Cited by 1,806Emotions and Moral BehaviorAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMemory Processes and Influences

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 253 of the 263 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report.

Robinson, Michael D., Clore, Gerald L.·2002·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.934

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This review organizes a variety of phenomena related to emotional self-report. In doing so, the authors offer an accessibility model that specifies the types of factors that contribute to emotional self-reports under different reporting conditions. One important distinction is between emotion, which is episodic, experiential, and contextual, and beliefs about emotion, which are semantic, conceptual, and decontextualized. This distinction is important in understanding the discrepancies that often occur when people are asked to report on feelings they are currently experiencing versus those that they are not currently experiencing. The accessibility model provides an organizing framework for understanding self-reports of emotion and suggests some new directions for research.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.934

Cites

253 of 253 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1914185 · Cited by 48,524
Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk
Kahneman, D. J., & Tversky, A. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511609220.014 · Cited by 32,720
The satisfaction with life scale
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13 · Cited by 31,768
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317 · cited 1×
“Thus, Maier (1931) argued that people do not have privileged access to the causes of their problem-solving behavior, and Nisbett and Wilson (1977) concluded that such a lack of access can be found in many domains.”
Background
Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought
VEREZA, S. C. (1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-0239 · Cited by 9,849
Human agency in social cognitive theory.
Bandura, A. (1989) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.44.9.1175 · Cited by 8,263
Illusion and well‐being: A social psychological perspective on mental health
Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. D. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.193 · Cited by 7,814
REMEMBERING: A STUDY IN EXPERIMENTAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Bartlett, F. C., & Burt, C. (1933) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1933.tb02913.x · Cited by 7,475
Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology
Kahneman, D. J., Diener, E. F., & Schwarz, N. (1999) · Cited by 7,472
Subjective well-being. The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index
Diener, E. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.34 · Cited by 7,121
Ecological momentary assessment
Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415 · Cited by 6,454
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046234 · Cited by 6,223
Possible selves.
Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.41.9.954 · Cited by 5,806
Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory
McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.419 · Cited by 5,256
Unrealistic optimism about future life events
Weinstein, N. D. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806 · Cited by 4,999
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
Pervin, L. A. (1992) · Cited by 4,543
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
Handbook of Social Cognition
Wyer, R. S., & Srull, T. K. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315807102 · Cited by 4,211
The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.2.261 · Cited by 4,089
Review of personality and social psychology
Wheeler, L. S., & Shaver, P. R. (1980) · UMI Books on Demand · Cited by 3,593
Review of personality and social psychology
Davies, M. (1983) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(83)90072-7 · Cited by 3,394
Health complaints, stress, and distress: Exploring the central role of negative affectivity.
Watson, D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.2.234 · Cited by 3,030
A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: dynamics of willpower
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.1.3 · Cited by 2,931
Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis, A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.571 · Cited by 2,917
Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious
Epstein, S. (1994) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.49.8.709 · Cited by 2,883 · cited 1×
“Momentary appraisals of situations are “hot” and dynamic, whereas general beliefs about emotion are “cold” and enduring (Epstein, 1994).”
Background
Models of the self: self-construals and gender.
Cross, S., & Madson, L. (1997) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.5 · Cited by 2,851
Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers.
Schwarz, N. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.2.93 · Cited by 2,846
The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions.
Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (1994) · Oxford University Press eBooks · Cited by 2,839
Out of Control: Visceral Influences on Behavior
Loewenstein, G. (1996) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1996.0028 · Cited by 2,610
The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory.
Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.1.5 · Cited by 2,447
Remembering
Bartlett, F. C., & Kintsch, W. (1995) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511759185 · Cited by 2,408
Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events – the mobilization minimization hypothesis.
Taylor, S. E. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.110.1.67 · Cited by 2,387
Who Is Happy?
Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.x · Cited by 2,383
Psychological perspectives on the self
Suls, J. M., & Greenwald, A. G. (1982) · Lawrence Erlbaum Associates eBooks · Cited by 2,300
Handbook of Personality Theory and Research.
Schwartz, M. L., Borgatta, E. F., & Lambert, W. W. (1970) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2093310 · Cited by 2,182
Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, Vol. 2.
Wagner, D. G., Higgins, E. T., & Sorrentino, R. M. (1991) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2072281 · Cited by 1,970
Optimal experience in work and leisure.
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.5.815 · Cited by 1,943
Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations.
Diener, E., Diener, E., & Diener, C. I. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.5.851 · Cited by 1,917
The Psychology of Physical Symptoms
Pennebaker, J. W. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8196-9 · Cited by 1,789
Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness.
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D. T., & Tulving, E. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.331 · Cited by 1,751
Ratings of self and peers on sex role attributes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity.
SPENCE, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Stapp, J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076857 · Cited by 1,629
Relation of Implicit Theories to the Construction of Personal Histories
Ross, M. W. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.2.341 · Cited by 1,612
Immune neglect: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting.
Gilbert, D. T., Pinel, E. C., Wilson, T. D., Blumberg, S. J., & Wheatley, T. P. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.617 · Cited by 1,547
Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 2nd ed.
John, O. P., Robins, R. W., & Pervin, L. A. (1999) · Cited by 1,530
When More Pain Is Preferred to Less: Adding a Better End
Kahneman, D., Fredrickson, B. L., Schreiber, C. A., & Redelmeier, D. A. (1993) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00589.x · Cited by 1,502
Sex differences in empathy and related capacities.
Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.100 · Cited by 1,410
Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept.
Campbell, J. D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.538 · Cited by 1,381
On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach
Funder, D. C. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.4.652 · Cited by 1,342
Buchbesprechungen / Book Reviews
Förstl, H. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747.54.1.68a · Cited by 1,308
The self-concept revisited: Or a theory of a theory.
Epstein, S. J. (1973) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0034679 · Cited by 1,290
Duration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Kahneman, D. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.45 · Cited by 1,228
Untitled work
(2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,187
Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review
Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(87)90023-7 · Cited by 1,172
Is memory schematic
Alba, J. W., & Hasher, L. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.93.2.203 · Cited by 1,169
The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or on-line.
Hastie, R., & Park, B. (1986) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.93.3.258 · Cited by 1,109
Exploring the "planning fallacy": Why people underestimate their task completion times.
Buehler, R., Griffin, D. W., & Ross, M. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.366 · Cited by 1,105
Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping styles: Psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress.
Weinberger, D. A., Schwartz, G. E., & Davidson, R. J. (1979) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.88.4.369 · Cited by 1,083
Patients' memories of painful medical treatments: real-time and retrospective evaluations of two minimally invasive procedures
Redelmeier, D. A., & Kahneman, D. (1996) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(96)02994-6 · Cited by 1,078
Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes.
Stuss, D. T., & Benson, D. F. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.3 · Cited by 1,073
Untitled work
(1984) · doi:10.4324/9781315798806-24 · Cited by 1,061
Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.1.92 · Cited by 932
Approaches to Emotion
Scherer, K. R., & Ekman, P. (1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 912
Evaluations of Self and Others: Self-Enhancement Biases in Social Judgments
Brown, J. D. (1986) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.1986.4.4.353 · Cited by 911
Self‐Presentational Motivations and Personality Differences in Self‐Esteem
Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb02384.x · Cited by 907
Explaining Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Perspective
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291173011 · Cited by 889
Does Living in California Make People Happy? A Focusing Illusion in Judgments of Life Satisfaction
Schkade, D. A., & Kahneman, D. J. (1998) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00066 · Cited by 885
International review of studies on emotion
Strongman, K. T. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 859
One hundred years of forgetting: A quantitative description of retention.
Rubin, D. C., & Wenzel, A. E. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.4.734 · Cited by 851
Affective causes and consequences of social information processing.
Clore, G. L., Schwarz, N., & Conway, M. A. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 819
Self-citation
Précis of Elements of episodic memory
Tulving, E. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0004440x · Cited by 809
Psychological perspectives on the self
Hampson, S. E. (1985) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90049-2 · Cited by 807
The Science of Self-report
(1999) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410601261 · Cited by 767
Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures.
Stangor, C., & McMillan, D. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.42 · Cited by 748
Distraction and coping with pain.
McCaul, K. D., & Malott, J. M. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.516 · Cited by 713
Possible Selves across the Life Span
Cross, S. E., & Markus, H. R. (2010) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000277058 · Cited by 712
Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity.
Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.427 · Cited by 695
On the Power of Positive Thinking: The Benefits of Being Optimistic
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1993) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572 · Cited by 647
What Is Episodic Memory?
Tulving, E. (1993) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770899 · Cited by 634
Temporal Adjustments in the Evaluation of Events: The “Rosy View”
Mitchell, T. R., Thompson, L., Peterson, E., & Cronk, R. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1997.1333 · Cited by 626
Reasoning in humans. II. The solution of a problem and its appearance in consciousness
Maier, N. R. F. (1931) · Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0071361 · Cited by 621
Gender and self-esteem.
Josephs, R. A., Markus, H. R., & Tafarodi, R. W. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.391 · Cited by 615
Aggregation and beyond: Some basic issues on the prediction of behavior
Epstein, S. J. (1983) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00338.x · Cited by 614
Levels of Analysis and the Organization of Affect
Rosenberg, E. L. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.247 · Cited by 611
Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting.
Wilson, T. D., Wheatley, T. P., Meyers, J. M., Gilbert, D. T., & Axsom, D. K. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.821 · Cited by 603
Assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and guilt: Development of the Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory.
Tangney, J. P. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.1.102 · Cited by 601
Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective.
Strack, F., Argyle, M., & Schwarz, N. (1991) · Cited by 579
Gender and emotion.
Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. (1993) · Cited by 565
Focalism: A source of durability bias in affective forecasting.
Wilson, T. D., Wheatley, T. P., Meyers, J. M., Gilbert, D. T., & Axsom, D. K. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.5.821 · Cited by 564
Remembering our past : studies in autobiographical memory
Rubin, D. C. (1996) · Cited by 560
Psychological Distress and Surveillance Behaviors of Women With a Family History of Breast Cancer
Kash, K. M., Holland, J. C., Halper, M., & Miller, D. G. (1992) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/84.1.24 · Cited by 556
Happiness in nations: Subjective appreciation of life in 56 nations 1946–1992.
Veenhoven, R., Ehrhardt, J., Ho, M. S. D., & de Vries, A. (1993) · Erasmus University Rotterdam eBooks · Cited by 537
Episodic and semantic knowledge in emotional self-report: Evidence for two judgment processes.
Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.198 · Cited by 531
Self-citation
Individual differences in dispositional expressiveness: Development and validation of the Emotional Expressivity Scale.
Kring, A. M., Smith, D. A., & Neale, J. M. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.934 · Cited by 525
On the self-erasing nature of errors of prediction.
Sherman, S. J. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.2.211 · Cited by 525
Wouldn’t it be nice? Predicting future feelings
Loewenstein, G. F., & Schkade, D. A. (1999) · Cited by 518
Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: A social role interpretation.
Grossman, M., & Wood, W. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.1010 · Cited by 500
Depression and the specificity of autobiographical memory
Williams, J. M. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527913.010 · Cited by 482
Person × Situation interactions: Choice of situations and congruence response models.
Diener, E., Larsen, R. J., & Emmons, R. A. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.47.3.580 · Cited by 482
How Stories Make Sense of Personal Experiences: Motives that Shape Autobiographical Narratives
Baumeister, R. F., & Newman, L. S. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294206006 · Cited by 474
Social Psychologic Factors Affecting the Presentation of Bodily Complaints
Mechanic, D. (1972) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197205252862105 · Cited by 468
National differences in reported subjective well-being: Why do they occur?
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Smith, H. L., & Shao, L. (1995) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01078966 · Cited by 448
A comparison of coping assessed by ecological momentary assessment and retrospective recall.
Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Neale, J. M., Shiffman, S. M., Marco, C. A., Hickcox, M., Paty, J. A., Porter, L. S., & Cruise, L. J. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1670 · Cited by 446
Academic Self-Concept: Theory, Measurement, and Research
Marsh, H. W. (2014) · doi:10.4324/9781315806976-9 · Cited by 433
The overconfidence effect in social prediction.
Dunning, D. A., Griffin, D. W., Milojkovic, J. D., & Ross, L. D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.568 · Cited by 431
Beyond attentional strategies: a cognitive-perceptual model of somatic interpretation
Cioffi, D. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.1.25 · Cited by 426
Memory accuracy in the recall of emotions.
Thomas, D. L., & Diener, E. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.2.291 · Cited by 425
Experiencing emotion : a cross-cultural study
Scherer, K. R., Wallbott, H. G., & Summerfield, A. B. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 419
Age and sex effects for emotional intensity.
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1985) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.3.542 · Cited by 405
Emotional Imagery: Conceptual Structure and Pattern of Somato‐Visceral Response
Lang, P. J., Kozak, M. J., Miller, G. A., Levin, D. N., & McLean, A. (1980) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb00133.x · Cited by 403
Themes of Agency and Communion In Significant Autobiographical Scenes
McAdams, D. P., Hoffman, B. J., Day, R., & Mansfield, E. D. (1996) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00514.x · Cited by 395
Experiences extended across time: Evaluation of moments and episodes
Varey, C. A., & Kahneman, D. J. (1992) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.3960050303 · Cited by 378
Autobiographical knowledge and autobiographical memories
Conway, M. A. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527913.003 · Cited by 372
Are Women the “More Emotional” Sex? Evidence From Emotional Experiences in Social Context
Barrett, L. F., Robin, L., Pietromonaco, P. R., & Eyssell, K. M. (1998) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999398379565 · Cited by 371
Sex Differences in Emotional Awareness
Barrett, L. F., Lane, R. D., Sechrest, L., & Schwartz, G. E. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672002611001 · Cited by 365
Acquiring self-knowledge: The search for feedback that fits.
Swann, W. B., & Read, S. J. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.6.1119 · Cited by 358
Temporal stability and cross-situational consistency of affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses.
Diener, E., & Larsen, R. J. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.47.4.871 · Cited by 353
Autobiographical memory: an introduction
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-1178 · Cited by 350
Cognitive Processes Used by Survey Respondents to Answer Behavioral Frequency Questions
Blair, E., & Burton, S. (1987) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/209112 · Cited by 337
The psychology of gender
Beall, A. E., & Sternberg, R. J. (1993) · Guilford Publications eBooks · Cited by 335
Simulation, Scenarios, and Emotional Appraisal: Testing the Convergence of Real and Imagined Reactions to Emotional Stimuli
Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672012711012 · Cited by 329
Self-citation
Effect of temporal perspective on subjective confidence.
Gilovich, T. D., Kerr, M., & Medvec, V. H. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.552 · Cited by 321
The anterograde and retrograde retrieval ability of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis
Cermak, L. S., & O’Connor, M. G. (1983) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(83)90039-8 · Cited by 320
Subjective well-being: An interdisciplinary perspective
Michaelos, A. C. (1992) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf00304399 · Cited by 315
Priming of semantic autobiographical knowledge: A case study of retrograde amnesia
Tulving, E., Schacter, D. L., McLachlan, D. R., & Moscovitch, M. (1988) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(88)90035-8 · Cited by 312
Studying Social Interaction with the Rochester Interaction Record
Reis, H. T., & Wheeler, L. S. (1991) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60332-9 · Cited by 311
Neuroticism and selective encoding and recall of symptoms: Evidence from a combined concurrent-retrospective study.
Larsen, R. J. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.62.3.480 · Cited by 307
Disorders of Emotion
Barlow, D. H. (1991) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0201_15 · Cited by 306
Depression, self-focused attention, and expectancies for positive and negative future life events for self and others.
Pyszczynski, T., Holt, K. D., & Greenberg, J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.5.994 · Cited by 301
Positivity and the Construction of Life Satisfaction Judgments: Global Happiness is not the Sum of its Parts
Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., Oishi, S., Dzokoto, V. A. A., & Suh, E. M. (2000) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1010031813405 · Cited by 293
Gender differences in autobiographical memory for childhood emotional experiences.
Davis, P. J. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.76.3.498 · Cited by 283
The Relationships among Momentary Emotion Experiences, Personality Descriptions, and Retrospective Ratings of Emotion
Barrett, L. F. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672972310010 · Cited by 277
Overconfident prediction of future actions and outcomes by self and others.
Vallone, R. P., Griffin, D. W., Lin, S., & Ross, L. D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.582 · Cited by 272
Reconstructing memory for emotions.
Levine, L. J. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.126.2.165 · Cited by 269
Evaluating one's life: A judgment model of subjective well-being.
Schwarz, N., & Strack, F. (1988) · Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) · Cited by 267
Affect and Information Processing
Wyer, R. S., Clore, G. L., & Isbell, L. M. (1999) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60271-3 · Cited by 266
Self-citation
Self- versus peer ratings of specific emotional traits: Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.927 · Cited by 265
Sex differences in the recall of affective experiences.
Seidlitz, L., & Diener, E. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.262 · Cited by 255
Preferences as expectation-driven inferences: Effects of affective expectations on affective experience.
Wilson, T. D., Lisle, D. J., Kraft, D., & Wetzel, C. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.56.4.519 · Cited by 254
Self-knowledge of an amnesic patient: Toward a neuropsychology of personality and social psychology.
Klein, S. B., Loftus, J., & Kihlstrom, J. F. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.125.3.250 · Cited by 254
Cognitive and Emotional Reactions to Daily Events: The Effects of Self‐Esteem and Self‐Complexity
Campbell, J. D., Chew, B., & Scratchley, L. S. (1991) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1991.tb00257.x · Cited by 251
Premenstrual Symptoms: A Reinterpretation
Ruble, D. N. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.560058 · Cited by 246
The Experiencing and Remembering of Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Analysis
Oishi, S. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702236871 · Cited by 246
Memory Systems of 1999
Schacter, D. L., Wagner, A. D., & Buckner, R. L. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195122657.003.0039 · Cited by 244
Repression and dissociation
Alayarian, A. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003401322-5 · Cited by 244
Repression and the inaccessibility of affective memories.
Davis, P. J., & SCHWARTZ, G. E. R. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.1.155 · Cited by 241
Positivity and the Construction of Life Satisfaction Judgments: Global Happiness is Not the Sum of its Parts
Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., Oishi, S., Dzokoto, V. A. A., & Suh, E. M. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2352-0_11 · Cited by 240
Discount Functions and the Measurement of Patients' Values
Christensen-Szalanski, J. J. J. (1984) · Medical decision making · doi:10.1177/0272989x8400400108 · Cited by 238
The Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire
Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., & Ruble, D. N. (1980) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198009000-00005 · Cited by 236
Untitled work
(1990) · Cited by 234
Predictions of dental pain: The fear of any expected evil, is worse than the evil itself
Arntz, A. R., van Eck, M., & Heijmans, M. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90052-k · Cited by 216
The definition of sex stereotypes via the adjective check list
Williams, J., & Bennett, S. (1975) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00287224 · Cited by 209
Self-esteem, mood, and self-evaluation: Changes in mood and the way you see you.
Brown, J. D., & Mankowski, T. A. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.3.421 · Cited by 201
Top-down, bottom-up, and horizontal models: The direction of causality in multidimensional, hierarchical self-concept models.
Marsh, H. W., & Yeung, A. S. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.75.2.509 · Cited by 195
Self-focused attention, coping responses, and distressed mood in everyday life.
Wood, J. V., Saltzberg, J. A., Neale, J. M., Stone, A. A., & al, E. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.58.6.1027 · Cited by 186
Repression and self-presentation: When audiences interfere with self-deceptive strategies.
Baumeister, R. F., & Cairns, K. J. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.62.5.851 · Cited by 175
Memory of dental pain
Kent, G. G. (1985) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(85)90288-x · Cited by 171
Women's theories of menstruation and biases in recall of menstrual symptoms.
McFarland, C., Ross, M., & DeCourville, N. H. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.3.522 · Cited by 170
Real-Time Self-Report of Momentary States in the Natural Environment: Computerized Ecological Momentary Assessment
Shiffman, S. S. (1999) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410601261-26 · Cited by 170
Processing objectives as a determinant of the relationship between recall and judgment
Lichtenstein, M., & Srull, T. K. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(87)90027-8 · Cited by 165
The Gender Heuristic and the Database: Factors Affecting the Perception of Gender-Related Differences in the Experience and Display of Emotions
Robinson, M. D., Johnson, J. T., & Shields, S. A. (1998) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2003_3 · Cited by 164
Self-citation
Social memory in everyday life: Recall of self-events and other-events.
Skowronski, J. J., Betz, A. L., Thompson, C. P., & Shannon, L. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.831 · Cited by 164
Limited correspondence between daily coping reports and restrospective coping recall.
Ptacek, J. T., Smith, R. E., Espe, K., & Raffety, B. D. (1994) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.1.41 · Cited by 163
Accuracy and Distortion in Memory for High School Grades
Bahrick, H. P., Hall, L. K., & Berger, S. A. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00372.x · Cited by 163
Use of exemplars and abstractions in trait judgments: A model of trait knowledge about the self and others.
Klein, S. B., Loftus, J., Trafton, J. G., & Fuhrman, R. W. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.5.739 · Cited by 163
Emotional events and emotions in autobiographical memories
Christianson, S., & Safer, M. A. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527913.009 · Cited by 160
Does trait coping exist? A momentary assessment approach to the evaluation of traits.
Schwartz, J. E., Neale, J. M., Marco, C. A., Shiffman, S. S., & Stone, A. A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.77.2.360 · Cited by 160
Why people say "yes": A dual-process theory of acquiescence.
Knowles, E. S., & Condon, C. A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.379 · Cited by 160
Handbook of individual differences: Biological perspectives
Wilson, G. D. (1993) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90104-b · Cited by 160
Episodic and semantic aspects of memory for prose.
Dooling, D. J., & Christiaansen, R. E. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.3.4.428 · Cited by 159
Truth and Consequences: The Costs and Benefits of Accurate Self-Knowledge
Brown, J. D., & Dutton, K. A. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672952112006 · Cited by 158
Beyond depression: Gender differences in normal adolescents' emotional experiences
Stapley, J. C., & Haviland, J. M. (1989) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00287726 · Cited by 156
"I love you more today than yesterday": Romantic partners' perceptions of changes in love and related affect over time.
Sprecher, S. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.46 · Cited by 153
Estimation strategies and the judgment of event frequency.
Brown, N. R. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.6.1539 · Cited by 151
The overprediction of fear
Rachman, S., & Bichard, S. (1988) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90093-1 · Cited by 148
Investigating the structure of autobiographical memories.
Anderson, S. J., & Conway, M. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.5.1178 · Cited by 141
Affect, Cognition and Change
Barnard, P. J., & Teasdale, J. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315804750 · Cited by 140
Discriminating preexperimental (semantic) from learned (episodic) associations: A speed-accuracy study
Dosher, B. (1984) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(84)90019-7 · Cited by 135
The Search for Beauty and Truth: A Framework for Understanding Reactions to Evaluations
Swann, W. B., & Schroeder, D. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672952112008 · Cited by 135
The Science of Self-Report
Gustavson, J. G. A. A. R. (1997) · APS observer · Cited by 133
Menstrual symptoms: A social cognition analysis
Ruble, D. N., & Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B. (1979) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00846665 · Cited by 131
The Relation between Current Impressions and Memories of Self and Dating Partners
McFarland, C., & Ross, M. G. (1987) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167287132008 · Cited by 130
Prospective and cross-sectional mood reports offer no evidence of a "blue Monday" phenomenon.
Stone, A. A., Hedges, S. M., Neale, J. M., & Satin, M. S. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.129 · Cited by 127
Community noise problems: Evidence against adaptation
Weinstein, N. D. (1982) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(82)80041-8 · Cited by 125
Differences in Expressiveness: Gender, Interpersonal Orientation, and Perceived Parental Expressiveness as Contributing Factors
Balswick, J. O., & Avertt, C. P. (1977) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351068 · Cited by 123
Looking back at anger: Reference periods change the interpretation of emotion frequency questions.
Winkielman, P., Knaüper, B., & Schwarz, N. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.719 · Cited by 123
Autobiographical remembering: Narrative constraints on objectified selves
Barclay, C. R. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511527913.004 · Cited by 121
Accuracy of the Five-Factor Model in Predicting Perceptions of Daily Social Interactions
Barrett, L. F., & Pietromonaco, P. R. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672972311005 · Cited by 119
Handbook of individual differences : biological perspectives
Gale, A., & Eysenck, M. W. (1992) · Cited by 116
Stimulus estimation and the overprediction of fear
Taylor, S., & Rachman, S. J. (1994) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01108.x · Cited by 116
Psychological Factors Influencing the Reporting of Physical Symptoms
Pennebaker, J. W. (1999) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410601261-28 · Cited by 114
Revisiting the past and back to the future: Memory systems and the linguistic representation of social events.
Semin, G. R., & Smith, E. R. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.76.6.877 · Cited by 112
Repression and the inaccessibility of affective memories.
Davis, P. J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.3.585 · Cited by 110
The role of motives in the content and structure of autobiographical memory.
Woike, B. A., Gershkovich, I., Piorkowski, R. L., & Polo, M. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.76.4.600 · Cited by 109
How to reverse the vicious cycle of low self-esteem: The importance of attentional focus
Brockner, J., & Hulton, A. J. B. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(78)90050-1 · Cited by 109
The Role of Self-Deception in Perceptions of Past, Present, and Future Happiness
Robinson, M. D., & Ryff, C. D. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299025005005 · Cited by 104
Self-citation
The overprediction and underprediction of pain
Rachman, S., & Arntz, A. R. (1991) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(91)90112-8 · Cited by 104
Culture and Well-Being: The Cycle of Action, Evaluation, and Decision
Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203252802 · Cited by 103
Children's stereotypes about sex differences in emotionality
Birnbaum, D. W., Nosanchuk, T. A., & Croll, W. L. (1980) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00287363 · Cited by 103

Research works printed but not linked: 34

Barlow, 1988, Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety disorders.
10.1037/0022-3514.62.5.851 · DOI
Bonanno, 1990, Repressive personality style: Theoretical and methodological implications for health and psychology., 435
10.1037/0022-3514.64.3.421 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.907 · DOI
Clarke, 1995, Life scripts: Implicit representations of life-course patterns., Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10, 871
Clore, 1994, Why emotions are never unconscious., 285
10.1037/0022-3514.56.5.815 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.498 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.47.3.580 · DOI
Fazio, 1990, A practical guide to the use of response latency in social psychological research., Vol. 11, 74
10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.961 · DOI
Kahneman, 1999, Objective happiness., 85
10.1037/0022-3514.62.3.480 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.509 · DOI
McAdams, 1993, The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self.
10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.522 · DOI
Nolen-Hoeksema, 1999, Gender differences in well-being., 330
Oishi. 2002 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.434 · DOI
Pervin, 1999, Epilogue: Constancy and change in personality theory and research., 689
10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.1064 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.360 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.877 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1670 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.59.1.102 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.67 · DOI · Paper page
10.2307/1131706 · DOI
Tulving, 1993a, Self-knowledge of an amnesic is represented abstractly., Vol. 5, 147
Wilson, 1985, More on telling more than we can know., Vol. 6, 167
10.1037/0022-3514.56.4.519 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.600 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1027 · DOI
10.1037/0022-3514.56.6.890 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Psychological correlates of university students’ academic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0026838 · Cited by 3,646
A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103572 · Cited by 3,422
How Emotion Shapes Behavior: Feedback, Anticipation, and Reflection, Rather Than Direct Causation
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., DeWall, C. N., & Zhang, L. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868307301033 · Cited by 1,874
Emotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements
Barrett, L. F., Adolphs, R., Marsella, S., Martinez, A. M., & Pollak, S. D. (2019) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100619832930 · Cited by 1,748
Personality and Subjective Well-Being
Richard, E., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2350-6_4 · Cited by 1,615

See all 1,806

Authors: Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L.
Affiliations: North Dakota State University (US)
University of Virginia (US)
ORCID: Robinson, Michael D.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002-11
Volume: 128
Issue: 6
Pages: 934-960
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.934
OpenAlex: W2131975628
Cited by: 1,806
References: 263
Citations by year: 2026: 74 · 2025: 103 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 83
FWCI: 36.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH-50074, R01MH050074)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Keywords: accessibility model, beliefs about emotions, emotions, feelings
MeSH terms: Affect, Culture, Humans, Memory, Self-Assessment, Semantics, Stereotyping

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks