Early life influences on life-long patterns of behavior and health

McEwen, Bruce S.

doi:10.1002/mrdd.10074

Cited by 418Child Abuse and TraumaStress Responses and CortisolChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Early life influences on life-long patterns of behavior and health

McEwen, Bruce S.·2003·Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews

DOI 10.1002/mrdd.10074

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Abstract

The stability of a child's early life has profound effects on physical and mental health, and unstable parent-child relationships, as well as abuse, can lead to behavioral disorders and increased mortality and morbidity from a wide variety of common diseases later in life. One common consequence, namely, depressive illness, is associated with chemical imbalances in the brain and hormonal dysregulation, constituting a form of allostatic load that alters interpretations of stimuli and influences, behavioral, and hormonal responses to potentially stressful situations. The brain not only encodes information and controls the behavioral responses but it is also changed structurally by those experiences. Structural changes in the hippocampus and amygdala, which are important brain structures for cognition and emotion, are representative of what may be occurring throughout the brain as a result of allostatic load resulting from the chronic stress of a disorder such as depression. Such structural changes include dendritic debranching and hypertrophy, cell proliferation, and synaptic remodeling; they are produced by the combined overactivity of stress hormones and endogenous neurotransmitters. These mediators are normally involved in adaptation, but can also promote damage when they are dysregulated and over-active. They are very likely to be strongly biased by early life experiences. The findings from animal models thus provide a basis for understanding potential mechanisms of environ…

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Trauma experienced from an attachment figure during a sensitive window in early life can produce life-long deficits in threat processing and social behavior across many species.
“In particular, trauma experienced from a caregiver during a sensitive window in early life can produce life-long deficits in threat processing and social behavior across many species (Amaral, 2003, Callaghan et al., 2014, McEwen, 2003, Moriceau et al., 2006, Tang et al., 2014, Tzanoulinou and Sandi, 2017, Zeanah et al., 2003).”
From Early life adversity during the infant sensitive period for attachment: Programming of behavioral neurobiology of threat processing and social behavior (2017) · cites this paper as McEwen, 2003

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Authors: McEwen, B. S.
Affiliations: Rockefeller University (US)
Corresponding author: McEwen, Bruce S.
ORCID: McEwen, Bruce S.
Venue: Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2003-01
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 149-154
ISSN: 1080-4013 (ISSN-L)
1098-2779
DOI: 10.1002/mrdd.10074
OpenAlex: W2164402789
Cited by: 418
References: 93
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 2.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 239 d)
Locations: Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-41256, P50MH058911, P50-MH58911)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: childhood adversity, allostatic load, depression, chronic stress, hippocampus, amygdala, synaptic remodeling, stress hormones, parent-child relationship, child abuse, stress reactivity, anxiety, behavioral disorders, animal models
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Animals, Anxiety, Child, Child Abuse, Child Behavior Disorders, Child, Preschool, Conditioning, Psychological, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Depression, Fear, Hippocampus, Hostility, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Parent-Child Relations, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Serotonin, Stress, Psychological

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Early life influences on life-long patterns of behavior and health

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