regulation [e.g. anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), lateral prefrontal cortex; Gross, 2002; Phillips et al., 2003; Ochsner et al., 2009; Etkin, 2010] may help ‘set the stage’ in CBT outcome.”
BackgroundUne base de l’émotionalité (valence, arousal, catégories) de 1286 mots français selon l’âge (EMA)
Gobin, P., Camblats, A.-M., Faurous, W., & Mathey, S. (2017) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2016.12.001 · Cited by 37
“Les stratégies de réévaluation des adultes âgés seraient plus efficientes pour maintenir un niveau plus positif de l’état émotionnel que les stratégies de suppression utilisées par les adultes jeunes (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundWaters, L. E., Sun, J., Rusk, R. D., Cotton, A., & Arch, A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316339275.021 · Cited by 42
Li, P., Wang, W., Fan, C., Zhu, C.-B., Li, S.-X., Zhang, Z., Qi, Z., & Luo, W. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12983-3 · Cited by 40
Demi̇rci̇, E. (2017) · Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jflm.2017.10.012 · Cited by 38
Cognitive reappraisal reduces perceived exertion during endurance exercise
Giles, G. E., Cantelon, J. A., Eddy, M. D., Brunyé, T. T., Urry, H. L., Taylor, H. A., Mahoney, C. R., & Kanarek, R. B. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9697-z · Cited by 41
Why Do People With Depression Use Faulty Emotion Regulation Strategies?
Yoon, S., & Rottenberg, J. A. (2019) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073919890670 · Cited by 39
“Despite abundant research on outcomes of emotion regulation strategies (e.g., Gross, 2002; Haga, Kraft, & Corby, 2009), there is mixed evidence on whether maladaptive ER strategies produce short-term emotional benefits, more so than adaptive ER strategies (Egloff, Schmukle, Burns, & Schwerdtfeger,…”
BackgroundAlterations in Amygdala Connectivity in Internet Addiction Disorder
Cheng, H., & Liu, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59195-w · Cited by 40
Estévez, A., Jáuregui, P., López-González, H., Mena-Moreno, T., Lozano‐Madrid, M., Macía, L., Granero, R., Mestre‐Bach, G., Steward, T., Fernández‐Aranda, F., et al. (2020) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09953-2 · Cited by 35
“2018), which is defined by the inability to identify, modify, and redirect the flow of spontaneous emotions by means of their adequate expression and control (Gross 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundKautish, P., Sharma, R., & Khare, A. (2020) · Journal of Relationship Marketing · doi:10.1080/15332667.2020.1717282 · Cited by 40
“Hitherto research in social psychology, psychology, anthropology, neurosciences and marketing have proposed measures of consumption emotions (Darwin, 1998; Gross, 2002; Holbrook & Batra, 1987; Izard, 1977; LeDoux, 1996; Mehrabian & Russell, 1974a, 1974b; Plutchik, 1980a; Plutchik & Kellerman, 1974; Richins, 1997; Shav…”
Svaldi, J., Dorn, C., Matthies, S., & Philipsen, A. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.06.030 · Cited by 37
“This is consistent with several laboratory studies showing that expressive suppression is associated with high cognitive costs (Richards and Gross, 1999, 2000; Gross, 2002; Richards et al., 2003; Egloff et al., 2006; Richards and Gross, 2006).”
ResultRegulación emocional y psicopatología: el modelo de vulnerabilidad/resiliencia
Jaime Silva, C. (2005) · Revista chilena de neuro-psiquiatría · doi:10.4067/s0717-92272005000300004 · Cited by 46
Jones, R. M., Walden, T. A., Conture, E. G., Erdemir, A., Lambert, W. E., & Porges, S. W. (2017) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-16-0113 · Cited by 37
“This is because both RSA and aspects of executive functions are thought to interact with emotion and support emotion regulation (e.g., Gross, 2002; Gross & Thompson, 2007; Peers, Simons, & Lawrence, 2013; Rothbart, Ahadi, & Evans, 2000; White, Helfinstein, Reeb-Sutherland, Degnan, & Fox, 2009).”
BackgroundExploring Computational Models for Intelligent Support of Persons with Depression
Aziz, A. A. (2015) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.4712.0085 · Cited by 37
Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.10.014 · Cited by 36
“, reappraisal) [81], which is supported by meditation practices that cultivate courageous and compassionate alternative perspectives to difficult situations [82].”
BackgroundGoal-directed self-talk used to self-regulate in male basketball competitions
Latinjak, A. T., Torregrossa, M., Comoutos, N., Hernando-Gimeno, C., & Ramis, Y. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1561967 · Cited by 34
“Additionally, self-talk may prevent from anxiety by reappraising the meaning of the situation (Gross, 2002) and by promoting self-efficacy (Hatzigeorgiadis et al., 2011).”
BackgroundLopez, R. B., Brown, R. L., Wu, E.-L. L., Murdock, K. W., Denny, B. T., Heijnen, C., & Fagundes, C. (2020) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000755 · Cited by 36
Mandavia, A., Masuda, A., Moore, M., Mendoza, H., Donati, M. R., & Cohen, L. L. (2015) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.02.003 · Cited by 36
“Among other techniques, distraction, the purposeful act of shifting attention away from a distressing event to another less emotionally distressing event or situation (Cohen, Cousins, & Martin, 2013; DeMore & Cohen, 2005; Gross, 2002), is found to be an effective strategy to cope with body dissatisfaction (Wade et al.”
MethodStudy protocol RapMusicTherapy for emotion regulation in a school setting
Uhlig, S., Jansen, E., & Scherder, E. (2015) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735615608696 · Cited by 41
“To prevent underachievement at school and to encourage children to develop self-regulation abilities at an early age, interventions for motivational engagement seem particularly appropriate (Aldao, 2013; Blair & Diamond, 2008; Gross, 2002; Turner & Husman, 2008).”
BackgroundResearchers Deserve a Better Critique: Response to Larzelere, Gunnoe, Roberts, and Ferguson (2017)
Holden, G. W., Grogan‐Kaylor, A. C., Durrant, J. E., & Gershoff, E. T. (2017) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2017.1308899 · Cited by 39
“This approach is informed by a large and growing evidence base demonstrating the importance of self-regulation, developmental relationships, and neurobiological development to parenting and child development (Anda et al., 2006; Cunningham, Kliewer, & Garner, 2009; Gross, 2002; Li & Julian, 2012; McCain, Mustard, & McC…”
BackgroundThe effect of positive mood on flexible processing of affective information.
Grol, M., & Raedt, R. D. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000355 · Cited by 36
Ding, R., Wu, N., Tang, S., Liu, T., Li, W., & Ni, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.043 · Cited by 36
Langens, T. A. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335156.003.0004 · Cited by 36
Scoping Review on the Use of Music for Emotion Regulation
Chong, H. J., Kim, H. J., & Kim, B. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14090793 · Cited by 55
“These processes encompass both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms for monitoring and adjusting emotional reactions [10].”
BackgroundThinking positively: Optimism and emotion regulation predict interpretation of ambiguous information
Gordon, N. S., Chesney, S. A., & Reiter, K. E. (2016) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2016.1195068 · Cited by 36
“Since incidental emotions alter the way we interpret ambiguity (Mathews, 2012), regulating our emotions is not only a crucial act for adaptive functioning (Gross, 2002), but may also influence the way we interpret the uncertain world around us.”
BackgroundWhat Keeps Chinese Students Motivated in Doing Math Homework? An Empirical Investigation
Yang, F., Xu, J., Heping, T., & Ningjian, L. (2016) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811611800807 · Cited by 38
“Based on the literature on cognitive reappraisal (e.g., I can control my emotions by changing the way I think about my situation; Gross, 2002; McRae, Ochsner, Mauss, Gabrieli, & Gross, 2008) and empirical studies on homework (e.g., Xu & Corno, 1998), this scale included three items (α = .89), with…”
BackgroundQuantifying rapid changes in cardiovascular state with a moving ensemble average
Cieslak, M., Ryan, W. S., Babenko, V., Erro, H., Rathbun, Z., Meiring, W., Kelsey, R. M., Blascovich, J., & Grafton, S. T. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13018 · Cited by 36
“…theories of motivation as well as emotion discuss the dynamic nature of appraisals (Blascovich & Tomaka, 1996; Frijda, Kuipers, & Ter Schure, 1989; Gross, 2002; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), current methods for processing cardiovascular data have not allowed for their examination with sufficient…”
MethodCognitive reappraisal of snake and spider pictures: An event-related potentials study.
Langeslag, S. J. E., & Strien, J. W. V. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.05.010 · Cited by 31
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Bedford, C. E., Zubieta, J., Howard, M. O., Nakamura, Y., Donaldson, G. W., & Froeliger, B. (2018) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2018.1459148 · Cited by 37
“Gross theorizes (11,12) that reappraisal is a cognitive coping strategy that emerges early in the emotion regulation process – at the time when meaning is ascribed to the emotionally-evocative event and before behavioral reactions have been fully deployed.”
BackgroundRoles of Religious Commitment, Emotion Regulation and Social Support in Preoperative Anxiety
Aliche, C. J., Ifeagwazi, C. M., Chukwuorji, J. C., & Eze, J. E. (2018) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0693-0 · Cited by 35
“Suppression of negative emotion has been seen as maladaptive because it enhances subjective negative affect and physiological arousal (Gross 2002; Richards et al. 2003; Richards and Gross 2000).”
BackgroundDzokoto, V. A. A., Tutu, A. O., Kyei, J. J., Twum-Asante, M., Attah, D. A., & Ahorsu, D. K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01916 · Cited by 37
“These changes are generally either antecedent-focused or responsefocused (Gross, 1998a, 2002), meaning emotions can be modified both before and after their initiation (Liverant et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBrain networks for engaging oneself in positive‐social emotion regulation
Koush, Y., Pichon, S., Eickhoff, S., van de Ville, D., Vuilleumier, P., & Scharnowski, F. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.049 · Cited by 36
“Reappraisal involves either reinterpreting the meaning of an emotional stimulus, or creating a subjective distance from it (Gross, 2002).”
InfluentialKoç, M. S., Aka, B. T., Doğruyol, B., Curtiss, J. E., Carpenter, J. K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09732-3 · Cited by 39
“For instance, the highly influential intrapersonal model of Gross (e.g., Gross 2002; Gross and John 2003; Gross and Levenson 1997) defines emotion regulation as the processes by which individuals try to control the type, timing, and expression of emotions.”
BackgroundA Multi-Task Neural Approach for Emotion Attribution, Classification, and Summarization
Tu, G., Fu, Y., Li, B., Gao, J., Jiang, Y., & Xue, X. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia · doi:10.1109/tmm.2019.2922129 · Cited by 36
“Recent psychological theories [18]–[20] suggest the range of emotions are far more varied than prescribed by previous theories due to the complex interaction between emotions and other cognitive processes and temporal succession of emotions.”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation in Couples Affected by Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
Dubé, J. P., Corsini‐Munt, S., Muise, A., & Rosen, N. O. (2019) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-019-01465-4 · Cited by 43
“Finally, emotional distance, which is linked to suppression (Butler et al., 2003; Gross, 2002), has been found to be a robust predictor of depressive symptoms in both members of married couples (Heim & Snyder, 1991).”
BackgroundMiri, P., Jusuf, E., Uusberg, A., margarit, H., Flory, R., Isbister, K., Marzullo, K., & Gross, J. J. (2020) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376757 · Cited by 43
“Affect regulation refers to the things that we do to influence experience and expression of affective states [17].”
BackgroundSelf-citationUzuntiryaki-Kondakçı, E., Kırbulut, Z. D., Sarici, E., & Oktay, Ö. (2020) · Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03055698.2020.1793300 · Cited by 39
“Teachers may determine what emotion regulation strategies to use depending on their emotions (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundSuicidality in Chronic Illness: An Overview of Cognitive–Affective and Interpersonal Factors
Rogers, M. L., Joiner, T. E., & Shahar, G. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-020-09749-x · Cited by 41
“Several types of emotion regulation, including cognitive reappraisal, emotional suppression, acceptance, distraction, and avoidance, have been proposed, with differential affective, cognitive, and social consequences (Gross, 2002; Sheppes & Levin, 2013).”
BackgroundFear of COVID-19: What Causes Fear and How Individuals Cope with It
Li, R. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1901423 · Cited by 36
“Another regulation strategy, reappraisal, involves changing how to think about a situation to decrease negative emotions and their impact (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialScheffel, C., Graupner, S., Gärtner, A., Zerna, J., Strobel, A., & Dörfel, D. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13908 · Cited by 42
“Moreover, it has been shown that reappraisal has positive psychological, cognitive, and social outcomes, whereas suppression is associated with negative psychological outcomes (e.g., Butler et al., 2003; Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Haga et al., 2009).”
BackgroundTörmänen, T., Järvenoja, H., & Mänty, K. (2021) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101861 · Cited by 44
Further scale refinement for emotional labor
Blau, G. J., Fertig, J., Tatum, D. S., Connaughton, S. L., Park, D. S., & Marshall, C. (2010) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/13620431011040969 · Cited by 36
“EL definition incorporates the antecedent-focused versus response-focused emotional regulation model presented by Gross (1998, 2002)”
MethodAutomatic emotional information processing and the cortisol response to acute psychosocial stress
Ellenbogen, M. A., Carson, R. J., & Pishva, R. (2010) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.10.1.71 · Cited by 36
“In an influential theory of emotion regulation (Gross, 1998, 2002), the process of modulating emotional reactivity is hypothesized to occur through different techniques that can be categorized as “antecedent-” and “response-focused,” depending on whether the strategy is applied prior to or during…”
BackgroundDifferential Effects of Various Types of Implementation Intentions on the Regulation of Disgust
Gallo, I. S., McCulloch, K. C., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2012) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.1.1 · Cited by 38
“Studies have shown that reappraisal, an antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategy, is associated with lesser negative cognitive, affective, and social consequences than suppression, a response-focused emotion regulation strategy (overview by Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundA social cognitive approach to emotional intensity judgment deficits in schizophrenia
Monkul, E. S., Green, M. J., Barrett, J. A., Robinson, J. L., Velligan, D. I., & Glahn, D. C. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.03.023 · Cited by 36
Implementation intentions: control of fear despite cognitive load.
Gallo, I. S., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 36
Vrtička, P., Simioni, S., Fornari, E., Schluep, M., Vuilleumier, P. O., & Sander, D. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00095 · Cited by 37
“…to affect emotion processing even earlier than re-appraisal through avoidance or modification of, or distraction from an emotion-eliciting situation (Gross, 2002). activity in emotion brain regions, such as the insula or amygdala (Goldin et al., 2008), or produce decreases in only some of these…”
Affective Artificial Intelligence in Education: From Detection to Adaptation
Blanchard Emmanuel, G., Volfson, B., Hong, Y.-J., & Lajoie, S. P. (2009) · Frontiers in artificial intelligence and applications · doi:10.3233/978-1-60750-028-5-81 · Cited by 39
“Expressive suppression is a cognitive method dealing with this, in which outward expressions of emotions are suppressed during social interaction [21, 50].”
Adult attachment and attentional inhibition of interpersonal stimuli
Dewitte, M. D. (2010) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.508683 · Cited by 38
Emotion regulation strategies and difficulties in older adults: A systematic review
Sardella, A., Lenzo, V., Basile, G., Martino, G., & Quattropani, M. C. A. (2022) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2128706 · Cited by 42
“In particular, reappraisal consists of changing the meaning of an emotional situation to decrease its emotional impact, whereas suppression is characterized by inhibiting or suppressing an emotional experience once it has been triggered (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCui, X., Zhang, S., Yu, S., Ding, Q., & Li, X. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104549 · Cited by 37
Effects of menstrual cycle and neuroticism on females' emotion regulation
Wu, M., Zhou, R., & Huang, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.10.003 · Cited by 35
“Experimental studies have observed reappraisal to be an effective strategy for decreasing negative emotional experience, physiological arousal and behavioral expression (for a review, see Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundCohen, M. W. (2013) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2012.731440 · Cited by 35
Emotion Regulation: The Interplay of Culture and Genes
Kim, H. S., & Sasaki, J. Y. (2012) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12003 · Cited by 38
“…regulation is involved in many key aspects of emotional processes, from the antecedents of emotional experience to the response or expression of emotion (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & John, 2003) and can have important implications for psychological and biological health outcomes (Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundGo Big or Go Home? Positive Emotions and Responses to Wartime Success
Dolan, T. M. (2016) · International Studies Quarterly · doi:10.1093/isq/sqv021 · Cited by 34
Manz, C. C., Houghton, J. D., Neck, C. P., Fugate, M., & Pearce, C. L. (2016) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051816655993 · Cited by 54
Harris, A., Parke, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-016-9698-7 · Cited by 34
“This strategy is in line with ‘reappraisal’ approaches to emotional control, where reappraisal has consistently emerged as a superior strategy for dissipating an emotional response (Gross 2002).”
ResultA Qualitative Study of EFL Teachers' Emotion Regulation Behavior in the Classroom
Akbari, R., Samar, R. G., Kiany, G. R., & Tahernia, M. (2017) · Theory and Practice in Language Studies · doi:10.17507/tpls.0704.10 · Cited by 34
“A classic example of response modulation includes concealing one’s distress and discomfort after failure in a test (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotion Reactivity, Comfort Expressing Emotions, and Future Suicidal Ideation in Emerging Adults
Polanco-Roman, L. A., Moore, A., Tsypes, A., Jacobson, C. M., & Miranda, R. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22486 · Cited by 42
“…models, Nock and colleagues (2008b) suggest that increased emotion reactivity may interfere with cognitive and behavioral inhibitory control, which may prompt maladaptive responses (e.g., suicidal thoughts and behavior) to escape aversive emotional states (Nock et al., 2008; see also Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundThe Effects of Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Suppression on Memory of Emotional Pictures
Wang, Y. M., Chen, J., & Han, B. Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01921 · Cited by 42
“Different emotion regulation strategies can produce different effects on personal experiences, cognition, social behaviors, and well-being (Gross, 2002; Phillips et al., 2006; Rubin et al., 2009).”
BackgroundBuisman, R. S. M., Pittner, K., Block, L. C.-D., van den Berg, L. J. M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Alink, L. R. A. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.12.020 · Cited by 35
“An important prerequisite for emotion regulation and responding to emotional stimuli is the ability to process social information effectively (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundExpressive suppression tendencies, projection bias in memory of negative emotions, and well-being.
Chang, V. T., Overall, N. C., Madden, H., & Low, R. S. T. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000405 · Cited by 36
“Expressive suppression involves inhibiting the outward expressions of emotion (e.g., Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
BackgroundRosen, P. J., Leaberry, K. D., Slaughter, K. E., Fogleman, N. D., Walerius, D. M., Loren, R. E. A., & Epstein, J. N. (2018) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.04.002 · Cited by 39
“Porges’ (2001) polyvagal model describes emotion regulation according to reactivity and regulation of the autonomic nervous system, while Gross (2002) describes a cognitive-based model of emotion and regulation whereby reactivity and regulation “upstream” has implications for “downstream” emotional…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSlepian, M. L., & Carr, E. W. (2018) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.009 · Cited by 40
“…regulate expressed emotions influences not only the expression of those emotions, but the quality of one’s social interactions with others (Gross, 2002; Lopes, Salovey, Côté, & Beers, 2005; Ochsner & Gross, 2005; Zaki & Williams, 2013), with long-term implications for health and…”
Schultchen, D., Zaudig, M., Krauseneck, T., Berberich, G., & Pollatos, O. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217237 · Cited by 37
“A reduced IAcc might constitute a risk factor for a more stressful everyday life as abilities to regulate one’s emotions are needed and are associated with more positive well-being [56].”
BackgroundTrait Meta-Mood, gender and EEG response during emotion-regulation
Tolegenova, A. A., Kustubayeva, A., & Matthews, G. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.028 · Cited by 38
“Gross (2002) discriminated several strategies that support emotion-regulation, including reappraisal and suppression of emotions.”
BackgroundMethodBaurain, C., & Nader‐Grosbois, N. (2012) · Alter · doi:10.1016/j.alter.2012.02.001 · Cited by 42
Trindade, I. A., Ferreira, C., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2018) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12280 · Cited by 35
Pavlovian conditioned diminution of the neurobehavioral response to threat
Goodman, A. M., Harnett, N. G., & Knight, D. C. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.021 · Cited by 41
“Cognitive reappraisal is considered an antecedent-based strategy that is focused on regulation of the emotional response before the response actually occurs (e.g., avoidance and selective attention) (Gross, 2002).”
Body-related film clip triggers desire to binge in women with binge eating disorder
Svaldi, J., Caffier, D., Jens Blechert, A., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.06.005 · Cited by 35
“In the context of Gross’ process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 2002), it can be assumed that participants in the two groups adopted different emotion regulation strategies.”
BackgroundAbnormal default system functioning in depression: implications for emotion regulation
Messina, I., Bianco, F., Cusinato, M., Calvo, V., & Sambin, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00858 · Cited by 33
“…with negative events (Wenzlaff and Rude, 2002; Campbell-Sills et al., 2006), whereas a reappraisal of the event from a different perspective (Gross, 2002; Webb et al., 2012) or a non-judgmental acceptance (Liverant et al., 2008; Kohl et al., 2012) would be more effective for the purpose of…”
Pregnancy and brain architecture: Associations with hormones, cognition and affect
Rehbein, E., Kogler, L., Kotikalapudi, R., Sattler, A., Krylova, M., Kagan, K. O., Poromaa, I. S., & Derntl, B. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13066 · Cited by 35
“57,58 Here, we observed a positive association with gray matter volume of the right IFG and ACC/MCC.”
Zyberaj, J. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22701 · Cited by 48
Jiang, A., Gong, Y., Yao, X., Foing, B. H., Allen, R., Westland, S., Hemingray, C., & Zhu, Y. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109789 · Cited by 34
Montalti, M., & Mirabella, G. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47385-1 · Cited by 36
Perceptual bias of patients with schizophrenia in morphed facial expression
Huang, J., Chan, R. C. K., Gollan, J. K., Liu, W., Ma, Z., Li, Z., & Gong, Q. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.05.017 · Cited by 34
“The current result supports the emotion regulation model proposed by Gross in 1998 that one would move attention away from the negative emotion-eliciting stimulus at the early emotion regulation process (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
Homework Emotion Regulation Scale
Xu, J., Fan, X., & Du, J. (2015) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282915603542 · Cited by 34
“…studies on cognitive reappraisal (e.g., controlling emotions by reframing how an individual views or approaches about the specific situation; Gross, 2002; McRae, Ochsner, Mauss, Gabrieli, & Gross, 2008) and relevant homework studies (e.g., looking on “the bright side” by herself when…”
Reappraisal and Rumination During Recall of a Sad Memory
Grisham, J. R., Flower, K. N., Williams, A. D., & Moulds, M. L. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9288-0 · Cited by 34
“…of the differential effects of emotion regulation strategies have supported this proposition, finding that reappraisal is associated with enhanced positive and diminished negative affect, as well as less physiological arousal relative to comparison conditions (for a review, see Gross 2002).”
BackgroundWomen with PTSD benefit more from psychotherapy than men.
Békés, V., Beaulieu‐Prévost, D., Guay, S., Belleville, G., & Marchand, A. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000122 · Cited by 34
Binion, G., & Zalewski, M. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000319 · Cited by 34
“Individuals who are emotionally dysregulated struggle to respond effectively in the context of distressing emotion and instead use maladaptive coping strategies that manifest behaviorally or cognitively (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundEngland-Mason, G., Kimber, M., Khoury, J. E., Atkinson, L. R., MacMillan, H. L., & González, A. (2017) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.07.007 · Cited by 42
“An example of a response-focused strategy is trait suppression, where a behavioural attempt is made to reduce an emotional response already underway (i.e., hiding an emotional outburst to a distressing event) (Gross, 2002; Gross and Levenson, 1993).”
BackgroundKarim, H. T., Tudorascu, D., Butters, M. A., Walker, S., Aizenstein, H. J., & Andreescu, C. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.180 · Cited by 41
Jennings, P. A., & DeMauro, A. A. (2017) · Aligning perspectives on health, safety and well-being · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53053-6_14 · Cited by 41
The impact of empathy and reappraisal on emotional intensity recognition
Naor, N., Shamay‐Tsoory, S., Sheppes, G., & Okon‐Singer, H. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1372366 · Cited by 36
“Based on previous work by Gross (2002), it is plausible to assume that the use of affective suppression, for example, would do very little to reduce the bias in judgment, as it fails to decrease emotion experience.”
BackgroundWearable sensors and machine learning diagnose anxiety and depression in young children
McGinnis, R. S., McGinnis, E. W., Hruschak, J. L., Lopez‐Duran, N. L., Fitzgerald, K. D., Rosenblum, K. L., & Muzik, M. (2018) · IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI ...) · doi:10.1109/bhi.2018.8333455 · Cited by 33
“1, task behaviors can be conceptually segmented into the three temporal phases described below [22].”
BackgroundStiller, A.-K., Kattner, F., Gunzenhauser, C., & Schmitz, B. (2018) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2018.1524851 · Cited by 35
“Response-focused strategies, but not antecedent-focused strategies, seem to have a negative impact on verbal memory (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundNurses’ emotions, emotion regulation and emotional exhaustion
Lee, M., & Jang, K.-S. (2019) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-06-2018-1452 · Cited by 36
de-Juan-Ripoll, C., Giglioli, I. A. C., Llanes-Jurado, J., Marín‐Morales, J., & Alcañíz, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.562381 · Cited by 44
“Emotion regulation is the control of emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundHeydarnejad, T., Fatemi, A. H., & Ghonsooly, B. (2021) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-08-2020-0260 · Cited by 40
Zhang, A., & Zhang, Q. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01778-5 · Cited by 48
“Emotional regulation refers to the process in which individuals exert influence on what kind of emotions they have when emotions occur and how to experience and express them (Gross, 2002).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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