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Single-case experimental designs: a systematic review of published research and current standards
Open accessAbstract
This article systematically reviews the research design and methodological characteristics of single-case experimental design (SCED) research published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 and 2010. SCEDs provide researchers with a flexible and viable alternative to group designs with large sample sizes. However, methodological challenges have precluded widespread implementation and acceptance of the SCED as a viable complementary methodology to the predominant group design. This article includes a description of the research design, measurement, and analysis domains distinctive to the SCED; a discussion of the results within the framework of contemporary standards and guidelines in the field; and a presentation of updated benchmarks for key characteristics (e.g., baseline sampling, method of analysis), and overall, it provides researchers and reviewers with a resource for conducting and evaluating SCED research. The results of the systematic review of 409 studies suggest that recently published SCED research is largely in accordance with contemporary criteria for experimental quality. Analytic method emerged as an area of discord. Comparison of the findings of this review with historical estimates of the use of statistical analysis indicates an upward trend, but visual analysis remains the most common analytic method and also garners the most support among those entities providing SCED standards. Although consensus exists along key dimensions of single-case research design, and researchers appear to be practicing within these parameters, there remains a need for further evaluation of assessment and sampling techniques and data analytic methods.
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“A minimum of 5 points per phase is considered the standard in multiple baseline design (Smith 2012).”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty for Autistic Adults: A Single Case Experimental Design Study. (2018) · cites this paper as Smith 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The increasing baseline rates for some incident types may have contributed to the significant declines observed during implementation. However, program effects persisted after excluding agencies with significant baseline trends, making regression to the mean a less plausible explanation for our findings (Smith 2012).”
From Intervening at the Setting Level to Prevent Behavioral Incidents in Residential Child Care: Efficacy of the CARE Program Model (2016) · cites this paper as Smith 2012
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“Single case experimental designs (SCED) provide a pragmatic alternative that, when well-designed and executed, rival the scientific rigor of randomized controlled trials while requiring far fewer participants (Barlow, Nock, & Hersen, 2008; Smith, 2012; Vilardaga, 2014).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy modules: Differential impact on treatment processes and outcomes (2016) · cites this paper as Smith, 2012
In the citing paper
“We followed guidelines in the design, analysis and reporting of case series to ensure the method was applied optimally”
From Bringing light into darkness: A multiple baseline mixed methods case series evaluation of Augmented Depression Therapy (ADepT) (2019) · cites this paper as Smith, 2012
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AN APPROACH TO TIME SERIES SMOOTHING AND FORECASTING USING THE EM ALGORITHM
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BackgroundSingle-Case Designs Technical Documentation.
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“…of the SCED in naturalistic studies to increase the ecological validity of empirical findings (e.g., Bloom, Fisher, & Orme, 2003; Borckardt et al., 2008; Dattilio et al., 2010; Jacobsen & Christensen, 1996; Kazdin, 2008; Morgan & Morgan, 2001; Westen & Bradley, 2005; Westen et al., 2004).”
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MethodAn improved effect size for single-case research: nonoverlap of all pairs.
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“Visual analysis, following systematic procedures such as those provided by Franklin, Gorman, Beasley, and Allison (1997) and Parsonson and Baer (1978), remains the standard by which SCED data are most commonly analyzed (Parker, Cryer, & Byrns, 2006). Visual analysis can arguably be applied to all SCEDs. However, a num…”
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“…though retrospective reports have been found to be susceptible to state-congruent recall (e.g., Bower, 1981) and a tendency to report peak levels of the experience instead of giving credence to temporal fluctuations (Redelmeier & Kahneman, 1996; Stone, Broderick, Kaell, Deles-Paul, & Porter, 2000).”
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialMissing-Data Methods for Generalized Linear Models
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Event-sampling and other methods for studying everyday experience.
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TEACHER'S CORNER: Structural Equation Modeling With the sem Package in R
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An Introduction to Computerized Experience Sampling in Psychology
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BackgroundDrawing valid inferences from case studies.
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“The effect of autocorrelation on statistical inference in single-case applications has also been known for quite some time (e.g., R. R. Jones et al., 1977; Kanfer, 1970; Kazdin, 1981; Marshall, 1980).”
BackgroundPaper or plastic? Data equivalence in paper and electronic diaries.
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BackgroundDesign and Analysis of Single-Case Research
(2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315806402 · Cited by 244
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Olive, M. L., & Smith, B. W. (2004) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/0144341042000301238 · Cited by 220 · cited 1×
“…and interpretation is discussed in significant detail elsewhere (e.g., Campbell, 2004; Cohen, 1994; Ferron & Sentovich, 2002; Ferron & Ware, 1995; Kirk, 1996; Manolov & Solanas, 2008; Olive & Smith, 2005; Parker & Brossart, 2003; Robey et al., 1999; Smith et al., in press; Velicer & Fava, 2003).”
Brossart, D. F., Parker, R. I., Olson, E. A., & Mahadevan, L. (2006) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445503261167 · Cited by 217 · cited 3×
“These findings are slightly higher than those estimated by Brossart et al. (2006), who estimated statistical analysis is used in about 20% of SCED studies.”
BackgroundResultBartels, J., Douwes, R., de Jong, M. D. T., & Pruyn, A. T. H. (2006) · British Journal of Management · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00478.x · Cited by 211
Apple, A. L., Billingsley, F. F., Schwartz, I. S., & Carr, E. G. (2005) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/10983007050070010401 · Cited by 209
Piasecki, T. M., Hufford, M. R., Solhan, M. B., & Trull, T. J. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.1.25 · Cited by 207 · cited 3×
“The recent proliferation of EMA and daily diary studies in psychology reported by others (Bolger et al., 2003; Piasecki et al., 2007; Shiffman et al., 2008) suggests that these methods have not yet reached SCED researchers, which could in part have resulted from the long-held supremacy of…”
BackgroundMethodBULLY PREVENTION IN POSITIVE BEHAVIOR SUPPORT
Ross, S. W., & Horner, R. H. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-747 · Cited by 200
Hetzroni, O. E., & Tannous, J. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022602.40506.bf · Cited by 199
Developing and Delivering Practice‐Based Evidence
(2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470687994 · Cited by 198
VIDEO MODELING TO TRAIN STAFF TO IMPLEMENT DISCRETE‐TRIAL INSTRUCTION
Catania, C. N., Almeida, D., Liu‐Constant, B., & Reed, F. D. D. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-387 · Cited by 197
Adolescents With Conduct Disorder Can Be Mindful of Their Aggressive Behavior
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Joy, S. D. S., Winton, A. S. W., Sabaawi, M., Wahler, R. G., & Singh, J. (2007) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/10634266070150010601 · Cited by 195
Scattone, D., Tingstrom, D. H., & Wilczynski, S. (2006) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576060210040201 · Cited by 195
Review: single-subject clinical-outcome research: designs, data, effect sizes, and analyses
ROBEY, R. R., SCHULTZ, M. C., CRAWFORD, A. B., & SINNER, C. A. (1999) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/026870399402028 · Cited by 194
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2001) · Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association · doi:10.7547/87507315-91-8-437 · Cited by 193
Experience Sampling: Promises and Pitfalls, Strength and Weaknesses
Scollon, C. N., Prieto, C. K., & Diener, E. (2009) · Social indicators research series · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_8 · Cited by 191
Single-participant research design: Bringing science to managed care.
Morgan, D. L., & Morgan, R. K. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.2.119 · Cited by 189 · cited 3×
“…of the SCED in naturalistic studies to increase the ecological validity of empirical findings (e.g., Bloom, Fisher, & Orme, 2003; Borckardt et al., 2008; Dattilio et al., 2010; Jacobsen & Christensen, 1996; Kazdin, 2008; Morgan & Morgan, 2001; Westen & Bradley, 2005; Westen et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodTIME‐SERIES ANALYSIS IN OPERANT RESEARCH1
Jones, R. R., Vaught, R. S., & Weinrott, M. R. (1977) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1977.10-151 · Cited by 187 · cited 3×
“Jones et al., 1977; Sharpley, 1987); Huitema’s (1985) review of 881 experiments published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis resulted in a modal number of three to four baseline points. Center et al. (1986) suggested five as the minimum number of baseline measurements needed to accurately estimate autocorrela…”
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Howard, R. (1982) · Case Western Reserve University School of Law Scholarly Commons (Case Western Reserve University) · Cited by 184
The Effect of Visual Performance Feedback on Teacher Use of Behavior-Specific Praise
Reinke, W. M., Lewis-Palmer, T., & Martin, E. J. (2007) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445506288967 · Cited by 184
A Methodology for the Quantitative Synthesis of Intra-Subject Design Research
Skiba, R. J., & Casey, A. (1985) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/002246698501900404 · Cited by 184
Behavioural treatment to reduce sleep problems in children with autism or fragile X syndrome
Weiskop, S., Richdale, A. L., & Matthews, J. M. (2005) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162205000186 · Cited by 182
The null-space-based behavioral control for autonomous robotic systems
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Social Interaction and Repetitive Motor Behaviors
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The state of the science in the meta-analysis of single-case experimental designs
Shadish, W. R., Rindskopf, D. M., & Hedges, L. V. (2008) · Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention · doi:10.1080/17489530802581603 · Cited by 180 · cited 5×
“SCEDs have been given short shrift in the majority of meta-analytic literature (Littell, Corcoran, & Pillai, 2008; Shadish et al., 2008), with only a few exceptions (Carr et al., 1999; Horner & Spaulding, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStatistical Comparison of Four Effect Sizes for Single-Subject Designs
Campbell, J. M. (2004) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445503259264 · Cited by 178 · cited 2×
“A range of concerns regarding single-case effect size calculation and interpretation is discussed in significant detail elsewhere (e.g., Campbell, 2004; Cohen, 1994; Ferron & Sentovich, 2002; Ferron & Ware, 1995; Kirk, 1996; Manolov & Solanas, 2008; Olive & Smith, 2005; Parker & Brossart, 2003;…”
BackgroundResultTreating Cockroach Phobia With Augmented Reality
Botella, C., Bretón-López, J., Quero, S., Baños, R., & García-Palacios, A. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.07.002 · Cited by 173
Burke, R. V., Andersen, M. N., Bowen, S. L., Howard, M. R., & Allen, K. D. (2010) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.07.023 · Cited by 171
Evaluation: A systematic approach, 5th ed.
Rossi, P. H., & Freeman, H. E. (1993) · Cited by 166
Morrison, L. F., Kamps, D. M., García, J., & Parker, D. A. (2001) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/109830070100300405 · Cited by 166
TEACHING CHILDREN WITH AUTISM TO RESPOND TO AND INITIATE BIDS FOR JOINT ATTENTION
Taylor, B. A., & Hoch, H. (2008) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2008.41-377 · Cited by 166
VIDEO MODELING BY EXPERTS WITH VIDEO FEEDBACK TO ENHANCE GYMNASTICS SKILLS
Boyer, E., Miltenberger, R. G., Batsche, C. J., & Fogel, V. A. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-855 · Cited by 165
Ingersoll, B. R., Lewis, E., & Kroman, E. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0221-z · Cited by 161
Assessment and Implementation of Positive Behavior Support in Preschools
Benedict, E. A., Horner, R. H., & Squires, J. (2007) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/02711214070270030801 · Cited by 161
Increasing on-task behavior in the classroom: Extension of self-monitoring strategies
Amato-Zech, N. A., Hoff, K. E., & Doepke, K. J. (2006) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20137 · Cited by 160
Woods, J. J., Kashinath, S., & Goldstein, H. (2004) · Journal of Early Intervention · doi:10.1177/105381510402600302 · Cited by 160
Dattilio, F. M., Edwards, D. J. A., & Fishman, D. B. (2010) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0021181 · Cited by 159 · cited 1×
“…of the SCED in naturalistic studies to increase the ecological validity of empirical findings (e.g., Bloom, Fisher, & Orme, 2003; Borckardt et al., 2008; Dattilio et al., 2010; Jacobsen & Christensen, 1996; Kazdin, 2008; Morgan & Morgan, 2001; Westen & Bradley, 2005; Westen et al., 2004).”
BackgroundGena, Α., Couloura, S., & Kymissis, E. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0014-9 · Cited by 157
Yoga as an Intervention for Children With Attention Problems
Peck, H. L., Kehle, T. J., Bray, M. A., & Theodore, L. A. (2005) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2005.12086295 · Cited by 153
Ciemins, E. L., Blum, L., Nunley, M., Lasher, A., & Newman, J. M. (2007) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2007.0065 · Cited by 149
Improving Patrons' Meal Selections Through the Use of Point-of-Selection Nutrition Labels
Chu, Y. H., Frongillo, E. A., Jones, S. J., & Kaye, G. L. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.153205 · Cited by 148
Sibling-Mediated Social Interaction Intervention for Young Children With Autism
Tsao, L., & Odom, S. L. (2006) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/02711214060260020101 · Cited by 146
Frea, W. D., Arnold, C. L., & Vittimberga, G. L. (2001) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/109830070100300401 · Cited by 144
Evaluating Single-Case Research Data: A Comparison of Seven Statistical Methods
Parker, R. I., & Brossart, D. F. (2003) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(03)80013-8 · Cited by 144 · cited 2×
“The most recent studies of this kind, performed by Brossart et al. (2006), Campbell (2004), Parker and Brossart (2003), and Parker and Vannest (2009), found that the more promising available statistical analysis methods yielded moderately different results on the same data series, which led them to…”
ResultTrembath, D. L., Balandin, S., Togher, L., & Stancliffe, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability · doi:10.1080/13668250902845210 · Cited by 144
Studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy. How well can clinical trials do the job?
Jacobson, N., & Christensen, A. (1996) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.51.10.1031 · Cited by 143
Zeoli, A. M., & Webster, D. W. (2010) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2009.024620 · Cited by 142
Choate-Summers, M. L., Pincus, D. B., Eyberg, S. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2005) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(05)80047-1 · Cited by 141
Ingersoll, B. R., & LaLonde, K. B. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2009/09-0043 · Cited by 140
Using a Modified Social Story to Decrease Disruptive Behavior of a Child With Autism
Crozier, S., & Tincani, M. (2005) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576050200030301 · Cited by 140
Domains of Experience: Investigating Relationship Processes From Three Perspectives
Davis, K. E., Kirkpatrick, L. A., Levy, M. B., & O’Hearn, R. E. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203772065-9 · Cited by 138
Himle, M. B., Woods, D. W., Conelea, C. A., Bauer, C. C., & Rice, K. A. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.007 · Cited by 136
Recovering From Spousal Bereavement in Later Life: Does Volunteer Participation Play a Role?
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“Numerous approaches exist for handling missing observations in group multivariate designs (e.g., Horton & Kleinman, 2007; Ibrahim, Chen, Lipsitz, & Herring, 2005).”
BackgroundCass, M., Cates, D. L., Smith, M. C., & Jackson, C. (2003) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/1540-5826.00067 · Cited by 134
Statistical Power of Randomization Tests Used with Multiple-Baseline Designs
Ferron, J. M., & Sentovich, C. (2002) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220970209599504 · Cited by 133 · cited 1×
“…regarding single-case effect size calculation and interpretation is discussed in significant detail elsewhere (e.g., Campbell, 2004; Cohen, 1994; Ferron & Sentovich, 2002; Ferron & Ware, 1995; Kirk, 1996; Manolov & Solanas, 2008; Olive & Smith, 2005; Parker & Brossart, 2003; Robey et al., 1999;…”
BackgroundStone, A. A., Broderick, J. E., Kaell, A. T., DelesPaul, P. A. E. G., & Porter, L. E. (2000) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1054/jpai.2000.7568 · Cited by 133
Oslin, D. W., Cary, M. S., Slaymaker, V., Colleran, C., & Blow, F. C. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.03.009 · Cited by 132
Leblanc, M.-P., Ricciardi, J. N., & Luiselli, J. K. (2005) · Education and Treatment of Children · Cited by 131
Drager, K. D. R., Postal, V. J., Carrolus, L., Castellano, M., Gagliano, C., & Glynn, J. (2006) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2006/012 · Cited by 130
Controlling baseline trend in single-case research.
Parker, R. I., Cryer, J., & Byrns, G. (2006) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/h0084131 · Cited by 130 · cited 1×
“The effect of baseline trend on visual analysis, and a technique to control baseline trend, are offered by Parker et al. (2006).”
MethodTreatment of Severe Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Treatment Efficacy Study.
Strand, E. A., Stoeckel, R. E., & Baas, B. S. (2006) · Journal of medical speech-language pathology · Cited by 130
Toilet Training for Children with Autism: The Effects of Video Modeling
Keen, D., Brannigan, K. L., & Cuskelly, M. (2007) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-007-9044-x · Cited by 127
Preparing psychologists for evidence-based school practice: Lessons learned and challenges ahead.
Kratochwill, T. R. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.8.829 · Cited by 126 · cited 1×
“…2010; Westen & Bradley, 2005; Westen, Novotny, & Thompson-Brenner, 2004) has renewed researchers’ interest in SCEDs as a means to assess intervention outcomes (e.g., Borckardt et al., 2008; Dattilio, Edwards, & Fishman, 2010; Horner et al., 2005; Kratochwill, 2007; Kratochwill & Levin, 2010).”
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Increasing social responsiveness in a child with autism
Finnigan, E., & Starr, E. M. (2010) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309357747 · Cited by 124
Haslam, S. A., & Reicher, S. D. (2007) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250707000204 · Cited by 124
Petscher, E. S., & Bailey, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2006.02-05 · Cited by 123
Mindful staff increase learning and reduce aggression in adults with developmental disabilities
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Winton, A. S. W., Curtis, W. J., Wahler, R. G., Sabaawi, M., Singh, J., & McAleavey, K. (2005) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.07.002 · Cited by 123
Schilling, D. L., Washington, K. A., Billingsley, F. F., & Deitz, J. C. (2003) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.57.5.534 · Cited by 123
Vichi, C., Andery, M. A. P. A., & Glenn, S. S. (2009) · Behavior and Social Issues · doi:10.5210/bsi.v18i1.2292 · Cited by 122
Daily stress, cortisol, and sleep: The moderating role of childhood psychosocial environments.
Hanson, M. D., & Chen, E. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019879 · Cited by 122 · cited 1×
“…processes (Stout, 2007; Tschacher & Ramseyer, 2009), and the relationship between psychological symptoms (e.g., Alloy, Just, & Panzarella, 1997; Hanson & Chen, 2010; Oslin, Cary, Slaymaker, Colleran, & Blow, 2009), and might be capable of revealing mechanisms of change (Kazdin, 2007, 2009,…”
BackgroundAhearn, W. H. (2003) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2003.36-361 · Cited by 122
Schneider, N., & Goldstein, H. (2009) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300709334198 · Cited by 122
Rosales, R., Stone, K., & Rehfeldt, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-541 · Cited by 121
An Internet-based abstinence reinforcement treatment for cigarette smoking
Dallery, J., Glenn, I. M., & Raiff, B. R. (2006) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.06.013 · Cited by 119
Vidoni, C., & Ward, P. B. (2009) · Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/17408980802225818 · Cited by 116
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EFFECTS OF VIDEO MODELING ON TREATMENT INTEGRITY OF BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS
Reed, F. D. D., Codding, R. S., Catania, C. N., & Maguire, H. (2010) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2010.43-291 · Cited by 114
Heering, P. W., & Wilder, D. A. (2006) · Education and Treatment of Children · Cited by 113
Alloy, L. B., Just, N., & Panzarella, C. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021878516875 · Cited by 113
Sarokoff, R. A., & Sturmey, P. (2007) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2007.04.002 · Cited by 111
Autocorrelation in applied behavior analysis: A myth.
Huitema, B. E. (1985) · Behavioral Assessment · Cited by 111
Therapist-aided exposure for women with lifelong vaginismus: A replicated single-case design.
ter Kuile, M. M., Bulté, I., Weijenborg, P. T. M., Beekman, A., Melles, R. J., & Onghena, P. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014273 · Cited by 109
Beyond “ESTs”: Problematic assumptions in the pursuit of evidence-based practice.
Wachtel, P. L. (2010) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020532 · Cited by 108 · cited 1×
“Skepticism about the clinical utility of the randomized controlled trial (e.g., Jacobson & Christensen, 1996; Wachtel, 2010; Westen & Bradley, 2005; Westen, Novotny, & Thompson-Brenner, 2004) has renewed researchers’ interest in SCEDs as a means to assess intervention outcomes (e.”
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Equivalence and Differences Between Structural Equation Modeling and State-Space Modeling Techniques
Chow, S., Ho, M.-H. R., Hamaker, E. L., & Dolan, C. V. (2010) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511003661553 · Cited by 108
Leaf, J. B., Taubman, M. T., Bloomfield, S., Palos-Rafuse, L., Leaf, R. B., McEachin, J. J., & Oppenheim‐Leaf, M. L. (2008) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2008.07.003 · Cited by 107
THE EFFECTS OF PARENT‐IMPLEMENTED PECS TRAINING ON IMPROVISATION OF MANDS BY CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Chaabane, D. B. B., Alber‐Morgan, S. R., & DeBar, R. M. (2009) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2009.42-671 · Cited by 107
Hitchcock, C. H., Prater, M. A., & Dowrick, P. W. (2004) · Learning Disability Quarterly · doi:10.2307/1593644 · Cited by 107
Miguel, C. F., Pétursdóttir, A. I., & Carr, J. E. (2005) · The Analysis of Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf03393008 · Cited by 106
Semantic feature analysis treatment in Spanish–English and French–English bilingual aphasia
Kiran, S., & Roberts, P. M. (2010) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687030902958365 · Cited by 106
Ingersoll, B. R., Dvortcsak, A., Whalen, C., & Sikora, D. M. (2005) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576050200040301 · Cited by 106
Removing bridge barriers stimulates suicides: an unfortunate natural experiment
Beautrais, A. L., Gibb, S. J., Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Larkin, G. L. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670902873714 · Cited by 105
Tincani, M., Crozier, S., & Alazetta, L. (2006) · Education and training in developmental disabilities · doi:10.1177/215416470604100208 · Cited by 104
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“Six sources are discussed: (1) Single-Case Design Technical Documentation from the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC; Kratochwill et al., 2010); (2) the APA Division 12 Task Force on Psychological Interventions, with contributions from the Division 12 Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures a…”
MethodRACIAL THREAT, PARTISAN POLITICS, AND RACIAL DISPARITIES IN PRISON ADMISSIONS: A PANEL ANALYSIS*
Keen, B., & Jacobs, D. (2009) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00143.x · Cited by 103
Ganz, J. B., Kaylor, M., Bourgeois, B., & Hadden, K. (2008) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357607311447 · Cited by 103
Wagenaar, A. C., Maldonado‐Molina, M. M., Erickson, D. J., Ma, L., Tobler, A. L., & Komro, K. A. (2007) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2007.01.003 · Cited by 102
EFFECTS OF TEACHER GREETINGS ON STUDENT ON‐TASK BEHAVIOR
Allday, R. A., & Pakurar, K. (2007) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.2007.86-06 · Cited by 102
Script training and automaticity in two individuals with aphasia
Youmans, G. L., Holland, A. L., Muñoz, M. L., & Bourgeois, M. S. (2005) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687030444000877 · Cited by 102
Banda, D. R., Hart, S. L., & Liu‐Gitz, L. (2010) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2009.12.005 · Cited by 102
Function-Based Academic Interventions for Problem Behavior
Filter, K. J., & Horner, R. H. (2008) · Education and Treatment of Children · doi:10.1353/etc.0.0043 · Cited by 102
Hall, L. J., Grundon, G. S., Pope, C. J., & Romero, A. B. (2009) · Behavioral Interventions · doi:10.1002/bin.294 · Cited by 101
Conroy, M. A., Asmus, J. M., Sellers, J. A., & Ladwig, C. N. (2005) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576050200040401 · Cited by 101
Köhler, F., Greteman, C., Raschke, D. B., & Highnam, C. L. (2007) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/02711214070270030601 · Cited by 101
Treatment of aphasia through family member training
Simmons‐Mackie, N. N., Kearns, K. P., & Potechin, G. (2005) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687030444000408 · Cited by 100
Riesen, T., McDonnell, J. J., Johnson, J. W., Polychronis, S. C., & Jameson, J. M. (2003) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1023/a:1026076406656 · Cited by 100
Strong, A., Wehby, J. H., Falk, K. B., & Lane, K. L. (2004) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2004.12086268 · Cited by 99
Ganz, J. B., & Flores, M. M. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0602-6 · Cited by 99
Using Technology to Deliver Immediate Corrective Feedback to Preservice Teachers
Scheeler, M. C., & Lee, D. L. (2002) · Journal of Behavioral Education · doi:10.1023/a:1021158805714 · Cited by 98
Pasiali, V. (2004) · Music Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1093/mtp/22.1.11 · Cited by 98
Intensive Outpatient Behavioral Treatment of Primary Urinary Incontinence of Children With Autism
Leblanc, L. A., Carr, J. E., Crossett, S. E., Bennett, C. M., & Detweiler, D. D. (2005) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/10883576050200020601 · Cited by 97
Intensive speech and language therapy for older children with cerebral palsy: a systems approach
Pennington, L., Miller, N., Robson, S., & Steen, N. (2009) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03366.x · Cited by 97
Empirically Supported Complexity
Westen, D., & Bradley, R. G. (2005) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00378.x · Cited by 97 · cited 2×
“…of the SCED in naturalistic studies to increase the ecological validity of empirical findings (e.g., Bloom, Fisher, & Orme, 2003; Borckardt et al., 2008; Dattilio et al., 2010; Jacobsen & Christensen, 1996; Kazdin, 2008; Morgan & Morgan, 2001; Westen & Bradley, 2005; Westen et al., 2004).”
BackgroundVelicer, W. F., & Fava, J. L. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0223 · Cited by 95 · cited 2×
“For a detailed description of other time-series design and analysis issues, see Borckardt et al. (2008), Box and Jenkins (1970), Crosbie (1993), R. R. Jones et al. (1977), and Velicer and Fava (2003).”
Ganz, J. B., & Flores, M. M. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0463-4 · Cited by 95
Carnahan, C. R., Musti‐Rao, S., & Bailey, J. (2008) · Education and Treatment of Children · doi:10.1353/etc.0.0047 · Cited by 95
Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Appelbaum, M., Cooper, H., Kline, R. B., Mayo-Wilson, E., Nezu, A. M., & Rao, S. M. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000191 · Cited by 1,449
Brysbaert, M. (2019) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.72 · Cited by 996
Evaluating Intervention Effects in Single‐Case Research Designs
Vannest, K. J., & Ninci, J. (2015) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12038 · Cited by 665
Francis, A. W., Dawson, D. L., & Golijani-Moghaddam, N. (2016) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2016.05.003 · Cited by 496
Graham, C. D., Gouick, J., Krahé, C., & Gillanders, D. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.009 · Cited by 476
Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Justin D.
- ORCID
- Smith, Justin D.
- Venue
- Psychological Methods
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 510-550
- ISSN
- 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1463
- PMC
- PMC3652808
- OpenAlex
- W1978096047
- Cited by
- 630
- References
- 648
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 57 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH20012)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Keywords
- single-case experimental design, study design quality, methodological standards, visual analysis, statistical analysis methods, methodological quality
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Research Design, Benchmarking
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