Determinants of poor 1-year outcome of DSM-III-R major depression in the general population: results of the Netherlands mental health survey and incidence study (NEMESIS)
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk factors of poor 1-year outcome of major depression in the general population and to compare the results with data from clinical populations. METHOD: Psychiatric diagnoses were determined in a representative sample (N = 7,076) of the Dutch general population, using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) at baseline and 12 months later. A broad range of potential risk factors were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the depressed people at baseline, 28.3% were depressed 12 months later. Younger age, severity of depression, longer duration of previous episodes, the presence of anhedonia and early awakening, external locus of control and multiple negative life events appear to be risk factors. CONCLUSION: Poor outcome of major depression is frequent in the general population. Largely the same risk factors are involved as in clinical populations.
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Anhedonia is a negative prognostic factor for treatment outcome in adolescents and adults.
“Furthermore, it was shown that anhedonia is a negative prognostic factor for treatment outcome both in adolescents (McMakin et al., 2012) and adults (Spijker et al., 2001; Vrieze et al., 2014).”
From Circuit Mechanisms of Reward, Anhedonia, and Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Spijker et al., 2001
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- Authors
- Spijker, J., Bijl, R. V., De Graaf, R., & Nolen, W. A.
- Affiliations
- Mental Health Ireland (IE)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Spijker, J.
- Venue
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-02
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 122-130
- ISSN
- 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0447
- OpenAlex
- W2093073145
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 7.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, DSM-III-R, poor outcome, risk factors, relapse, general population, anhedonia, early morning awakening, locus of control, negative life events, depression severity, episode duration, age
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Personality Disorders, Population Surveillance, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Treatment Outcome
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