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Cited by 225Seaweed-derived Bioactive CompoundsMarine and coastal plant biologyAgricultural and Biological Research

Overview on the Application of Modern Methods for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Macroalgae

Open access
Cikoš, Ana-Marija, Jokić, Stela, Šubarić, Drago, Jerković, Igor·2018·Marine Drugs
DOI 10.3390/md16100348PMC PMC6213729
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Abstract

Marine macroalgae represent a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be implemented in various food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products for health improvement. It has been proven that these bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, carotenoids, and ω-3 fatty acids possess bioactivity. For the extraction of these compounds, modern methods (Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)) have been used due to their advantages over the conventional methods. The process parameters of each method must be optimized for obtaining the extracts with the targeted bioactive compounds. In distinction from the existing reviews, the present review provides novelty with respect to: (a) presenting systematically the selected process parameters of SFE (temperature, time, pressure, use of co-solvents), SWE (temperature, time, pressure, solid-solvent ratio), UAE (temperature, time, frequency, power, solid-solvent ratio), and MAE (temperature, time, frequency, power, solvent type) applied for the extractions of marine macroalgae; (b) reporting the major groups or individual compounds extracted with their biological activities (if determined); and, (c) updating available references.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review summarizes modern extraction methods—SFE, SWE, UAE, and MAE—for recovering bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae and reports the process parameters and bioactivities associated with the resulting extracts. It concludes that optimizing parameters can target specific compounds, but the evidence is synthesized narratively from cited studies.

Key findings

  • SFE with SC-CO2 was used mostly for polyphenols and carotenoids, at pressures mostly 20–30 MPa and temperatures 40–60 °C; ethanol as co-solvent increased extraction efficiency, highest carotenoid yields were reported at 30 MPa and 50 °C, and highest fucoxanthin yield at 40 MPa and 40 °C.
  • UAE optimized conditions varied by study: 30 °C, 60 min, and 60% power (150 W) for total phenolic content/antioxidant activity; 50 °C, 45 min, solvent:seaweed ratio 30:1 mL/g, and 250 W for higher polyphenols; taurine extraction at 40.5 °C, 38.3 min, and 300 W with no significant taurine degradation.
  • SWE operated at 50–200 °C and 50–300 psi for 5–10 min; water dielectric constant decreased from 80 at 25 °C to 33 at 200 °C; phenolic content increased from 100 °C to 225 °C but decreased at 250 °C, and new antioxidants formed via Maillard/caramelization reactions.
  • MAE was the most studied method and yielded extracts rich in sulfated polysaccharides such as fucoidan, ulvan, and rhamnan sulfate, plus polyphenols; MAE polyphenol yield increased up to 70% compared with solid-liquid extraction with organic solvents, and lower-molecular-weight polysaccharides showed better water-holding, oil-holding, and foaming properties.

Methods

  • Design: narrative overview/review of modern extraction techniques (SFE, SWE, UAE, MAE) applied to marine macroalgae, with emphasis on process parameters, extracted compound groups, and reported biological activities.
  • Data: published studies on macroalgae extraction, including specific species, solvents, co-solvents, temperatures, times, pressures, frequencies, powers, and solid-solvent ratios; the review references Tables 1–4 for parameter summaries.
  • Analysis: qualitative synthesis of cited literature, comparing extraction conditions and outcomes across methods; no primary experiments or meta-analysis are reported.

Limitations

  • The paper does not state an explicit limitations section.
  • Evident: as a narrative review, it does not describe a systematic search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or quality appraisal of the cited studies.
  • Evident: the text notes that comparisons are complicated by different macroalgae species, solvents, and extraction conditions, and that antioxidant activity differs between species and extracts due to biological variation; the referenced Tables 1–4 are not included in the provided text, so parameter-level data cannot be checked here.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/md16100348

Cites

81 of 81 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 129 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    The most microwave-assisted extracted compounds from macroalgae are polyphenols and polysaccharides.

    “The most microwave-assisted extracted compounds from macroalgae are polyphenols and polysaccharides (Table 4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds and carotenoids increased when EtOH is used as co-solvent compared to SC-CO2 without co-solvent.

    “The extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds and carotenoids increased when EtOH is used as co-solvent when compared to the use of SC-CO2 without co-solvent [21,22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] Fabrowska, 2016, Supercritical fluid extraction as a tool to valorize underexploited freshwater green algae, Algal Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Sivagnanam, 2015, Biological properties of fucoxanthin in oil recovered from two brown seaweeds using supercritical CO2 extraction, Mar. Drugs source

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  • Premisecitation

    Conditions during extraction, especially pressure and temperature, are responsible for selectivity and solubility of various compounds in supercritical fluid.

    “Conditions during the extraction, especially pressure and temperature, are responsible for selectivity and solubility of the various compounds in the supercritical fluid [20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Heffernan, 2016, Comparison of extraction methods for selected carotenoids from macroalgae and the assessment of their seasonal/spatial variation, Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    As pressure increases, extraction yield increases due to increased density and solvating power of SC-CO2.

    “As the pressure increases, the extraction yield also increases [40] due to increased density and solvating power of SC-CO2 [41].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [40] Crampon, 2011, Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Molecules of Interest from Microalgae and Seaweeds, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. source

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    • cites [41] Cheung, 1999, Temperature and pressure effects on supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of n-3 fatty acids from red seaweed, Food Chem. source

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  • Premisecitation

    SC-CO2 extracts usually contain groups of compounds like fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, phenolics, carotenoids, and triglycerides.

    “Usually the extracts, obtained with SC-CO2, contain groups of compounds, like fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols, phenolics, carotenoids, and triglycerides [34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Ibanez, 2017, Bioactives obtained from plants, seaweeds, microalgae and food by-products using pressurized liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction, Compr. Anal. Chem.

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  • May combine two claims. 56
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

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    Premisecitation

    Algae are a good source of dietary fibers because of non-digestible polysaccharides in the algal cell wall, which possess antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antiviral, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities due to fucoidan and laminarin.

    “Algae are considered as a good source of dietary fibers because of the presence of non-digestible polysaccharides in the algal cell wall (Figure 3) [11]. It has been shown that they possess activities, like antioxidant [12], hypoglycemic [13], antiviral [14,15], antitumor [16], and anti-inflammatory due to the presence of fucoidan and laminarin [17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [11] Ruperez, 2001, Dietary fibre and physicochemical properties of edible spanish seaweeds, Eur. Food Res. Technol. source

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    • cites [12] Saravana, 2016, Structural, antioxidants and emulsifying activities of fucoidan from Saccharina japonica using pressurized liquid extraction, Carbohydr. Polym. source

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    • cites [13] Shan, 2016, In vitro and in vivo hypoglycemic effects of brown algal fucoidans, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. source

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    • cites [14] Santoyo, 2011, Pressurized liquids as an alternative green process to extract antiviral agents from the edible seaweed Himanthalia elongata, J. Appl. Phycol. source

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    • cites [15] Huheihel, 2002, Activity of Porphyridium sp. Polysaccharide against herpes simplex in vitro and in vivo, J. Biochem. Bioph. Meth. source

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    • cites [16] Ye, 2008, Purification, antitumor and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from the brown seaweed Sargassum pallidum, Food Chem. source

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    • cites [17] Rajauria, 2017, Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification, Food Res. Int. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Modern extraction methods (SFE, SWE, UAE, MAE) have advantages over conventional methods, including reduced solvent, shorter time, lower temperature, better selectivity, and avoidance of byproducts.

    “Alternatives, often classified as green methods, showed several benefits over the conventional methods, including reduced amounts of used solvent, shorter extraction time, and performance at lower temperature. These methods have better selectivity for the isolation of desired compounds, while the formation of byproducts and unwanted reactions during the extraction are avoided [26,27].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [26] Duarte, 2014, Green analytical methodologies for the discovery of bioactive compounds from marine sources, Trends Environ. Anal. Chem. source

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    • cites [27] Wang, 2006, Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants, Trends Food Sci. Technol. source

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    Premisecitation

    Polyunsaturated fatty acids show biological properties like cardiovascular protection, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activity, making their presence in macroalgae important for human health.

    “Since polyunsaturated fatty acids (Figure 5) show biological properties, like cardiovascular protection, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activity, their presence in macroalgae makes them very important for human health [6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Barbosa, 2014, Bioactive compounds from macroalgae in the new millenium: implications for neurodegenerative diseases, Mar. Drugs source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Marine macroalgae are a rich source of bioactive compounds (polyphenols, polysaccharides, carotenoids, ω-3 fatty acids) that can be used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products for health improvement.

    “Marine macroalgae represent a rich source of bioactive compounds that can be implemented in various food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products for health improvement.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “It has been noticed that marine algae, except for consumption, can be used for functional products due to their bioactive compounds [1].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Holdt, 2011, Bioactive compounds in seaweed: Functional food applications and legislation, J. Appl. Phycol. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Carotenoids are natural antioxidants applied in food products; the most abundant carotenoid of marine macroalgae is fucoxanthin, which possesses antiproliferative activity; carotenoids also possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antihypertensive activity.

    “Carotenoids are natural antioxidants and they are applied in different food products [18]. The most abundant carotenoid of marine macroalgae is fucoxanthin (Figure 4) and it possess antiproliferative activity [19,20]. Except for antiproliferative properties, carotenoids also possess antioxidant [21], antimicrobial, and antihypertensive activity [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [18] Christaki, 2012, Functional properties of carotenoids originating from algae, J. Sci. Food Agric. source

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    • cites [19] Hosokawa, 1999, Apoptosis-inducing effect of fucoxanthin on human leukemia cell line HL-60, Food Sci. Technol. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Heffernan, 2016, Comparison of extraction methods for selected carotenoids from macroalgae and the assessment of their seasonal/spatial variation, Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] Fabrowska, 2016, Supercritical fluid extraction as a tool to valorize underexploited freshwater green algae, Algal Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Sivagnanam, 2015, Biological properties of fucoxanthin in oil recovered from two brown seaweeds using supercritical CO2 extraction, Mar. Drugs source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Neither of the mentioned reviews observed detailed behaviour of process parameters of each extraction method and their influence on chemical composition of extract and possibility of obtaining desired compounds by changing conditions.

    “Also, neither of mentioned reviews observed detailed behaviour of the process parameters of each extraction method and their influence on the chemical composition of the extract and the possibility of obtaining the desired compounds by changing the conditions and parameters of extraction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Macroalgae produce secondary metabolites with bioactivity because they live in extreme conditions and must develop defense mechanisms.

    “Since macroalgae live in extreme conditions, they must develop mechanisms of defense and learn how to adapt to these fluctuations in the environment. Because of that, macroalgae produce secondary metabolites that possess bioactivity [3].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Khan, 2009, Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development, J. Plant. Growth Regul. source

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    Premisecitation

    SFE uses fluids in supercritical conditions; CO2 is the most used solvent due to nontoxicity, safety, and low cost; SC-CO2 extracts nonpolar or low polarity compounds, but polar compounds can be extracted by adding polar co-solvents such as ethanol or methanol.

    “SFE is based on the principle of extraction with fluids in their supercritical conditions, temperature, and pressure are raised above their critical point with characteristics of both liquids and gases [33].”
    • Also stated in: § 2.1. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) · plain
      “Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most used solvent for SFE due to its nontoxicity, safety, and low cost [33].”
    • Also stated in: § 2.1. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) · plain
      “Supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) can extract only nonpolar or compounds of low polarity since it is nonpolar solvent but the extraction of polar compounds can be enhanced by adding small amounts of polar co-solvents such as ethanol or methanol [27].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [33] Duarte, 2014, Green Analytical methodologies for preparation of extracts and analysis of bioactive compounds, Compr. Anal. Chem.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [27] Wang, 2006, Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants, Trends Food Sci. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Existing reviews on extraction from algae either provided information only for one type of marine algae, and microalgae were more mentioned than macroalgae because more data are available for microalgae.

    “Those reviews showed the application of novel methods for extraction of bioactive compounds from both microalgae and macroalgae, but either of these reviews provided information only for one type of marine algae. However, microalgae were more mentioned than macroalgae because there are more available data in the literature about their bioactive compounds, as well as their potential for being imple”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [28] Michalak, 2014, Algal extracts: Technology and advances, Eng. Life Sci. source

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    • cites [29] Kadam, 2013, Application of novel extraction technologies for extraction of bioactives from marine algae, J. Agric. Food Chem. source

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    • cites [30] Grosso, 2015, Alternative and efficient extraction methods for marine-derived compounds, Mar. Drugs source

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    • cites [31] Herrero, 2006, Sub- and supercritical fluid extraction of functional ingredients from different natural sources: Plants, food-by-products, algae and microalgae. A review, Food Chem. source

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    • cites [32] Mishra, 1993, Extraction and purification of ω-3 fatty acids with an emphasis on supercritical fluid extraction-A review, Food Res. Int. source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Phlorotannins are polyphenols formed of phloroglucinol units, mainly present in brown algae, and exhibit a wide range of biological activities.

    “Algae produce special type of polyphenols, named phlorotannins, which are formed of phloroglucinol units (Figure 1) [8]. Phlorotannins (Figure 2) are mainly present in brown algae and they exhibit wide range of biological activities [9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [8] Li, 2011, Phlorotannins as bioactive agents from brown algae, Process. Biochem. source

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    • cites [9] Montero, 2016, Anti-proliferative and chemical characterization by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry of phlorotannins from the brown macroalga Sargassum muticum collected on North-Atlantic coasts, J. Chromatogr. A source

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    Premisecitation

    Macroalgae contain larger amounts of unsaturated fatty acids than saturated, and because of that, they exhibit acetylcholinesterase inhibition, which can provide protection from neurodegenerative disorders.

    “Macroalgae contain larger amount of unsaturated fatty acids than saturated [23,24], and because of that, they exhibit acetylcholinesterase inhibition, which means that they can provide protection from neurodegenerative disorders [25].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [23] Dawczynski, 2007, Amino acids, fatty acids and dietary fibre in edible seaweed products, Food Chem. source

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    • cites [24] Silva, 2013, Distinct fatty acid profile of ten brown macroalgae, Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. Braz. J. Pharmacogn. source

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    • cites [25] Andrade, 2013, Valuable compounds in macroalgae extracts, Food Chem. source

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    Premisecitation

    SC-CO2 was used mostly for extraction of polyphenols and carotenoids at pressures mostly 20-30 MPa and temperatures 40-60 °C, with some authors using ethanol as co-solvent.

    “SC-CO2 was used mostly for the extraction of polyphenols and carotenoids where applied pressures were at range mostly of 20–30 MPa and some of the authors used ethanol (EtOH) as co-solvent [21,22,37,38], whereas, temperature was applied in the range 40–60 °C.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [21] Fabrowska, 2016, Supercritical fluid extraction as a tool to valorize underexploited freshwater green algae, Algal Res. source

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    • cites [22] Sivagnanam, 2015, Biological properties of fucoxanthin in oil recovered from two brown seaweeds using supercritical CO2 extraction, Mar. Drugs source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Ospina, 2017, Antioxidant capacity of Colombian seaweeds: 1. Extracts obtained from Gracilaria mammillaris by means of supercritical fluid extraction, J. Supercrit. Fluids source

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    • cites [38] Roh, 2008, Extraction of Fucoxanthin and Polyphenol from Undaria pinnatifida Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide with Co-Solvent, Biotechnol. Bioproc. Eng. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UAE uses ultrasound waves (20-100 kHz) that cause cavitation, leading to breakdown of particles, increased mass transfer, and release of bioactive compounds from biological matrix.

    “UAE uses ultrasound waves with a frequency above 20 kHz to 100 kHz. These waves cause the creation of bubbles and zones of high and low pressure. When bubbles collapse in the strong ultrasound field cavitation occurs. The implosive collapse, cavitation, near liquid-solid interfaces causes breakdown of particles, which means that mass transfer is increased and bioactive compounds are released from”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Kadam, 2013, Application of novel extraction technologies for extraction of bioactives from marine algae, J. Agric. Food Chem. source

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    Premisecitation

    Brown algae had higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity than red and green algae.

    “It was shown that brown algae had higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity than red and green algae.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Rodrigues, 2015, Impact of enzyme- and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods on biological properties of red, brown and green seaweeds from the central west coast of portugal, J. Agr. Food Chem. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Quitain et al. showed highest yield of fucoxanthin at 40 MPa and 40 °C, and with increase of temperature yield decreased due to degradation and decreased solubility in SC-CO2.

    “Quitain et al. [42] showed that the highest yield of fucoxanthin was obtained at a pressure of 40 MPa and temperature of 40 °C, and with the increase of temperature the yield of fucoxanthin decreased due to the degradation of fucoxanthin and decreased solubility in SC-CO2.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Quitain, 2013, Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of fucoxanthin from Undaria pinnatifida, J. Agric. Food Chem. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Seaweed lipids, especially ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, exhibit several advantages for human health, such as prevention of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, and arterosclerosis.

    “Seaweed lipids, especially ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, exhibit several advantages for human health, such as the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension and autoimmune diseases, and even for the prevention of arterosclerosis [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Sivagnanam, 2015, Biological properties of fucoxanthin in oil recovered from two brown seaweeds using supercritical CO2 extraction, Mar. Drugs source

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    Premisecitation

    Influence of temperature on extraction yield is complex; retrograde behavior occurs: increase in temperature at low pressure has negative effect, positive at high pressure.

    “On the other hand, the influence of temperature on the extraction yield is more complex. Therefore, retrograde behavior occurs, meaning that an increase in temperature at low pressure exhibited a negative effect on the extraction yield and a positive effect at high pressure [40].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] Crampon, 2011, Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Molecules of Interest from Microalgae and Seaweeds, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. source

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    Premisecitation

    Available data of UAE extraction of macroalgae shows polyphenols and antioxidants are the main extracted compounds, using solvents such as ethanol, distilled water, and methanol with different solid:solvent ratios.

    “Available data of UAE extraction of macroalgae shows that polyphenols and antioxidants are the main extracted compounds from macroalgae (Table 2). Various solvents were used, such as ethanol, distilled water, and methanol with different solid:solvent ratio [7,49,50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [7] Rodrigues, 2015, Impact of enzyme- and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods on biological properties of red, brown and green seaweeds from the central west coast of portugal, J. Agr. Food Chem. source

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    • cites [49] Dang, 2017, Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for phenolic content and antioxidant activities of the alga Hormosira banksii using response surface methodology, J. Appl. Phycol. source

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    • cites [50] Lee, 2013, Potential use of ultrasound in antioxidant extraction from Ecklonia cava, Algae source

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    Premisereasoning

    Higher amount of TPC is shown by Kadam et al. because they used acid (0.03 M HCl) as solvent, while Dang et al. used ethanol; both authors used various species, which explained difference.

    “The higher amount of TPC is shown by Kadam et al. [52], because they used acid (0.03 M HCl) as solvent, while Dang et al. [49] used ethanol. But, both authors used various species of macroalgae, which explained the difference between amounts of extracted polyphenols.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [52] Kadam, 2015, Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive components from brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum using response surface methodology, Ultrason. Sonochem. source

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    • cites [49] Dang, 2017, Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for phenolic content and antioxidant activities of the alga Hormosira banksii using response surface methodology, J. Appl. Phycol. source

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    Premisecitation

    Seaweed extracts possess carbon sources that can be metabolized by Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis; carbon sources are mostly polysaccharides, but not agar, because microorganisms cannot hydrolyze and metabolize it.

    “Results showed that the seaweed extracts possess carbon sources that can be metabolized by mentioned bacteria. The carbon sources are mostly polysaccharides, but not agar, because microorganisms are not able to hydrolyze and metabolize it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Rodrigues, 2015, Impact of enzyme- and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods on biological properties of red, brown and green seaweeds from the central west coast of portugal, J. Agr. Food Chem. source

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  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Lee et al. compared UAE extracts with conventional method; UAE extracts showed higher yield than CE; higher amount of TPC was in CE extracts; yield and TPC are time-dependent; UAE extracts showed good radical scavenging activity and inhibitory effect against DNA damage induced by H2O2.

    “Lee et al. [50] conducted much longer time of the UAE unlike other authors [49,52]. They compared the yield and the antioxidant activity of UAE extracts with the extracts that were obtained with conventional method (CE). The extracts obtained with UAE showed higher yield than those of CE. The higher amount of TPC was in the extracts obtained with CE and the results showed that the yield and TPC”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Lee, 2013, Potential use of ultrasound in antioxidant extraction from Ecklonia cava, Algae source

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  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Wang et al. used UAE for extraction of taurine; optimal parameters were 40.5 °C, 38.3 min, and 300 W; compared to conventional solid-liquid method, UAE provided higher yield of taurine and less extraction time; no significant changes in taurine content occurred, so UAE was successful for obtaining taurine without degradation.

    “Wang et al. [55] used UAE for the extraction of taurine, which has numerous beneficial effects, such as protecting the liver and lowering blood pressure. According to the results, UAE can be applied for the extraction of taurine with optimal parameters of 40.5 °C, 38.3 min, and 300 W. When compared to the conventional solid-liquid method, UAE provided higher yield of taurine and less extraction”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Wang, 2015, Ultrasound-assisted extraction and purification of taurine from the red algae Porphyra yezoensis, Ultrason. Sonochem. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Extracts from red seaweed Gracillaria mammillaris protected edible oil from lipid oxidation, but activity was lower than synthetic antioxidants.

    “The results showed that the extracts from red seaweed Gracillaria mammillaris protected the oil from the lipid oxidation, but its activity was lower than synthetic antioxidants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Ospina, 2017, Antioxidant capacity of Colombian seaweeds: 1. Extracts obtained from Gracilaria mammillaris by means of supercritical fluid extraction, J. Supercrit. Fluids source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    SWE operates at high temperatures (50-200 °C) and pressures (50-300 psi) for a short period (5-10 min) with a small amount of solvent.

    “SWE operates at high temperatures (50–200 °C) and pressures (50–300 psi) for a short period of time (5–10 min) with a small amount of solvent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tierney et al. showed extracts obtained with conventional method contained higher concentration of extracted polyphenols compared with SWE extracts, while Vo Dinh et al. obtained opposite results.

    “While Tierney et al. [66] in their research showed that the extracts obtained with conventional method contained higher concentration of extracted polyphenols compared with SWE extracts, Vo Dinh et al. [67] obtained the opposite results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [66] Tierney, 2013, Influence of pressurized liquid extraction and solid-liquid extraction methods on the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Irish macroalgae, Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. source

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    • cites [67] Saravana, 2018, Ionic liquid-assisted subcritical water enhances the extraction of phenolics from brown seaweed and its antioxidant activity, Sep. Purif. Technol. source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dang et al. optimized ultrasonic conditions for highest yield of TPC and higher antioxidant activity; optimum conditions were 30 °C, 60 min, and 60% (150 W).

    “Dang et al. [49] optimized the ultrasonic conditions for obtaining the highest yield of total phenolic content (TPC), and, consequently, higher antioxidant activity. They concluded that optimum conditions were temperature of 30 °C, time of 60 min and power of 60% (150 W).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Dang, 2017, Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for phenolic content and antioxidant activities of the alga Hormosira banksii using response surface methodology, J. Appl. Phycol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    del Pilar Sanchez-Camargo et al. demonstrated SWE with enzymes as pre-treatment for increasing extraction yield and phlorotannins recovery, but it did not give best results; SWE without enzymes was efficient for obtaining polyphenols and phlorotannins; water gave highest yield but lower total phenols and phlorotannins compared to ethanol; ethanol in subcritical conditions was more selective and提取物

    “del Pilar Sanchez-Camargo et al. [34] demonstrated the application of SWE with enzymes as pre-treatment for increasing the extraction yield and phlorotannins recovery, but it did not gave the best results. Usage of SWE without the enzymes showed to be an efficient method for obtaining polyphenols and phlorotannins. However, when using water as solvent the highest yield was obtained, but total phen”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Ibanez, 2017, Bioactives obtained from plants, seaweeds, microalgae and food by-products using pressurized liquid extraction and supercritical fluid extraction, Compr. Anal. Chem.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Extracts of S. japonica and S. horneri obtained with SC-CO2 and ethanol as co-solvent showed significant antioxidant activity, good antimicrobial activity against several bacteria and fungi, and moderate antihypertensive activity.

    “Sivangnanam et al. [22] obtained the extracts of S. japonica and S. horneri with SC-CO2 with ethanol as co-solvent, which showed significant antioxidant activity.”
    • Also stated in: § 2.1. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) · plain
      “The extracts showed good antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus brasiliensis.”
    • Also stated in: § 2.1. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) · plain
      “Moderate antihypertensive activity was noticed for the extracts of S. japonica and S. horneri, where fucoxanthin was mostly involved.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Sivagnanam, 2015, Biological properties of fucoxanthin in oil recovered from two brown seaweeds using supercritical CO2 extraction, Mar. Drugs source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SWE offers higher extraction yields because permeability of solvent into material is enhanced and there is no influence on extracted bioactive compounds, but extraction time must be controlled because degradation may occur.

    “In addition, it offers higher extraction yields because the permeability of solvent into the material is enhanced and there is no influence on the extracted bioactive compounds. But, the extraction time must be controlled because degradation of compounds may occur [57].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [57] Zakaria, 2016, Subcritical Water Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Plants and Algae: Applications in Pharmaceutical and Food Ingredients, Food Eng. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    UAE operates with low temperatures, preserving thermolabile compounds and preventing damage to structure; it uses low amounts of solvent and reduced working time, making it fast and inexpensive compared to traditional methods.

    “UAE operates with low temperatures which enables preservation of thermolabile compounds and prevents completely damage of the structure [48]. Low amounts of solvent are used and the working time of extraction is reduced, which makes UAE a fast, inexpensive method as compared to traditional methods [33].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [48] Oh, 2011, The effect of ultrasonificated extracts of spirulina maxima on the anticancer activity, Mar. Biotechnol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Duarte, 2014, Green Analytical methodologies for preparation of extracts and analysis of bioactive compounds, Compr. Anal. Chem.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Antioxidant activity increased as TPC increased because phenolic compounds contribute most to antioxidant activity.

    “Also, these studies showed that antioxidant activity increased as TPC increased because phenolic compounds contribute most to the antioxidant activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] Dang, 2017, Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for phenolic content and antioxidant activities of the alga Hormosira banksii using response surface methodology, J. Appl. Phycol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Topuz, 2016, Optimization of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compound Extraction Conditions from Red Seaweed (Laurencia obtuse), J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Kadam et al. observed extraction of fucose and uronic acid; higher extraction yield for phenolic content and uronic acid when acid used, while acid did not contribute to higher fucose content; higher acid concentration decreased extraction yield due to acid hydrolysis and degradation.

    “Except the extraction of phenols, Kadam et al. [52] also observed the extraction of fucose and uronic acid. They showed that the higher extraction yield was obtained for phenolic content and uronic acid when acid was used, while the use of acid did not contribute to the higher fucose content. If the higher concentration of acid was used, the decrease in the extraction yield occurred due to acid”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Kadam, 2015, Optimization of ultrasound assisted extraction of bioactive components from brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum using response surface methodology, Ultrason. Sonochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Brown macroalgae generally have higher content of polyphenols than red and green macroalgae, due to presence of phlorotannins, which were not present in other macroalgae groups.

    “Brown macroalgae generally have higher content of polyphenols than red and green macroalgae, due to the presence of phlorotannins, which were not present in the other macroalgae groups [65].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Dominguez, H. (2013). Subcritical water extraction of bioactive components from algae. Functional Ingredients from Algae for Foods and Nutraceuticals, Woodhead Publishing. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Macroalgae species and season of collecting affect phenolics extraction; it is important to collect macroalgae during summer because then they produce maximum phenolic compounds.

    “Besides, macroalgae species as well as the season of their collecting affects phenolics extraction. It is important to collect macroalgae during the summer [36] because then they produce the maximum of phenolic compounds.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Tanniou, 2013, Green improved processes to extract bioactive phenolic compounds from brown macroalgae using Sargassum muticum as model, Talanta source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    According to Dang et al., temperature exhibited strongest influence on extraction yield and amount of extracted phenolic compounds, while Topuz et al. concluded solvent:seaweed ratio exhibited most influence on TPC.

    “According to Dang et al. [49] the temperature exhibited the strongest influence on the extraction yield and amount of extracted phenolic compounds, while Topuz et al. [51] concluded that the solvent:seaweed ratio exhibited the most influence on TPC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] Dang, 2017, Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for phenolic content and antioxidant activities of the alga Hormosira banksii using response surface methodology, J. Appl. Phycol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Topuz, 2016, Optimization of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compound Extraction Conditions from Red Seaweed (Laurencia obtuse), J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Saravana et al. measured absorbance to check development of browning reactions during Maillard reactions; as extraction temperature increased, absorbance was higher, indicating advanced formation of brown products of Maillard reactions and caramelization; these products are applied in food and beverages and have significant importance for nutritional value.

    “Saravana et al. [70] measured absorbance to check the development of browning reactions during Maillard reactions. It was shown that, as the extraction temperature increased, the absorbance was higher and it indicated the advanced formation of brown products of Maillard reactions and caramelization. These products are applied in the food and beverages and they have significant importance for”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [70] Saravana, 2016, Evaluation of the chemical composition of brown seaweed (Saccharina japonica) hydrolysate by pressurized hot water extraction, Algal Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plaza et al. used six different species of macroalgae and all extracted with same conditions; in all cases, samples obtained at higher temperature exhibited higher antioxidant capacity than those at lower temperature; explained by formation of neoantioxidants from Maillard and caramelization reactions.

    “Plaza et al. [69] used six different species of macroalgae and all of them were extracted with the same conditions. In all cases, samples that were obtained at higher temperature exhibited higher antioxidant capacity than those that were obtained at lower temperature. This phenomenon can be explained by the formation of neoantioxidants which are products of several chemical reactions including Ma”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Plaza, 2010, Facts about the formation of new antioxidants in natural samples after subcritical water extraction, Food Res. Int. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Extracts with polysaccharides exhibited good inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase, and they could be potential hypoglycemic agents applied in food or pharmaceutical industry.

    “Ren et al. [75] showed that the extracts with polysaccharides exhibited good inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase, and they could be potential hypoglycemic agent applied in food or pharmaceutical industry.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Ren, 2017, Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of Sargassum thunbergii polysaccharides and its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, Carbohydr. Polym. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    As time increased, the yield also increased, but excessive time can have the opposite effect and can lead to degradation of polysaccharides.

    “As time increased, the yield also increased, but excessive time can have the opposite effect and it can lead to degradation of polysaccharides.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] Ren, 2017, Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of Sargassum thunbergii polysaccharides and its antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities, Carbohydr. Polym. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Crude fucoidan was examined for antioxidant activity, and some other compounds were considered to contribute to antioxidant activity.

    “Crude fucoidan was examined for antioxidant activity by Saravana et al. [12], and it was considered that some other compounds contribute to antioxidant activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Saravana, 2016, Structural, antioxidants and emulsifying activities of fucoidan from Saccharina japonica using pressurized liquid extraction, Carbohydr. Polym. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Water and ethyl acetate showed the best inhibition results, which indicates that anti-hyaluronidase bioactive compounds are mostly polar.

    “According to the results, water and ethyl acetate showed the best inhibition results, which indicates that anti-hyaluronidase bioactive compounds are mostly polar.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Fayad, 2017, Macroalga Padina pavonica water extracts obtained by pressurized liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction inhibit hyaluronidase activity as shown by capillary electophoresis, J. Chromatogr. A source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Destructed cells facilitate faster mass transfer and diffusion out of solid, where mass and heat transfer act synergistically and in the same direction.

    “Destructed cells facilitate faster mass transfer and diffusion out of solid, where mass and heat transfer act synergistically and in the same direction [71].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] Dominguez Gonzalez, H., and Gonzalez Munoz, M.J. (2017). Chapter 6—Microwave-Assisted Water Extraction. Water Extraction of Bioactive Compounds, Elsevier.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Low molecular weight products of polysaccharides showed higher antiproliferative activity and those with higher sulfate content exhibited strong antioxidant activity.

    “Low molecular weight products of polysaccharides showed higher antiproliferative activity and those with higher sulfate content exhibited strong antioxidant activity [80,81].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [80] You, 2010, Molecular characteristics of partially hydrolyzed fucoidans from sporophyll of Undaria Pinnatifida and their in vitro anticancer activity, Food Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [81] Yuan, 2015, Microwave assisted extraction of sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidan) from Ascophyllum nodosum and its antioxidant activity, Carbohydr. Polym. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vo Dinh et al. noticed phenolic content increased as temperature rose from 100 °C to 225 °C, but when it reached 250 °C, phenolic content started to reduce; same behavior for antioxidant activity, showing phenolic content and antioxidant activity are correlated.

    “Vo Dinh et al. [67] noticed that phenolic content increased as the temperature rise from 100 °C to 225 °C, but when it reached 250 °C, the phenolic content started to reduce. The same behavior is noticed for the antioxidant activity of the extracts, which showed that phenolic content and antioxidant activity are correlated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Saravana, 2018, Ionic liquid-assisted subcritical water enhances the extraction of phenolics from brown seaweed and its antioxidant activity, Sep. Purif. Technol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Season time and processing methods such as drying also affected the concentration of polyphenols.

    “Except the taxonomical differences, season time and processing methods (such as drying) also affected the concentration of polyphenols.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Magnusson, 2017, A comparative assessment of microwave assisted (MAE) and conventional solid-liquid (SLE) techniques for the extraction of phloroglucinol from brown seaweed, Algal Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polyphenols content varied not only at taxonomic and geographical levels, but also within each of these levels between orders of algae.

    “Results showed that the content varied not only at taxonomic and geographical levels, but also within each of these levels between orders of algae.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Magnusson, 2017, A comparative assessment of microwave assisted (MAE) and conventional solid-liquid (SLE) techniques for the extraction of phloroglucinol from brown seaweed, Algal Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Crude algal extracts were much more stable than ascorbic acid and they could be applied as natural antioxidants.

    “The results showed that crude algal extracts were much more stable than ascorbic acid and they could be applied as natural antioxidants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] Zhang, 2018, A comparative assessment of activity and structure of phlorotannins from the brown seaweed Carpophyllum flexuosum, Algal Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fayad et al. used capillary electrophoresis-based enzymatic assays for evaluation of activity towards hyaluronidase of Padina pavonica extracts obtained by SWE; water extract obtained by SWE yielded most potent inhibition compared to MAE, SFE, and PLE.

    “Fayad et al. [58] used capillary electrophoresis-based enzymatic assays for the evaluation of the activity towards hyaluronidase of Padina pavonica extracts obtained by SWE. Results showed that water extract obtained by SWE yielded the most potent inhibition when compared to other extraction methods such as MAE, SFE and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Fayad, 2017, Macroalga Padina pavonica water extracts obtained by pressurized liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction inhibit hyaluronidase activity as shown by capillary electophoresis, J. Chromatogr. A source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Low pressure exhibited less destructive effect on algae structure, which means that less polysaccharides can be released from the cells.

    “Low pressure exhibited less destructive effect of algae structure which means that less polysaccharides can be released from the cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78] Mussatto, 2011, Microwave-assisted extraction of sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidan) from brown seaweed, Carbohydr. Polym. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    UAE is mostly used for the extraction of polyphenols and their correlation with antioxidant capacity of macroalgae is given.

    “UAE is mostly used for the extraction of polyphenols and their correlation with antioxidant capacity of macroalgae is given.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Water and ethanol were shown as the best solvents for UAE of polyphenols.

    “Water and ethanol were shown as the best solvents for UAE of polyphenols.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    MAE is the most studied extraction process and successful for isolation of bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae.

    “MAE is the most studied extraction process and successful for isolation of bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae and obtained”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Algae polysaccharides can be used in different industrial applications due to extremely good functional properties.

    “Furthermore, they concluded that algae polysaccharides can be used in different industrial application due to extremely good functional properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] Yuan, 2018, Microwave assisted hydrothermal extraction of polysaccharides from Ulva prolifera: Functional properties and bioactivities, Carbohydr. Polym. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Green, red, and brown macroalgae showed significant differences in their chemical composition and each of these algae have great potential for different products.

    “Green, red, and brown macroalgae showed significant differences in their chemical composition and each of these algae have great potential for different products.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Macroalgae contain various bioactive compounds with application in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry.

    “Macroalgae contain various bioactive compounds with application in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industry.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    SFE has been a good method for obtaining extracts with fatty acids and lipids, including carotenoids such as fucoxanthin.

    “SFE has been good method for obtaining the extracts with fatty acids and lipids, including carotenoids, such as fucoxanthin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    During SWE, new antioxidants were formed and they contribute to the antioxidant capacity of the extracts.

    “Authors established that during SWE, new antioxidants were formed and they contribute to the antioxidant capacity of the extracts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Polyphenols, especially phlorotannins from brown algae, have been shown to possess strong antioxidant activity.

    “Also, polyphenols, especially phlorotannins from brown algae, have been shown to possess strong antioxidant activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and foaming properties of algae polysaccharides are dependent on the molecular weight of polysaccharides.

    “Authors showed that all three properties are dependent of the molecular weight of polysaccharides.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] Yuan, 2018, Microwave assisted hydrothermal extraction of polysaccharides from Ulva prolifera: Functional properties and bioactivities, Carbohydr. Polym. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    MAE extracts are rich in sulfated polysaccharides, such as fucoidan, ulvan, and rhamnan sulfate, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, and hypoglycemic activity.

    “extracts are rich in sulfated polysaccharides, such as fucoidan, ulvan, and rhamnan sulfate, which exhibit antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, and hypoglycemic activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Due to their biological activity, application in functional products and the influence on human health are inevitable.

    “Due to their biological activity, application in the functional products and the influence on human health are inevitable.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Preserving sensitive compounds by using novel methods mentioned in the present review makes them suitable for producing extracts of higher value.

    “Preserving sensitive compounds by using novel methods that are mentioned in the present review makes them suitable for producing the extracts of higher value.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lower molecular weight polysaccharides showed better water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, and foaming properties.

    “Lower molecular weight showed better WHC, OHC and foaming properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] Yuan, 2018, Microwave assisted hydrothermal extraction of polysaccharides from Ulva prolifera: Functional properties and bioactivities, Carbohydr. Polym. source

      Not checked in the free run.

63 of 63

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The innovative extraction techniques (without enzymes) mostly applied for isolation of bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae are SFE, SWE, UAE, and MAE.

    “Innovative extraction techniques (without the use of enzymes), which are mostly applied in the isolation of bioactive compounds from marine macroalgae, are Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE), Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Generally, algae contain low amounts of lipids, but they are rich in ω-3 fatty acids such as ALA and EPA, while DPA and DHA are present in lower concentrations.

    “Generally, algae contain low amounts of lipids, but they are rich in ω-3 fatty acids, such as α-linolenic (ALA, 18:3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), while docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) are present in lower concentrations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Unsaturated fatty acids (including ω-3 fatty acids) comprise around 60% of the total fatty acids found in seaweeds.

    “Also, unsaturated fatty acids (including ω-3 fatty acids) comprise around 60 % of the total fatty acids, which are found in seaweeds.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some compounds, such as hydroxymethylfurfural, can be toxic.

    “Except for positive effects, like strong antioxidant activity, some compounds, such as hydroxymethylfurfural, can be toxic.”
4 of 4

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Fayad extract is attributed to SWE rather than PLE

    Minor

    The text attributes Fayad et al.'s water extract to SWE and treats PLE as a different method, while the cited reference describes the water extracts as obtained by PLE and MAE.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Dominguez Gonzalez, H., and Gonzalez Munoz, M.J. (2017). Chapter 6—Microwave-Assisted Water Extraction. Water Extraction of Bioactive Compounds, Elsevier.
  2. Lou, 2010, Optimization of Microwave-assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Enteromorpha prolifera by Orthogonal Test, Chin. Herb. Med., 2, 321

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Cikoš, A.-M., Jokić, S., Šubarić, D., & Jerković, I.
Affiliations
  • University of Osijek (HR)
  • University of Split (HR)
Corresponding author
Jerković, Igor
ORCID
Venue
Marine Drugs
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2018-09-23
Volume
16
Issue
10
Pages
348
ISSN
1660-3397 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/md16100348
PMC
PMC6213729
OpenAlex
W2892211921
Semantic Scholar
27c4ad2fe134a8cffd8b24e863185423e492f06d
Cited by
225
References
81
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 1
FWCI
1.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Marine Drugs (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Croatian Government and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund - the Competitiveness and Cohesion Operational Programme (KK.01.1.1.01)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal plant biology
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
Keywords
seaweed, bioactive compounds, extraction methods, supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, extraction conditions, polyphenols, polysaccharides, carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, biological activity
MeSH terms
Ultrasonic Waves, Biological Products, Chemical Fractionation, Microwaves, Pressure, Seaweed, Solvents, Temperature, Time Factors

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Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-07.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-07.

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