Cited by 286Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesMemory and Neural MechanismsMotor Control and Adaptation

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A neurobiological theory of automaticity in perceptual categorization

Ashby, F. Gregory, Ennis, John M., Spiering, Brian J.·2007·Psychological Review

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Abstract

A biologically detailed computational model is described of how categorization judgments become automatic in tasks that depend on procedural learning. The model assumes 2 neural pathways from sensory association cortex to the premotor area that mediates response selection. A longer and slower path projects to the premotor area via the striatum, globus pallidus, and thalamus. A faster, purely cortical path projects directly to the premotor area. The model assumes that the subcortical path has greater neural plasticity because of a dopamine-mediated learning signal from the substantia nigra. In contrast, the cortical-cortical path learns more slowly via (dopamine independent) Hebbian learning. Because of its greater plasticity, early performance is dominated by the subcortical path, but the development of automaticity is characterized by a transfer of control to the faster cortical-cortical projection. The model, called SPEED (Subcortical Pathways Enable Expertise Development), includes differential equations that describe activation in the relevant brain areas and difference equations that describe the 2- and 3-factor learning. A variety of simulations are described, showing that the model accounts for some classic single-cell recording and behavioral results.

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Authors: Ashby, F. G., Ennis, J. M., & Spiering, B. J.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
ORCID: Ashby, F. Gregory
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2007
Volume: 114
Issue: 3
Pages: 632-656
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.114.3.632
OpenAlex: W2140983215
Semantic Scholar: 5b1560d4cffb0c1274e826f8cb9d7112c08517c0
Cited by: 286
References: 173
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 9.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Public Health Service (MH3760-2)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Keywords: automaticity, perceptual categorization, procedural learning, speed model, subcortical pathways, premotor cortex, striatum, globus pallidus, thalamus, dopamine, substantia nigra, Hebbian learning, neuroplasticity, response selection, expertise development, computational neuroscience
MeSH terms: Animals, Attention, Automatism, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Concept Formation, Corpus Striatum, Dominance, Cerebral, Dopamine, Globus Pallidus, Habits, Humans, Neural Pathways, Neuronal Plasticity, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perception, Reaction Time, Thalamus, Touch, Neural Networks, Computer, Long-Term Potentiation

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A neurobiological theory of automaticity in perceptual categorization

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