The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis.
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This scale has a good validity and a stable structure to support the multidimensional nature of rumination (Treynor et al., 2003; Schoofs et al., 2010).”
From Coexistence and different determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among Chinese survivors after earthquake: role of resilience and rumination (2015) · cites this paper as Treynor et al., 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, longitudinal studies have shown that more rumination in females partly explains gender differences in depressive symptoms (Hamilton, Stange, Abramson, & Alloy, 2015; Treynor et al., 2003).”
From A mindful yoga intervention for young women with major depressive disorder: Design and baseline sample characteristics of a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as Treynor et al., 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The measure has good psychometric properties including internal consistency (α = 0.72–0.79) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.60–0.62) (Roelofs et al., 2006; Treynor et al., 2003).”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Treynor et al., 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The brooding subscale has been shown to have good reliability in other studies (α = .77; Treynor et al., 2003)”
From Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. (2016) · cites this paper as Treynor et al., 2003
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Maladaptive rumination (“brooding”) has been associated with higher depressive symptoms in the later course of the disease (59).”
From SSRI Treatment Response Prediction in Depression Based on Brain Activation by Emotional Stimuli (2020) · cites this paper as [59]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“that is associated with problem-solving and reduced depression (Treynor et al., 2003).”
From Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Weight Loss Intervention on Long-term Psychological Well-being Among Adults with Obesity: Secondary Analyses from the Supporting Health by Integrating Nutrition and Exercise (SHINE) Trial (2022) · cites this paper as Treynor et al., 2003
In the citing paper
“It has previously been shown to have good internal consistency (Cronbach α=.77) and test-retest reliability (r=0.62)(Treynor et al., 2003).”
From Perseverative negative thinking predicts depression in people with acute coronary syndrome (2019) · cites this paper as Treynor et al., 2003
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
An inventory for measuring depression
BECK, A. T. (1961) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 · Cited by 38,032
Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix
Steiger, J. H. (1980) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245 · Cited by 4,621
Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.4.569 · Cited by 4,529
Self-citationNolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115 · Cited by 3,276
Self-citationThe role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.109.3.504 · Cited by 2,998
Self-citationAttention and Self-Regulation : A Control-Theory Approach to Human Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,580
Kessler, R. (1993) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(93)90026-g · Cited by 2,207 · cited 1×
“Hoeksema et al., 1993, 1994,1999) as is the gender difference in depression ( Kessler, McGonagle, Swartz, Blazer, & Nelson, 1993; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987).”
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5887-2 · Cited by 2,039
Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.
Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.259 · Cited by 2,001
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In R. S. Wyer Jr. (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (pp. 1–47). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Wyer, R. S., Jr. (Ed.). (1996). Advances in social cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlb
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,060 of 1,060
SSRI Treatment Response Prediction in Depression Based on Brain Activation by Emotional Stimuli
Preuss, A., Bolliger, B., Schicho, W., Hättenschwiler, J., Seifritz, E., Brühl, A. B., & Herwig, U. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.538393 · Cited by 22
Cheng, Q., Shi, C., Yan, C., Ren, Z., Chan, S. H.-W., Xiong, S., Zhang, T., & Zheng, H. (2022) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1955864 · Cited by 24
“This variable was measured using the Ruminative Responses Scale-Reduced 10-itemVersion (RRS-10; Treynor et al., 2003).”
MethodMultifactorial prediction of depression diagnosis and symptom dimensions
McNamara, M. E., Shumake, J., Stewart, R. A., Labrada, J., Alario, A., Allen, J. J. B., Palmer, R., Schnyer, D. M., McGeary, J. E., & Beevers, C. G. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113805 · Cited by 23
Psychopathy and suicide: The mediating effects of emotional and behavioral dysregulation
Fadoir, N. A., Lutz-Zois, C. J., & Goodnight, J. A. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.021 · Cited by 21
Hong, R. Y., & Paunonen, S. V. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00683.x · Cited by 21
Is rumination a risk and a protective factor?
Harding, K. A., & Mezulis, A. (2017) · Europe’s Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v13i1.1279 · Cited by 21
“…and brooding have been proposed as distinct cognitive responses that may link affective pathways to depressive symptoms (Fredrickson, 2001, 2004; Treynor et al., 2003), both describe ruminative responses that are proposed to amplify affective content (Gilbert & Gruber, 2014; Weitzman, McHugh, &…”
BackgroundInfluentialLenferink, L. I. M., Wessel, I., & Boelen, P. A. (2018) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000781 · Cited by 21
Self-Focused Attention and Depressive Symptoms in Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Burns, A., Irvine, M., & Woodcock, K. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3732-5 · Cited by 20
Senra, C., Merino, H., & Ferreiro, F. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22571 · Cited by 20
An 18-month study of the effects of IBD symptomatology and emotion regulation on depressed mood
Trindade, I. A., Ferreira, C., Moura-Ramos, M., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2017) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-017-2774-z · Cited by 20
Núñez, D., Godoy, M. I., Gaete, J., Faúndez, M. J., Campos, S., Fresno, A., & Spencer, R. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256686 · Cited by 20
Denton, E.-G. D., Rieckmann, N., Davidson, K. W., & Chaplin, W. F. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00288 · Cited by 20
Trindade, I. A., Ferreira, C., & Pinto-Gouveia, J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-017-9536-5 · Cited by 18
Xiong, P., Spira, A. P., & Hall, B. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145219 · Cited by 19
Obsessive-Compulsive and Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Depressive Cognitive Styles
Shaw, A. M., Carbonella, J. Y., Arditte Hall, K. A., & Timpano, K. R. (2017) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2017.1372341 · Cited by 17
Yu, M., Zhou, H., Xu, H., & Zhou, H. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.021 · Cited by 18
Worry and rumination have distinct associations with nighttime versus daytime sleep symptomology
Tutek, J., Gunn, H. E., & Lichstein, K. L. (2021) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1725012 · Cited by 16
Costa, J. A., Marôco, J., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2017) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2077 · Cited by 17
Monteregge, S., Tsagkalidou, A., Cuijpers, P., & Spinhoven, P. (2020) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1037/h0101777 · Cited by 17
Booker, J. A., Graci, M. E., Hudak, L. A., Jovanovic, T., Rothbaum, B. O., Ressler, K. J., Fivush, R., & Stevens, J. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22271 · Cited by 13
Vollbehr, N. K., Hoenders, H. J. R., Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A., Nauta, M. H., Castelein, S., Schroevers, M. J., Stant, A. D., de Jong, P. J., & Ostafin, B. D. (2020) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1820 · Cited by 16
“Furthermore, longitudinal studies have shown that more rumination in females partly explains gender differences in depressive symptoms (Hamilton, Stange, Abramson, & Alloy, 2015; Treynor et al., 2003).”
BackgroundGraebener, A. H., Michael, T., Holz, E., & Lass-Hennemann, J. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.09.001 · Cited by 15
Quickert, R. E., & MacDonald, T. K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17186472 · Cited by 14
“Rumination in Relationships Items Adapted from the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS, [85]).”
MethodInfluentialYoga v Health Education for Attentional Processes Relevant to Major Depressive Disorder
West, J. L., Tremont, G., Miller, I. W., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01519-y · Cited by 14
Li, Y., Qu, G., Kong, H., Ma, X., Cao, L., Li, T., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.989904 · Cited by 14
Lam, A. H. Y., Cheung, Y. T. D., Wong, K. H., Leung, S. F., & Chien, W. T. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s338133 · Cited by 13
“The SRRS comprises two distinct factors, namely, brooding (a passive comparison of one’s situation with unachievable positive standards) and reflection (purposefully engaging in inward cognitive problem-solving to relieve one’s distress).(52) The items were”
BackgroundO'Loughlin, C. M., Bennett, D. S., & O'Hayer, C. V. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.01.012 · Cited by 11
Styła, R., & Kowalski, J. (2020) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/99564 · Cited by 13
Chukwuorji, J. C., Ifeagwazi, C. M., & Eze, J. E. (2018) · Mental Health, Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2018.1505838 · Cited by 13
Stange, J. P., Hamilton, J. L., Shepard, R., Wu, J., Fresco, D. M., & Alloy, L. B. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107886 · Cited by 12
Li, J., & Qin, X. (2021) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22578 · Cited by 12
Ramos, G., Aguilera, A., Montoya, A., Lau, A., Wen, C. Y., Cruz Torres, V., & Chavira, D. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/35196 · Cited by 12
Zhang, R., Jia, J., Zhang, D., & Zhao, X. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14200 · Cited by 12
Rumination in Everyday Life: The Influence of Distancing, Immersion, and Distraction
Yasinski, C., Hayes, A. M., & Laurenceau, J.-P. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.042714 · Cited by 12
Prochilo, G. A., Costa, R. J. S., Hassed, C., Chambers, R., & Molenberghs, P. (2021) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-020-00751-6 · Cited by 12
Lian, S., Bai, X., Zhu, X., Sun, X., & Zhou, Z. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315886 · Cited by 12
Perseverative negative thinking predicts depression in people with acute coronary syndrome
Trick, L., Watkins, E. R., Henley, W., Gandhi, M. M., & Dickens, C. (2019) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.06.012 · Cited by 11
Positive future-oriented fantasies and depressive symptoms: Indirect relationship through brooding
Macrynikola, N., Goklani, S., Slotnick, J., & Miranda, R. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.02.013 · Cited by 11
When Being Discrepant From One’s Ideal or Ought Selves Hurts: The Moderating Role of Neuroticism
Hong, R. Y., Triyono, W., & Ong, P. S. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1888 · Cited by 11
Assessing in-session rumination and its effects on CBT for depression
Kennedy, J. C., Dunlop, B. W., Craighead, L. W., Nemeroff, C. B., Mayberg, H. S., & Craighead, W. E. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104209 · Cited by 11
Millon, E. M., Lehrer, P. M., & Shors, T. J. (2022) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-021-09530-2 · Cited by 11
Sang, Z., Chen, H.-F., Yeung, J., & Xu, L. (2024) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s463399 · Cited by 11
Williams, S., Clarke, S., & Edginton, T. (2023) · Cancer Reports · doi:10.1002/cnr2.1761 · Cited by 10
“The significant positive associations between reflective ruminating with both depressive rumination and fears of self-compassion post-intervention suggests that reflection may have contributed to some negative affect, at least in the shortterm, which adds to existing research.(29) While reflection can lead to producti…”
BackgroundZakiei, A., Khazaie, H., Rostampour, M., Moradi, M.-T., Rezaie, L., Komasi, S., & Rafihi-Ferreira, R. E. (2024) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-024-00293-w · Cited by 10
Thompson, J. S., Jamal-Orozco, N., & Hallion, L. S. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01747-w · Cited by 12
Carvalho, S. A., Palmeira, L., Coutinho, M., Barbosa, R., & Trindade, I. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01383-6 · Cited by 8
Hitchcock, C., Gormley, S., O’Leary, C., Rodrigues, E., Wright, I., Griffiths, K., Gillard, J., Watson, P., Hammond, E., Werner-Seidler, A., et al. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018194 · Cited by 8
Ebrahimi, S., Moheb, N., & Alivani Vafa, M. (2024) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/jpcp.12.1.922.1 · Cited by 7
Hooker, A. R., Sagui-Henson, S. J., Daubenmier, J., Moran, P. J., Hartogensis, W., Acree, M., Kristeller, J., Epel, E. S., Mason, A. E., & Hecht, F. M. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01951-2 · Cited by 6
“Reflection is an adaptive form of self-focus motivated by curiosity (Trapnell & Campbell, 1999) that is associated with problem-solving and reduced depression (Treynor et al., 2003).”
BackgroundShahkaram, H., Yaztappeh, J. S., Sadeghi, A., Kianimoghadam, A. S., Soltanabadi, S., Bakhtiari, M., & Arani, A. M. (2024) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-024-03142-w · Cited by 6
“Moreover, in another study, Cronbach’s alpha of this scale was 0.90, and its retest reliability was reported as 0.67 [48].”
BackgroundInfluentialO’Toole, M. S., Mennin, D. S., Applebaum, A. J., Fresco, D. M., & Zachariae, R. (2021) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2021.1924400 · Cited by 6
Christiansen, E., Konieczna, A., Larsen, C. P., Jakobsen, S. G., & O´Connor, R. C. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08049-2 · Cited by 5
Resting-state neural signatures of moral injury: associations with rumination
Fulton, T. M., Guelfo, A., Elbasheir, A., McDermott, T. J., Lee, J., Ahluwalia, V., Ely, T. D., Lathan, E. C., & Fani, N. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.08.001 · Cited by 5
Miggiels, M. F., ten Klooster, P. M., Bremer-Hoeve, S., Dekker, J. J. M., Huibers, M. J. H., Reefhuis, E., Van, H. L., & van Dijk, M. K. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03156-8 · Cited by 5
“The RRS has good psychometric properties [83].”
BackgroundMangelsdorf, S. N., Cagliarini, D., Lee, Y. Y., Mihalopoulos, C., Liu, V., Valentine, L., Bendall, S., Koval, P., D'Alfonso, S., Davey, C., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-088695 · Cited by 3
The Contribution of Psychological Inflexibility and Metacognitive Processes to Emotional Distress.
Quan, H., & Zettle, R. D. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpsy-d-21-00014 · Cited by 3
Berwian, I. M., Tröndle, M., Miquel, C. D., Ziogas, A., Stefanics, G., Walter, H., Stephan, K. E., & Huys, Q. J. M. (2023) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547831 · Cited by 2
Cao, Q., Du, X., Ruiz, F. J., sierra, M. A., Yu, X., & Ren, Z. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.09.006 · Cited by 2
Monteiro, B., Galhardo, A., Senra, H., Pinto‐Gouveia, J., & Cunha, M. (2024) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3440 · Cited by 1
Mason, C. K., Kelley, K., & DeShong, H. L. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100693
Metadata
- Authors
- Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Treynor, Wendy
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 247-259
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W2158598050
- Cited by
- 3,808
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 233 · 2025: 280 · 2024: 253 · 2023: 256 · 2022: 273 · 2021: 319 · 2020: 248 · 2019: 250 · 2018: 230 · 2017: 212 · 2016: 198 · 2015: 173 · 2014: 165 · 2013: 145 · 2012: 105
- FWCI
- 25.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9809261)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- rumination, depression, response styles theory, brooding, gender differences in depression, psychometric properties, depressive symptoms
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
