CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 635Motor Control and AdaptationNeurological disorders and treatmentsMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Distinct basal ganglia territories are engaged in early and advanced motor sequence learning

Open access
Lehéricy, Stéphane, Benali, Habib, Van de Moortele, Pierre-François, Pélégrini-Issac, Mélanie, Waechter, Tobias, Ugurbil, Kamil, Doyon, Julien·2005·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
DOI 10.1073/pnas.0502762102PMC PMC1194910
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In this study, we used functional MRI (fMRI) at high field (3T) to track the time course of activation in the entire basal ganglia circuitry, as well as other motor-related structures, during the explicit learning of a sequence of finger movements over a month of training. Fourteen right-handed healthy volunteers had to practice 15 min daily a sequence of eight moves using the left hand. MRI sessions were performed on days 1, 14 and 28. In both putamen, activation decreased with practice in rostrodorsal (associative) regions. In contrast, there was a significant signal increase in more caudoventral (sensorimotor) regions of the putamen. Subsequent correlation analyses between signal variations and behavioral variables showed that the error rate (movement accuracy) was positively correlated with signal changes in areas activated during early learning, whereas reaction time (movement speed) was negatively correlated with signal changes in areas activated during advanced learning stages, including the sensorimotor putamen and globus pallidus. These results suggest the possibility that motor representations shift from the associative to the sensorimotor territories of the striato-pallidal complex during the explicit learning of motor sequences, suggesting that motor skills are stored in the sensorimotor territory of the basal ganglia that supports a speedy performance.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.0502762102

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Activation in the associative striatum decreases with extended training.

    “Several fMRI experiments subsequently reported a similar finding – that is, that activation in the associative striatum decreases with training [15–17].”

    From Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and automaticity (2010) · cites this paper as [15]

  • The associative striatum is active during initial skill acquisition.

    “Several studies have reported that the associative striatum is active during initial skill acquisition and that its activity decreases with extended training.”

    From Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and automaticity (2010) · cites this paper as [15]

  • The response of the sensorimotor striatum to extended training depends on the type of task used.

    “On the other hand, there is evidence that the response of the sensorimotor striatum to extended training may depend on the type of task that is used.”

    From Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and automaticity (2010) · cites this paper as [15]

  • In sequence-learning tasks, sensorimotor striatal activation increases with extended training.

    “In tasks that require subjects to learn a sequence of motor responses (e.g., button presses), a variety of fMRI studies have reported that sensorimotor striatal activation increases with extended training [15–17].”

    From Cortical and basal ganglia contributions to habit learning and automaticity (2010) · cites this paper as [15]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Rand, M. K., Hikosaka, O., Miyachi, S., Lu, X. & Miyashita, K. (1998) Exp. Brain Res. 118, 293-297.9497137

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Lehéricy, S., Benali, H., Van de Moortele, P.-F., Pélégrini-Issac, M., Waechter, T., Ugurbil, K., & Doyon, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • Center for Magnetic Resonance Research/Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Unité Mixte de Recherche-S 678, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/University of Paris 6, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France; Brain Sciences Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417; and Department of Psychology, Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3W 1W5
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher
National Academy of Sciences
Published
2005-08-17
Volume
102
Issue
35
Pages
12566-12571
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
DOI
10.1073/pnas.0502762102
PMC
PMC1194910
OpenAlex
W2017072258
Semantic Scholar
76106906d8471ccfbde0bf91d6be8f4aade5ffb6
Cited by
634
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 35
FWCI
6.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB000331)
  • National Center for Research Resources (P41RR008079)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords
basal ganglia, motor sequence learning, putamen, globus pallidus, finger movement, motor skill learning, practice effects, movement accuracy, reaction time, motor representations
MeSH terms
Adult, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Female, Fingers, Humans, Learning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Cortex, Movement

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review