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Emotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Open accessAbstract
One of life's great challenges is successfully regulating emotions. Do some emotion regulation strategies have more to recommend them than others? According to Gross's (1998, Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299) process model of emotion regulation, strategies that act early in the emotion-generative process should have a different profile of consequences than strategies that act later on. This review focuses on two commonly used strategies for down-regulating emotion. The first, reappraisal, comes early in the emotion-generative process. It consists of changing the way a situation is construed so as to decrease its emotional impact. The second, suppression, comes later in the emotion-generative process. It consists of inhibiting the outward signs of inner feelings. Experimental and individual-difference studies find reappraisal is often more effective than suppression. Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory. By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory. Suppression also increases physiological responding for suppressors and their social partners. This review concludes with a consideration of five important directions for future research on emotion regulation processes.
Checked 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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27 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 13 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 6 No basis given · 3 Not checked yet · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 5 · plain
“It is noteworthy that whereas suppressing negative emotionexpressive behavior has no discernible impact on negative emotion experience ~ e.g., disgust, sadness, embarrassment ! , suppressing positive emotion-expressive behavior does have an impact on positive emotion experience ~ e.g., amusement ! .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, reappraisal had no impact on verbal memory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Relations between suppression and negative emotion expression also followed expectations, with suppression being associated with lesser negative emotion expressive behavior.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reappraisal decreases emotion experience and behavioral expression, and has no impact on memory.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
“Also unlike suppression, reappraisal decreased disgust experience, whereas suppression had no effect on disgust experience.”
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Individual-Difference Data · p. 5 · plain
“Reappraisal, by contrast, was associated with greater positive emotion experience and expression, and lesser negative emotion experience and expression.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Affective Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 4 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that individuals who scored higher on either of the two suppression scales reported having worse memory that those who scored lower on these suppression scales”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, suppression decreases behavioral expression, but fails to decrease emotion experience, and actually impairs memory.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
“As predicted, results indicated that suppression led to reliable decrements ~ compared to the control condition ! in both objective memory and memory confidence ratings.”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“As predicted, suppression participants performed less well on the verbal memory test than control participants.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They also performed worse on an objective memory test in which they were asked to recall events they had listed in a daily diary 1 week earlier.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike suppression, however, reappraisal had no observable consequences in terms of sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular or electrodermal systems.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, suppression's effect on verbal memory was just as pronounced for the low-emotion as for the high-emotion slides, suggesting that it is the process of engaging in suppression that is cognitively costly, rather than the amount of emotion that is actually suppressed.”
plainn = 76- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 28
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Table 1. Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression (Controlling for Neuroticism and Social Desirability)”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Self-reported | - .31 * | - .23 * | .09 |”
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
“| Objective | - .33 * | - .27 * | .05 |”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Cognitive Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 6 · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings regarding suppression and negative emotion experience were mixed, showing either no effects or positive effects, that is, the more individuals said they suppressed, the more negative emotion they said they felt.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas suppress participants showed greater increases in sympathetic activation than watch or reappraise subjects, these latter two groups did not differ from one another.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In each case, suppression was associated with negative outcomes, whereas reappraisal was associated with positive outcomes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Gross and Levenson ~ 1997 ! found a suppression effect for amusement experience both in a context that predominantly elicited amusement ~ an amusement film ! and in a context in which there were lower levels of amusement ~ a sadness film that evoked a bit of secondary amusement ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross and Levenson, 1997 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, suppression decreased nonemotional behavior, and no differences were found between suppress and watch subjects for any of the physiological or experiential variables.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, however, emotions do not force us to respond in certain ways, they only make it more likely we will do so.”
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with schizophrenia have decreased emotion-expressive behavior compared with controls, but comparable levels of emotion experience”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kring & Neale, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reappraisal seems to decrease negative emotion experience and expression while either having no impact or actually increasing positive emotion experience and expression”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These latter changes cohere theoretically, and can be described in terms of 'increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system.'”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such monitoring requires a continual outlay of cognitive resources, reducing the resources available for processing events so that they can later be remembered.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The logic of this comparative design hinges on the premise that whereas antecedent-focused forms of emotion regulation ~ such as reappraisal ! principally concern whether or not emotion response tendencies are triggered , response-focused strategies ~ such as suppression ! concern how emotion response tendencies are modulated once they have been triggered .”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Suppression also was associated with poorer social support and lesser use of instrumental and emotional social support coping.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross and John ~ in press !
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“reappraisal led to increased activation of lateral prefrontal regions important for cognitive control, and to decreases in activation of the amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ochsner, Bunge, Gross, & Gabrieli, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Patients with schizophrenia also have well-characterized deficits in social functioning, and lead those interacting with them to feel uncomfortable”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Krause, Steimer, Sanger-Alt, & Wagner, 1989 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression seems to be a blunt instrument-one that decreases both negative and positive emotion-expressive behavior, thereby masking important social signals that would otherwise be available to social interaction partners”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ongoing requirement of monitoring one's own facial expressions and vocal signals could distract the suppressing individual and make them less responsive to the emotional cues of their partner”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not”
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
“Suppression also consumes cognitive resources, impairing memory for information presented during the emotion regulation period. Reappraisal, by contrast, appears to have no such cognitive consequences.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
- Also stated in: § Concluding Comment · p. 9 · hedged
In the paper
“Similarly, Harris ~ 2001 ! has found that suppressing visible signs of embarrassment leads to enhanced blood pressure responses, but does not affect emotion experience reports.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris, 2001 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Compared with the no soundtrack condition, participants who heard the soundtrack had lower skin conductance levels and more pleasant mood ratings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lazarus & Alfert, 1964 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Theorists since Darwin ~ 1872 0 1998 ! have maintained that emotionexpressive behavior plays an important role in facilitating social interactions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Campos, Mumme, Kermoian, & Campos, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“over half of the nonsubstance related Axis I clinical disorders and all of the Axis II personality disorders involve some form of emotion dysregulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Levenson, 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals increase, maintain, and decrease negative and positive emotions ~ Parrott, 1993 ! .”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Parrott, 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Suppression also increases electrodermal responding and blood pressure, and decreases finger pulse amplitude, finger temperature, and pulse transit times.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Gross, 1998a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Gross & Levenson, 1993, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This would make costly self-regulation unnecessary, leaving memory intact.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings concerning suppression suggest decreases in positive emotion experience, but the physiological effects of suppression are not clear.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that the cognitive costs of suppression are due to the verbal demands of self-instructions issued during the course of suppression ~ e.g., 'I need to keep my face still' ! .”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
In the paper
“Diverse forms of self-regulation result in similar kinds of 'ego depletion,' which suggests that a common resource may be consumed in diverse forms of regulation”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suppression appears to have little impact on negative emotion experience, while decreasing positive emotion experience”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Suppression requires self-monitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.
“Suppression is a form of emotion regulation that requires selfmonitoring and self-corrective action throughout an emotional event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Emotions involve coordinated behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies.
“In either case, emotions call forth a coordinated set of behavioral, experiential, and physiological response tendencies that together influence how we respond to perceived challenges and opportunities.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The personal meaning assigned to a situation strongly influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies are generated.
“The personal meaning that is assigned to the situation is crucial because it powerfully influences which experiential, behavioral, and physiological response tendencies will be generated in that particular situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The suppression and reappraisal constructs measured as habitual individual differences are the same constructs manipulated in the laboratory experiments.
“These individual-difference findings converge with the results of our experimental studies, and suggest that whereas suppression is cognitively costly, reappraisal is not.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In the last two decades clinicians have shown that mindfulness training can improve emotional disorders [74] and negative mood [75] and reduce physiological responses such as skin conductance [76] and amygdala activity [67].”
From Mindful emotion regulation: Exploring the neurocognitive mechanisms behind mindfulness (2015) · cites this paper as [74]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“some models of emotions distinguish between antecedent-focused and response-focused emotion regulation strategies, based on the differential processing of internal and external emotional cues [65–68].”
From The empirical status of the "new wave" of cognitive behavioral therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, the recognition performance of emotional stimuli seems to be unaffected by emotional reappraisal (see [9,28] but see [29]), whereas suppression leads to impaired recognition [8,9].”
From Effects of differential strategies of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“We used similar instructions as Gross and colleagues to induce suppression (e.g., Gross & Levenson, 1997), and we replicated their earlier findings, suggesting that our experimental manipulation worked (Gross, 1998, 2002; Gross & Levenson, 1997).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Laboratory based studies of cognitive change report psychological benefits from instructing participants to reappraise emotional stimuli or tasks in a manner designed to diminish personal identification and increase objectivity before the individuals encounter the stimuli or task”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“to achieve a common goal of behavioral adaptation, CBTs share change principles that target responding at different points along an emotional trajectory (Gross, 2002), including context engagement which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of behavioral exposure and behavioral activation; attention change, which can be seen as encompassing therapeutic processes of attention training”
From United we stand: emphasizing commonalities across cognitive-behavioral therapies. (2013) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Within this framework, the process model differentiates emotion regulation strategies according to the time they intervene in the unfolding emotional response: we can distinguish between antecedent-focused strategies, which are used before the emotion response tendencies become active, and response-focused strategies, which are used once the response tendencies are generated [56,60,61].”
From Interoceptive Ability and Emotion Regulation in Mind–Body Interventions: An Integrative Review (2024) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotion regulation strategy (Gross, 2002), that has been demonstrated to facilitate emotion regulation in healthy and psychiatric cohorts.”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
In the citing paper
“Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) is one approach to combining CBTs and MBIs that addresses sequencing by targeting the refractory negative emotionality and resulting negative self-referentiality that characterizes distress disorders [75] by first addressing attention change techniques”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
In the citing paper
“Taken together, this suggests that the generation of compassion in response to distressing situations is distinct from other emotion regulation strategies, such as suppression or reappraisal, which involve an active downregulation of negative affect (Gross, 2002).”
From Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training (2014) · cites this paper as Gross, 2002
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Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Social Consequences of Reappraisal and Suppression: Experimental Data · p. 7
“We asked unacquainted pairs of women to watch an upsetting film, and then discuss their reactions ~ Butler, Egloff, Wilhelm, Smith, & Gross, 2002 ! .”
§ REFERENCES · p. 10
“Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wilhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., & Gross, J. J. ~ 2001 ! . The social consequences of emotion regulation . Manuscript under review.”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 4,870
Effects of Emotion Regulation Difficulties on the Tonic and Phasic Cardiac Autonomic Response
Berna, G., Ott, L., & Nandrino, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102971 · Cited by 114
“responsible for affective, cognitive, and social consequences [4].”
BackgroundFunctional Connectivity of Pain-Mediated Affect Regulation in Borderline Personality Disorder
Niedtfeld, I., Kirsch, P., Schulze, L., Herpertz, S., Bohus, M., & Schmahl, C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033293 · Cited by 91
“Moreover, negative affect can be attenuated by directing the attentional focus away from aspects of a situation [30,31].”
BackgroundKim, S. H., & Wang, J. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122894 · Cited by 126
“Gross [77] defined emotion regulation as the ability to manage emotional experiences and expressions.”
BackgroundBurić, I. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.01.002 · Cited by 117
Peters, B. J., Overall, N. C., & Jamieson, J. P. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.07.015 · Cited by 98
The role of lateral orbitofrontal cortex in the inhibitory control of emotion
Hooker, C. I., & Knight, R. T. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565741.003.0012 · Cited by 105
“” Reappraisal as a means of decreasing distress is a relatively effective, healthy strategy for coping with emotionally difficult or aversive events (Gross 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialBirk, J. L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2016) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000157 · Cited by 112
Coping With the Effects of Fear of Failure: A Preliminary Investigation of Young Elite Athletes
Sagar, S. S., Lavallee, D. E., & Spray, C. M. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jcsp.3.1.73 · Cited by 98
“Coping and emotion regulation are overlapping constructs (Gross, 2002; Gross & Thompson, 2007).”
InfluentialHasenbring, M. I., Chehadi, O., Titze, C., & Kreddig, N. (2014) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt.14.36 · Cited by 106
Great expectations: Different high-risk activities satisfy different motives.
Barlow, M., Woodman, T., & Hardy, L. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033542 · Cited by 107
Casagrande, M., Boncompagni, I., Forte, G., Guarino, A., & Favieri, F. (2019) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00767-9 · Cited by 111
The default mode network as a biomarker for monitoring the therapeutic effects of meditation
Simon, R., & Engström, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00776 · Cited by 95
“In this way the patient becomes less fixated and less likely to ruminate on faults and mistakes (Jackson et al., 2000; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundIronic effects of emotion suppression when recounting distressing memories.
Dalgleish, T., Yiend, J., Schweizer, S., & Dunn, B. D. (2009) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017290 · Cited by 96
Fact or fiction? An event-related potential study of implicit emotion regulation
Mocaiber, I., Pereira, M. G., Erthal, F. S., Machado‐Pinheiro, W., David, I. A., Cagy, M., Volchan, E., & Oliveira, L. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.008 · Cited by 102
Stenseng, F., Belsky, J., Skalická, V., & Wichstrøm, L. (2014) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12096 · Cited by 103
“…of (a) the person ruminating over his or her social problems (Twenge, Baumeister, DeWall, Ciarocco, & Bartels, 2007); (b) recurring thoughts about how to compensate for poor relations (Williams, 2002); and/or (c) the allocation of cognitive capacity to suppress negative emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundEmotions beyond brain and body
Stephan, A., Walter, S., & Wilutzky, W. (2013) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2013.828376 · Cited by 106
“The idea of active structuring is in fact crucial for strategies of emotion regulation (e.g., Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundContemplation in the Classroom: a New Direction for Improving Childhood Education
Shapiro, S. L., Lyons, K. E., Miller, R. C., Butler, B., Vieten, C., & Zelazo, P. D. (2014) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-014-9265-3 · Cited by 120
“Emotion Regulation Emotion regulation involves managing the emotions that arise automatically in the context of important events (Gross 2002; Rubin et al. 1995), including processes that monitor and control which emotions are experienced when, and how they are expressed (Cole et al.”
BackgroundKoval, P., Butler, E. A., Hollenstein, T., Lanteigne, D. M., & Kuppens, P. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.948388 · Cited by 112
Jeon, L., Hur, E. H., & Buettner, C. K. (2016) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.09.006 · Cited by 94
The impact of salesperson customer orientation on sales performance via mediating mechanism
Singh, R. K., & Venugopal, P. (2015) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-08-2012-0141 · Cited by 102
“Response-focused regulation includes reappraisal (in non-emotional terms) and suppression (hiding emotion-expressive behavior) (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundRaczka, K. A., Gartmann, N., Mechias, M.-L., Reif, A., Büchel, C., Deckert, J., & Kalisch, R. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.79 · Cited by 94
Can empathy lead to emotional exhaustion in teachers? The mediating role of emotional labor
Wróbel, M. (2013) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.2478/s13382-013-0123-1 · Cited by 93
Kullmann, J. S., Grigoleit, J.-S., Lichte, P., Kobbe, P., Rosenberger, C., Banner, C., Wolf, O. T., Engler, H., Oberbeck, R., Elsenbruch, S., et al. (2013) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22063 · Cited by 93
“Reappraisal processes are aimed at buffering the emotional impact of a situation and modulating affective states to maintain well-being [Davidson et al., 2000; Gross, 2002].”
BackgroundToward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders
Hofmann, S. G. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.001 · Cited by 93
“Emotion regulation has been defined as the process by which people influence which emotions they have,when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundButler, E. A., Gross, J. J., & Barnard, K. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.09.003 · Cited by 97
Self-citationGreenidge, D., Devonish, D., & Alleyne, P. (2014) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2014.913591 · Cited by 93
Prikhidko, A., Long, H., & Wheaton, M. G. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.567250 · Cited by 100
Joormann, J., & Siemer, M. (2011) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00335.x · Cited by 96
Coping Under Pressure: Employing Emotion Regulation Strategies to Enhance Performance Under Pressure
Balk, Y. A., Adriaanse, M. A., de Ridder, D. T. D., & Evers, C. (2013) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.35.4.408 · Cited by 92
“Reappraisal has been used to successfully downregulate all kinds of distress and negative emotions (e.g., Gross, 2002) and importantly, has been proven to be effective in downregulating emotional arousal (Hofmann, Heering, Sawyer, & Asnaani, 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRosenblau, G., Sterzer, P., Stoy, M., Park, S. Q., Friedel, E., Heinz, A., Pilhatsch, M., Bauer, M., & Ströhle, A. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881112450779 · Cited by 92
“Gross (1998, 2002) shows that efficient emotion regulation, namely reappraisal, can have its onset in anticipation of the emotional event and precedes the emotional response.”
Fear, excitement, and financial risk-taking
Lee, C. J., & Andrade, E. B. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.898611 · Cited by 93
“The emotion regulation literature also demonstrates that people (re)appraise physiologically arousing experiences according to their explicit goals (Gross, 2002; Jamieson, Nock, & Mendes, 2012; Martin Braunstein, Herrera, & Delgado, 2014).”
BackgroundUnderstanding How Leader Humility Enhances Employee Creativity
Wang, J., Zhang, Z., & Jia, M. (2016) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/0021886316678907 · Cited by 96
“Response-focused strategies typically involve suppressing emotions (Grandey, Fisk, & Steiner, 2005; Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
Surviving the emotional rollercoaster called entrepreneurship: The role of emotion regulation
Cock, R. D., Denoo, L., & Clarysse, B. (2019) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2019.04.004 · Cited by 108
Izadpanah, S., Barnow, S., Neubauer, A. B., & Holl, J. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117720283 · Cited by 91
Cognitive reappraisal modulates expected value and prediction error encoding in the ventral striatum
Staudinger, M. R., Erk, S., Abler, B., & Walter, H. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.095 · Cited by 101
“The reappraisal strategy of distancing incorporates the idea of cognitive change by means of “construing a potentially emotioneliciting situation in non-emotional terms” (Gross, 2002).”
InfluentialCan I tell you how I feel? Perceived partner responsiveness encourages emotional expression.
Ruan, Y., Reis, H. T., Clark, M. S., Hirsch, J. L., & Bink, B. D. (2019) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000650 · Cited by 115
Emotion Regulation Profiles, Temperament, and Adjustment Problems in Preadolescents
Zalewski, M., Lengua, L. J., Wilson, A. C., Trancik, A., & Bazinet, A. D. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01575.x · Cited by 102
“This may be because the various indicators are often uncorrelated (Quas, Hong, Alkon, & Boyce, 2000), and it is difficult to interpret the complex findings that can emerge from multiple response systems when variable-centered analyses are used (Gross, 2002; Mauss, Levenson, Child Dev.”
BackgroundGenetics of emotion regulation
Canli, T., Ferri, J. M., & Duman, E. A. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.06.049 · Cited by 103
Eddie, D., Kim, C. D., Lehrer, P. M., Deneke, E., & Bates, M. E. (2014) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-014-9251-z · Cited by 111
“2000), as have associated processes such as thought suppression and reappraisal (Gross 2002), cognitive restructuring (Andreotti et al.”
BackgroundLawrence, S. A., Troth, A. C., Jordan, P. J., & Collins, A. L. (2011) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-3555(2011)0000009010 · Cited by 100
Implicit emotion regulation in the presence of threat: Neural and autonomic correlates
Tupak, S. V., Dresler, T., Guhn, A., Ehlis, A., Fallgatter, A. J., Pauli, P., & Herrmann, M. J. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.066 · Cited by 92
“The most frequently mentioned strategies in this context include reappraisal and suppression or distraction (Gross, 2002; Kalisch et al., 2006) while reappraisal appeared to be the most effective one (Gross and John, 2003; John and Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundSwartz, R. A., & McElwain, N. L. (2012) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2012.619392 · Cited by 104
“The use of reappraisal strategies has been associated with well-being, positive social functioning, and healthier emotional patterns among college-age individuals, whereas the use of suppression strategies has been associated with lower levels of life satisfaction and well-being and higher levels of depression (Gross,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKrueger, J. W., & Szanto, T. (2016) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12390 · Cited by 102
On the interpersonal dynamics of sexuality
Dewitte, M. (2014) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2012.710181 · Cited by 89
The Price of Financial Precarity: Organizational Costs of Employees’ Financial Concerns
Meuris, J., & Leana, C. R. (2018) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2017.1187 · Cited by 88
A Meta-Analytic Review of Emotion Regulation Focused Psychosocial Interventions for Adolescents
Eadeh, H., Breaux, R., & Nikolas, M. A. (2021) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-021-00362-4 · Cited by 112
“A range of interventions have been developed to improve ER abilities, with ER being shown to be a malleable construct and a potentially salient target for treatment (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundLaboratory models of post-traumatic stress disorder: The elusive bridge to translation
Dunsmoor, J. E., Cisler, J. M., Fonzo, G. A., Creech, S. K., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.03.001 · Cited by 101
Tamagawa, R., Giese‐Davis, J., Speca, M., Doll, R., Stephen, J., & Carlson, L. E. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21939 · Cited by 86
“Studies repeatedly reported that suppressing emotionally charged materials is particularly difficult (Shipherd & Beck, 2005), and it requires greater physiological effort (Gross & Levenson, 1997; Gross, 2002; Wegner & Gold, 1995).”
BackgroundPerry-Parrish, C. K., & Zeman, J. L. (2009) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00568.x · Cited by 87
Spirituality, religion, and emotional labor in the workplace
Byrne, C. J., Morton, D. M., & Dahling, J. J. (2011) · Journal of Management Spirituality & Religion · doi:10.1080/14766086.2011.630169 · Cited by 87
“In contrast, surface acting is a response-focused form of emotion regulation that, can be quickly performed after being faced with an unexpected emotional display demand (Gross 2002 ).”
BackgroundPatel, N. K., Nivethitha, L., & Mooventhan, A. (2018) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2018.06.008 · Cited by 86
Antecedents and consequences of impulse buying: a meta-analytic study
Santini, F. D. O., Ladeira, W. J., Vieira, V. A., Araújo, C. F., & Sampaio, C. H. (2018) · RAUSP Management Journal · doi:10.1108/rausp-07-2018-0037 · Cited by 118
“The search for the hedonic value can be considered a strategy of suppression that is susceptible to conduct the consumer to a bigger need of humor improvement or repair of some necessity (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundZähringer, J., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., Schmahl, C. G., Ende, G., & Paret, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00470 · Cited by 99
“…subjective experience of emotions (Gross, 1998a), but also map onto bodily responses such as changes in measures of the autonomic nervous system (Gross, 2002; Webb et al., 2012), emotion-expressive behavior (Dan-Glauser and Gross, 2011, 2015), somatic reflexes such as the emotion-modulated…”
BackgroundSchumann, A., de la Cruz, F., Köhler, S., Brotte, L., & Bär, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.691988 · Cited by 103
Focusing “Hot” or Focusing “Cool”: Attentional Mechanisms in Sexual Arousal in Men and Women
Both, S., Laan, E. T. M., & Everaerd, W. T. A. M. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02051.x · Cited by 86
Arousal of negative emotions and symptom-specific reactivity in chronic low back pain patients.
Burns, J. W. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.2.309 · Cited by 92
Effects of day-to-day affect regulation on the pain experience of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Connelly, M. A., Keefe, F. J., Affleck, G. G., Lumley, M. A., Anderson, T., & Waters, S. J. (2007) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.002 · Cited by 87
“There also are data to suggest that unregulated negative affect can reduce cognitive resources that might otherwise be available for cognitive reappraisal of pain (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialDevelopment of Emotion Regulation in Cultural Context
Trommsdorff, G., & Rothbaum, F. M. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444301786.ch4 · Cited by 93
“In the United States, suppression of emotion is typically seen as a maladaptive form of regulation (Gross, 1999, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; John & Gross, 2004).”
BackgroundResultEmotional intelligence: A promise unfulfilled?
Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. D. (2011) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5884.2011.00502.x · Cited by 109
“Emotion regulation can also be approached in terms of both cognitive (Wells, 2000) and neuroscience (Gross, 2002) theories. As in other respects, explaining knowledge and skills is the most challenging construct to understand, although developmental perspectives may help (Zeidner, Matthews, Roberts, & MacCann, 2003).…”
Dialectical Behavior Therapy Group Skills Training for Bipolar Disorder
Eisner, L. R., Eddie, D., Harley, R. M., Jacobo, M., Nierenberg, A. A., & Deckersbach, T. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.12.006 · Cited by 84
“Keywords: bipolar disorder; dialectical behavior therapy; emotion regulation; group skills training THE CAPACITY TO REGULATE emotion through conscious and unconscious psychological and physiological processes is essential for effective psychosocial functioning (Gross, 2002; Thompson, 1994).”
BackgroundNeuromodulatory treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Koek, R. J., Roach, J., Athanasiou, N., Wout‐Frank, M. V. ‘., & Philip, N. S. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.01.004 · Cited by 89
“For example, expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal are two relatively well-researched regulatory strategies, although various others exist (Gross, 1998; Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003).”
Chinese preschool teachers’ emotional labor and regulation strategies
Zhang, L.-M., Yu, S., & Jiang, L. G. (2020) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2020.103024 · Cited by 97
The temporal dynamics of emotional acceptance: Experience, expression, and physiology
Dan-Glauser, E. S., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.005 · Cited by 86
Self-citationPerlman, S. B., Camras, L. A., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2008.03.007 · Cited by 85
Shaw, A. M., Timpano, K. R., Steketee, G., Tolin, D. F., & Frost, R. O. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.02.009 · Cited by 85
“Numerous theoretical models have converged to implicate two key constructs, emotional reactivity and emotion regulation, in the onset and maintenance of psychological symptoms (Davidson, 2003; Gross, 2002; Jazaieri et al., 2015; Johnson-Laird et al., 2006; Mennin, 2004; Mennin et al., 2005).”
BackgroundHagenauer, G., & Volet, S. (2013) · Murdoch University Research Portal · doi:10.7892/boris.85104 · Cited by 84
Yang, X., & Mak, W. W. S. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0635-4 · Cited by 84
“I don’t hide my feelings, even though I try to”: insight into teacher educator emotion display
Hagenauer, G., & Volet, S. (2013) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-013-0129-5 · Cited by 85
“As aforementioned, the display of emotion is an integral dimension of emotion regulation (Gross 1998, 2002), sometimes labelled ‘‘emotion management’’, within the overarching construct of ‘‘emotional intelligence’’ (Mortiboys 2005; Perry and Ball 2005).”
InfluentialMenezes, C. B., Dalpiaz, N. R., Klumb-Kiesow, L. G., Sperb, W., Hertzberg, J. C., & de Oliveira, A. A. (2015) · Psychology & Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/h0100353 · Cited by 89
Self-regulation in endurance sports: theory, research, and practice
McCormick, A., Meijen, C., Anstiss, P. A., & Jones, H. S. (2018) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2018.1469161 · Cited by 106
“…than re-appraisal, which is a cognitive change strategy that involves changing the way a situation is construed to decrease its emotional impact (Gross, 2002; for a critical discussion of the relationship between the points in the emotion-generation process targeted by strategies and the…”
BackgroundEmotion Regulation, Affect, Psychosocial Functioning, and Well-being in Hemodialysis Patients
Gillanders, S., Wild, M., Deighan, C. J., & Gillanders, D. T. (2008) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.023 · Cited by 85
“FIGURE 1: A process model of emotion regulation describing 5 antecedent and response focused strategies (Gross, 2002) According to this model, emotion may be regulated at five time points in the emotiongenerative process: (a) selection of the situation, (b) modification of the situation, (c)…”
MethodNegative Affect, Emotional Acceptance, and Smoking Cessation
Carmody, T. P., Vieten, C., & Astin, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2007.10399889 · Cited by 85
“Contemporary functionalist theories of emotions em phasize their adaptive value (Gross 2002, 1998), viewing emotions as important sources of information regarding an i ndividual 's basic needs, concerns, and goals at any particu lar moment (Mennin et al. 2002).”
BackgroundKimhy, D., Vakhrusheva, J., Khan, S., Chang, R. W., Hansen, M. C., Ballon, J. S., Malaspina, D., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.01.020 · Cited by 84
“Emotions are said to do this by providing information about the significance of various social situations (Frijda and Mesquita, 1994; Gross, 2002; Keltner and Haidt, 1999), as well as by guiding potential actions to address such situations (Barrett et al., 2001; Campos et al., 1989).”
Szczygiel, D. D., Buczny, J., & Bazińska, R. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.005 · Cited by 92
“Two ER strategies have been widely studied in recent years: Expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal (Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGarland, E. L., Franken, I. H. A., Sheetz, J. J., & Howard, M. O. (2012) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0027199 · Cited by 84
Empathy in medicine: Neuroscience, education and challenges
Ekman, E., & Krasner, M. S. (2016) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2016.1248925 · Cited by 93
“The second downside is that suppression of emotions is effortful, and physiologically taxing on our system, resulting in more, rather than less, emotional exhaustion over time (Gross & Levenson 1997; Gross 2002; Gross & John 2003; Goldin et al. 2008).”
BackgroundEmotion regulation in the context of daily stress: Impact on daily affect
Richardson, C. M. E. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.058 · Cited by 95
“Reappraisal is often associated with positive emotions and overall well-being (Loewenstein, 2007) and can even result in reduced physiological and behavioral responding to an aversive situation (Gross, 1998, 2002).”
BackgroundHughes, D. J., & Evans, T. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02155 · Cited by 110
“247) with utility demonstrated across social, health, educational, and occupational outcomes (Gross, 2002; Peña-Sarrionandia et al., 2015).”
BackgroundWeerdmeester, J., van Rooij, M. M. J. W., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Granic, I. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/14958 · Cited by 101
“Emotion regulation also includes changing subjective experience (affective states) as well as cognitions [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialResilience in the age of COVID-19
Kaye‐Kauderer, H., Feingold, J. H., Feder, A., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2021) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2021.5 · Cited by 86
Svaldi, J., Caffier, D., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000296138 · Cited by 84
Garland, E. L., Boettiger, C. A., & Howard, M. O. (2011) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.014 · Cited by 89
“Unlike suppression of negative emotions which can cause increased sympathetic nervous system activation [51], positive reappraisal does not typically lead to physiological or psychosocial complications [52].”
BackgroundCognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression emotion regulation strategies in cigarette smokers.
Fucito, L., Juliano, L. M., & Toll, B. A. (2010) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq146 · Cited by 86
Herbert, C., Sfärlea, A., & Blumenthal, T. D. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00378 · Cited by 84
Heeren, A., Peschard, V., & Philippot, P. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9394-7 · Cited by 84
Vujanovic, A. A., Meyer, T. D., Heads, A. M. B., Stotts, A. L., Villarreal, Y. R., & Schmitz, J. M. (2016) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2016.1199697 · Cited by 95
Zhang, H., Wang, Z., Chen, S., & Guo, C. (2018) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2018.05.001 · Cited by 85
Harley, J. M., Jarrell, A., & Lajoie, S. P. (2019) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-018-09480-z · Cited by 100
Wilmot, A., Pizzey, H., Leitão, S., Hasking, P. A., & Boyes, M. E. (2022) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1729 · Cited by 84
“…and depression across the lifespan (Hu et al., 2014; Schäfer, Naumann, Holmes, Tuschen-Caffier, & Samson, 2016); peer relationship difficulties in adolescence (Chervonsky & Hunt, 2018, 2019); and may impair memory (which may in turn hinder a child's cognitive resources for learning; Gross, 2002).”
BackgroundPositive and negative emotional attractors and intentional change
Howard, A. R. (2006) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621710610678472 · Cited by 84
“Out of the many features of a change context, emotions help us to regulate and leverage the feelings and responses that will optimize our effectiveness and success ( Gross, 2002”
BackgroundChanging the Conceptualization of Stress in Social Anxiety Disorder
Jamieson, J. P., Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613482119 · Cited by 88
“Cognitive appraisals play an integral role in the generation and regulation of affective states (e.g., Barrett, 2006a; Gross, 2003).”
BackgroundResultA qualitative study of stress and coping responses in doctors breaking bad news
Shaw, J., Brown, R. F., & Dunn, S. M. (2012) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2012.11.006 · Cited by 82
Cognitive reappraisal reduces the susceptibility to the framing effect in economic decision making
Miu, A. C., & Crişan, L. G. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.020 · Cited by 87
Havighurst, S. S., & Kehoe, C. E. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55376-4_12 · Cited by 104
Linzenich, A., Arning, K., Heek, J. O.-V., & Ziefle, M. (2018) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.09.017 · Cited by 81
Working memory load reduces facilitated processing of threatening faces: An ERP study.
van Dillen, L. F., & Derks, B. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0028624 · Cited by 91
Yap, M. B. H., Allen, N. B., O’Shea, M., Parsia, P. D., Simmons, J. G., & Sheeber, L. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000787 · Cited by 83
“This latter finding is consistent with research on the ER strategies of adolescents and young adults (e.g., Gross, 2002; Gross & John, 2003; Silk et al., 2003).”
ResultEmotion Regulation Effectiveness: What Works When
Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop205018 · Cited by 90
Self-citationMurray, D., Rosanbalm, K. D., Christopoulos, C., & Hamoudi, A. (2015) · DukeSpace (Duke University) · Cited by 83
Promoting Social and Emotional Learning in Physical Education
Ciotto, C. M., & Gagnon, A. G. (2018) · Journal of Physical Education Recreation & Dance · doi:10.1080/07303084.2018.1430625 · Cited by 80
“Students’ capacity to regulate their emotions affects student memory and the cognitive resources they use on academic tasks (Gross, 2002), not to mention the cognitive skills learned in physical education.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gross, James J.
- ORCID
- Gross, James J.
- Venue
- Psychophysiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 281-291
- ISSN
- 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8986
- OpenAlex
- W2128126978
- Cited by
- 4,890
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 341 · 2025: 492 · 2024: 315 · 2023: 314 · 2022: 321 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 273 · 2019: 267 · 2018: 276 · 2017: 254 · 2016: 226 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 233 · 2013: 228 · 2012: 179
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 58147)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, process model of emotion regulation, emotional experience, emotional expression, memory impairment, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, Psychophysiology, Social Behavior
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