Elevated amygdala response to faces and gaze aversion in autism spectrum disorder
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Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often associated with impairments in judgment of facial expressions. This impairment is often accompanied by diminished eye contact and atypical amygdala responses to face stimuli. The current study used a within-subjects design to examine the effects of natural viewing and an experimental eye-gaze manipulation on amygdala responses to faces. Individuals with ASD showed less gaze toward the eye region of faces relative to a control group. Among individuals with ASD, reduced eye gaze was associated with higher threat ratings of neutral faces. Amygdala signal was elevated in the ASD group relative to controls. This elevated response was further potentiated by experimentally manipulating gaze to the eye region. Potentiation by the gaze manipulation was largest for those individuals who exhibited the least amount of naturally occurring gaze toward the eye region and was associated with their subjective threat ratings. Effects were largest for neutral faces, highlighting the importance of examining neutral faces in the pathophysiology of autism and questioning their use as control stimuli with this population. Overall, our findings provide support for the notion that gaze direction modulates affective response to faces in ASD.
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In humans, alterations in amygdala responses to positive and negative emotions have been reported in neuropsychiatric conditions such as autism and schizophrenia, in association with OXTR genetic variants or following intranasal OXT.
“In humans, alterations in amygdala responses to positive and negative emotions have been reported in neuropsychiatric conditions, such as autism and schizophrenia [72,73], in association with OXTR genetic variants [41,102] or following intranasal OXT [33,36,38,103].”
From Oxytocin Signaling in the Central Amygdala Modulates Emotion Discrimination in Mice (2019) · cites this paper as [72]
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Moerkerke, M., Daniëls, N., der Donck, S. V., Tang, T., Prinsen, J., Yargholi, E., Steyaert, J. G., Alaerts, K., & Boets, B. (2024) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-024-00635-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tottenham, N., Hertzig, M. E., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Gilhooly, T., Millner, A. J., & Casey, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- St. John's University (US)
- Venue
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-04-16
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 106-117
- ISSN
- 1749-5016 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-5024
- PMC
- PMC3871735
- OpenAlex
- W2133553417
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 6.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, amygdala, face perception, gaze aversion, gaze, neutral faces, threat detection, gaze direction, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Amygdala, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Escape Reaction, Face, Facial Expression, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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