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When and where do we apply what we learn?: A taxonomy for far transfer

Barnett, Susan M., Ceci, Stephen J.·2002·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.612

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Abstract

Despite a century's worth of research, arguments surrounding the question of whether far transfer occurs have made little progress toward resolution. The authors argue the reason for this confusion is a failure to specify various dimensions along which transfer can occur, resulting in comparisons of "apples and oranges." They provide a framework that describes 9 relevant dimensions and show that the literature can productively be classified along these dimensions, with each study situated at the intersection of various dimensions. Estimation of a single effect size for far transfer is misguided in view of this complexity. The past 100 years of research shows that evidence for transfer under some conditions is substantial, but critical conditions for many key questions are untested.

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McKenna, A. F. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139013451.016 · Cited by 73
A Game a Day Keeps Cognitive Decline Away? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Commercially-Available Brain Training Programs in Healthy and Cognitively Impaired Older Adults
Nguyen, L., Murphy, K. A., & Andrews, G. (2021) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-021-09515-2 · Cited by 76
The testing effect with authentic educational materials: A cautionary note
Wooldridge, C. L., Bugg, J., McDaniel, M., & Liu, Y. (2014) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.07.001 · Cited by 75
Memory training interventions: What has been forgotten?
McDaniel, M. A., & Bugg, J. M. (2011) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2011.11.002 · Cited by 72
“This issue has been hotly debated in the psychological literature for over 100 years, with little resolution (Barnett & Ceci, 2002).”
Background
Contextual assessment in science education: Background, issues, and policy
Klassen, S. (2006) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.20150 · Cited by 73
The Hype Cycle of Working Memory Training
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“Researchers have often tried to distinguish between near and far transfer (Barnett & Ceci, 2002), although this is not always consistent across studies.”
Long-term transfer of learning from books and video during toddlerhood
Brito, N. H., Barr, R., McIntyre, P., & Simcock, G. P. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.08.004 · Cited by 72
“Transfer of learning across context enables the development of abstract thinking, in particular the development of a flexible representational system (Barnett & Ceci, 2002; Hayne, 2006; Klahr & Chen, 2011).”
Background
‘Sticking to a healthy diet is easier for me when I exercise regularly’: Cognitive transfer between physical exercise and healthy nutrition
Fleig, L., Kerschreiter, R., Schwarzer, R., Pomp, S., & Lippke, S. (2014) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2014.930146 · Cited by 72
“The construct of transfer (Barnett & Ceci, 2002) describes the idea that knowledge or competencies acquired in one context (i.e. training situation or behaviour) facilitate future learning in another context (i.e. transfer situation or behaviour) by activating cognitive strategies that have…”
BackgroundMethod
Skill transfer, expertise and talent development: An ecological dynamics perspective
Seifert, L., Papet, V., Strafford, B. W., Coughlan, E. K., & Davids, K. (2018) · Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité · doi:10.1051/sm/2019010 · Cited by 72
“…far transfer were considered according to the degree of similarity between two tasks, assuming that far transfer tasks exist when the task constraints and performance information are quite different from the initial settings (Baldwin & Ford, 2006; Barnett & Ceci, 2002; Hung, 2013; Issurin, 2013).”
Background
Mechanisms of Learning Transfer in Adventure Education: Qualitative Results From the NOLS Transfer Survey
Sibthorp, J., Furman, N., Paisley, K., Gookin, J., & Schumann, S. (2011) · Journal of Experiential Education · doi:10.1177/105382591103400202 · Cited by 72
“…adventure education is minimal (Gass & Priest, 2006; Leberman & Martin, 2004), there are significant bodies of literature in the fields of cognitive psychology, education, and human resource development (e.g., Barnett & Ceci, 2002; Cheng & Ho, 1997) that suggest ways that transfer may be increased.”
Background
Transfer: Outdoor adventure education’s Achilles heel? Changing participation as a viable option
Brown, M. (2010) · Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education · doi:10.1007/bf03400892 · Cited by 70
A longitudinal, mixed method evaluation of self-awareness training in the workplace
Sutton, A., Williams, H., & Allinson, C. W. (2015) · European journal of training and development · doi:10.1108/ejtd-04-2015-0031 · Cited by 91
“Barnett and Ceci (2002) have suggested a taxonomy for far transfer that could help guide further research on the best ways to promote the transfer of self-awareness training for all participants.”
BackgroundMethod
Practicing Connections: A Framework to Guide Instructional Design for Developing Understanding in Complex Domains
Fries, L., Son, J. Y., Givvin, K. B., & Stigler, J. W. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09561-x · Cited by 98
Identifying and Controlling Biases in Expert-Opinion Research: Guidelines for Variations of Delphi, Nominal Group Technique, and Focus Groups
Bhandari, S., & Hallowell, M. R. (2021) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000909 · Cited by 77
Finding One’s Place in Transfer Space
Klahr, D., & Chen, Z. (2011) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00171.x · Cited by 69
“In an influential attempt to address this problem, Barnett and Ceci (2002) suggested that transfer distance involves two taxonomic factors of transfer: content and context.”
Background
Should Bilingual Children Learn Reading in Two Languages at the Same Time or in Sequence?
Berens, M. S., Kovelman, I., & Petitto, L. (2013) · Bilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/15235882.2013.779618 · Cited by 70
“…drawn between the two domains based on shared relevance, similarity, context, and structure (for a lively discussion of the key principles and debate in this literature see Barnett & Ceci, 2002; Gentner, Holyoak, & Kokinov, 2001; Mestre, 2002; Singley & Anderson, 1989; Thorndike & Woodworth, 1901).”
Contextualization in Perspective
Son, J. Y., & Goldstone, R. L. (2008) · Cognition and Instruction · doi:10.1080/07370000802584539 · Cited by 76
Stealth Learning: Unexpected Learning Opportunities Through Games
Sharp, L. (2012) · Journal of Instructional Research · doi:10.9743/jir.2013.6 · Cited by 68
“Educators presume that students learn and use that knowledge in other contexts, but that is not always the case (Barnett & Ceci, 2002).”
Background
Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of commercially available computerized cognitive training among older adults
Tetlow, A. M., & Edwards, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0051-2 · Cited by 69
“We refer to untrained cognitive abilities as near transfer tasks, particularly if the cognitive abilities were not directly practiced during the training sessions, but are used in assessments following the completion of training (Barnett and Ceci 2002; Zelinski 2009).”
BackgroundMethod
Students’ Use of Retrieval in Self-Regulated Learning: Implications for Monitoring and Regulating Effortful Learning Experiences
Carpenter, S. K., Endres, T., & Hui, L. (2020) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09562-w · Cited by 80
Nurse-Enhanced Memory Intervention in Heart Failure: The MEMOIR Study
Pressler, S. J., Therrien, B. A., Riley, P. L., Chou, C., Ronis, D. L., Koelling, T. M., Smith, D. G., Sullivan, B. J., Frankini, A.-M., & Giordani, B. (2011) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2011.06.650 · Cited by 68
How Numbers Bias Preschoolers’ Spatial Search
Opfer, J. E., & Furlong, E. E. (2011) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022111406098 · Cited by 74
“…to most theories of learning and cognitive development, which typically depict far transfer of learning—for example, from one situation (like reading) to another situation (like counting)—as relatively unlikely (Barnett & Ceci, 2002; Opfer & Thompson, 2008; Siegler, 2006; Singley & Anderson, 1989).”
Background
Using Process Mining to examine the sustainability of instructional support: How stable are the effects of metacognitive prompting on self-regulatory behavior?
Sonnenberg, C., & Bannert, M. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.06.003 · Cited by 67
The Transfer Effects of Cognitive Training on Working Memory Among Chinese Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Weng, W., Liang, J., Xue, J., Zhu, T., Jiang, Y., Wang, J., & Chen, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00212 · Cited by 67
Formal string instrument training in a class setting enhances cognitive and sensorimotor development of primary school children
James, C. E., Zuber, S., Dupuis-Lozeron, E., Abdili, L., Gervaise, D., & Kliegel, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00567 · Cited by 66
Music lessons enhance executive functions in 6- to 7-year-old children
Frischen, U., Schwarzer, G., & Degé, F. (2021) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101442 · Cited by 76
Computer-based learning of neuroanatomy: A longitudinal study of learning, transfer, and retention.
Chariker, J. H., Naaz, F., & Pani, J. R. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021680 · Cited by 66
Improving Cognitive Function from Children to Old Age: A Systematic Review of Recent Smart Ageing Intervention Studies
Nouchi, R., & Kawashima, R. (2014) · Advances in Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2014/235479 · Cited by 74
“Additionally, the transfer effect is classifiable in terms of a near transfer effect and a far transfer effect [56–59].”
Background
Programming Paradigms and Beyond
Krishnamurthi, S., & Fisler, K. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108654555.014 · Cited by 69

Authors: Barnett, S. M., & Ceci, S. J.
Affiliations: Cornell University (US)
ORCID: Ceci, Stephen J.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002
Volume: 128
Issue: 4
Pages: 612-637
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.612
OpenAlex: W2094192576
Semantic Scholar: e43a3199d5f9070f595c7f37dcc71f17589bbab9
Cited by: 2,076
References: 126
Citations by year: 2026: 165 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 116 · 2022: 121 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 166 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 112 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 79
FWCI: 6.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational and Psychological Assessments
Keywords: far transfer, transfer of learning, effect size estimation
MeSH terms: Attention, Child, Concept Formation, Generalization, Psychological, Humans, Learning, Mental Recall, Transfer, Psychology

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When and where do we apply what we learn?: A taxonomy for far transfer

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