Improved memory functioning and frontal lobe maturation between childhood and adolescence: A structural MRI study
Open accessAbstract
Previous studies conducted by our group have provided evidence for age-related reductions in cortical thickness in dorsal frontal and parietal regions between childhood and adulthood, and gray matter volume increases of mesial temporal and anterior diencephalic structures. The purpose of this study was to describe neurobehavioral correlates of these brain maturational changes using morphometric analyses of brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) and two tests of cognitive abilities. Participants were 35 normal children roughly stratified by age (7 to 16 years) and sex (20 boys and 15 girls) and frontal and mesial temporal regions were anatomically defined in each subjects' MRI data. The California Verbal Learning Test–Children's Version and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test were used as measures of verbal and visuospatial memory and organizational abilities. Analyses designed to show regionally specific relationships between the brain and behavioral measures revealed interesting results. Specifically, frontal lobe gray matter thinning was more strongly predictive of delayed verbal memory functioning than was the mesial temporal lobe gray matter volume, and this relationship did not appear to be mediated by factors indexed in chronological age. Similar, but less regionally specific relationships were observed for measures of visuospatial memory abilities and frontal lobe maturation. Functional imaging studies in the literature consistently report activation in frontal regions in adults during retrieval tasks. The relationship between frontal lobe maturation and delayed recall observed here may be reflective of the children's development towards the more adult-like frontal lobe function revealed in the functional imaging studies. ( JINS , 2001, 7 , 312–322.)
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The prefrontal cortex is the last brain region to mature.
“The PFC is the last brain region to mature,4, 5, 6, 7”
From A role for synaptic plasticity in the adolescent development of executive function (2013) · cites this paper as [6]
The Introduction describes prolonged brain development, particularly in frontal and parietal regions, and the Discussion reports frontal-lobe maturation in children. Neither passage establishes that the prefrontal cortex specifically is the last brain region to mature; the study measured the frontal lobe as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredVolumetric changes occurring during adolescence have been correlated with improved cognitive performance, e.g., verbal and spatial memory performance is positively correlated with gray matter thinning in the frontal lobes.
“Volumetric changes occurring during adolescence have been correlated with improved cognitive performance, e.g., verbal and spatial memory performance is positively correlated with gray matter thinning in the frontal lobes.6”
From A role for synaptic plasticity in the adolescent development of executive function (2013) · cites this paper as [6]
Absolute prefrontal cortex volume declines during adolescence in both humans and rats.
“absolute PFC volume declines during adolescence in both humans (Sowell et al., 2001; Sowell et al., 1999) and rats (van Eden et al., 1990).”
From Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction (2009) · cites this paper as Sowell et al., 2001
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- Authors
- SOWELL, E. R., DELIS, D., STILES, J., & JERNIGAN, T. L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Venue
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-03
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 312-322
- ISSN
- 1355-6177 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7661
- OpenAlex
- W2112922296
- Cited by
- 388
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- escholarship.org
- Locations
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- frontal lobe maturation, cortical thickness, medial temporal lobe, brain-behavior relationship, verbal memory, visuospatial memory, memory organization, childhood and adolescence, brain development, frontal lobe function
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory
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