Cited by 234Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchStress Responses and CortisolMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Inhibition of protein kinase C signaling protects prefrontal cortex dendritic spines and cognition from the effects of chronic stress

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Hains, Avis Brennan, Vu, Mai Anh T., Maciejewski, Paul K., van Dyck, Christopher H., Gottron, Melissa, Arnsten, Amy F. T.·2009·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Abstract

The prefrontal cortex r regulates behavior, cognition, and emotion by using working memory. Prefrontal functions are impaired by stress exposure. Acute, stress-induced deficits arise from excessive protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, which diminishes prefrontal neuronal firing. Chronic stress additionally produces architectural changes, reducing dendritic complexity and spine density of cortico-cortical pyramidal neurons, thereby disrupting excitatory working memory networks. In vitro studies have found that sustained PKC activity leads to spine loss from hippocampal-cultured neurons, suggesting that PKC may contribute to spine loss during chronic stress exposure. The present study tested whether inhibition of PKC with chelerythrine before daily stress would protect prefrontal spines and working memory. We found that inhibition of PKC rescued working memory impairments and reversed distal apical dendritic spine loss in layer II/III pyramidal neurons of rat prelimbic cortex. Greater spine density predicted better cognitive performance, the first direct correlation between pyramidal cell structure and working memory abilities. These findings suggest that PKC inhibitors may be neuroprotective in disorders with dysregulated PKC signaling such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and lead poisoning—conditions characterized by impoverished prefrontal structural and functional integrity.

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Crossref · 10.1073/pnas.0908563106

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  • Chronic exposure to uncontrollable stress causes loss of spines and dendrites in the prefrontal cortex (PFC).

    “Chronic exposure to uncontrollable stress causes loss of spines and dendrites in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a recently evolved brain region that provides top-down regulation of thought, action, and emotion.”

    From Chronic Stress Weakens Connectivity in the Prefrontal Cortex: Architectural and Molecular Changes. (2021) · cites this paper as [16]

    The Abstract reports that repeated stress causes dendritic retraction and loss of spine density in the PFC, and the Discussion reports similar changes under chronic restraint stress in rats. The paper describes *acute* stress as uncontrollable, but does not establish that qualifier for the chronic stress associated with spine and dendrite loss. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Guanfacine inhibits feedforward Ca2+-cAMP-PKA-K+ actions that weaken PFC network connectivity, neuronal firing and function.

    “stress increases, while guanfacine inhibits, the feedforward Ca2+-cAMP-PKA-K+ actions that weaken PFC network connectivity, neuronal firing and function.”

    From Guanfacine’s mechanism of action in treating prefrontal cortical disorders: Successful translation across species (2020) · cites this paper as Hains et al., 2009

    The Discussion (page unavailable) describes Ca2+–cAMP and PI–PKC feed-forward interactions that may amplify the stress response, and the Abstract says excessive PKC signaling diminishes prefrontal neuronal firing. But the paper identifies chelerythrine, not guanfacine, as the inhibitor studied; these passages do not establish that guanfacine inhibits the specified Ca2+–cAMP–PKA–K+ actions. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Stress increases feedforward Ca2+-cAMP-PKA-K+ actions that weaken PFC network connectivity, neuronal firing and function.

    “stress increases, while guanfacine inhibits, the feedforward Ca2+-cAMP-PKA-K+ actions that weaken PFC network connectivity, neuronal firing and function.”

    From Guanfacine’s mechanism of action in treating prefrontal cortical disorders: Successful translation across species (2020) · cites this paper as Hains et al., 2009

    The Discussion (page not supplied) says Ca2+ can increase cAMP and that feed-forward interactions between cAMP and PI-PKC pathways may amplify the stress response. The paper also reports that stress-related PKC signaling diminishes prefrontal neuronal firing and that chronic stress disrupts working-memory networks. It does not establish the claimed Ca2+-cAMP-PKA-K+ sequence as the mechanism of those effects. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Loss of dendritic spines and/or dendrites is accompanied by, and often correlates with, loss of PFC cognitive functioning.

    “Loss of dendritic spines and/or dendrites is accompanied by, and often correlates with, the loss of PFC cognitive functioning.”
  • Chronic stress exposure causes loss of dendritic spines from layer II/III pyramidal cells in rat mPFC.

    “With chronic stress exposure, dendritic spines are lost from layer II/III pyramidal cells in rat mPFC”

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. [59]Prasad KM, Sahni SD, Rohm BR, Keshavan MS. The type III inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase at three sites. Psychiatry Res. 2005;140:147–155. [Google Scholar]

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Authors
Hains, A. B., Vu, M. A. T., Maciejewski, P. K., van Dyck, C. H., Gottron, M., & Arnsten, A. F. T.
Affiliations
  • Yale University (US)
  • Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street SHM C-303, New Haven, CT 06510; and
Corresponding author
Arnsten, Amy F. T.
Venue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Published
2009-10-20
Volume
106
Issue
42
Pages
17957-17962
ISSN
  • 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
  • 1091-6490
OpenAlex
W1996838710
Cited by
234
References
66
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
FWCI
5.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation
  • U.S. Public Health Service
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (RL1AA017536)
  • National Institute on Aging (R37AG006036)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH068789)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K25NS044316)
  • National Center for Research Resources (U54RR024350)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords
protein kinase C, chronic stress, dendritic spines, prefrontal cortex, working memory, chelerythrine, prelimbic cortex, pyramidal neurons, spine loss, neuroprotection, cognitive impairment, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, lead poisoning
MeSH terms
Animals, Atrophy, Cognition, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Male, Memory, Models, Neurological, Protein Kinase C, Stress, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Signal Transduction, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Prefrontal Cortex, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Dendritic Spines, Rats, Benzophenanthridines

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