Cocaine addiction as a homeostatic reinforcement learning disorder.
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Abstract
Drug addiction implicates both reward learning and homeostatic regulation mechanisms of the brain. This has stimulated 2 partially successful theoretical perspectives on addiction. Many important aspects of addiction, however, remain to be explained within a single, unified framework that integrates the 2 mechanisms. Building upon a recently developed homeostatic reinforcement learning theory, the authors focus on a key transition stage of addiction that is well modeled in animals, escalation of drug use, and propose a computational theory of cocaine addiction where cocaine reinforces behavior due to its rapid homeostatic corrective effect, whereas its chronic use induces slow and long-lasting changes in homeostatic setpoint. Simulations show that our new theory accounts for key behavioral and neurobiological features of addiction, most notably, escalation of cocaine use, drug-primed craving and relapse, individual differences underlying dose-response curves, and dopamine D2-receptor downregulation in addicts. The theory also generates unique predictions about cocaine self-administration behavior in rats that are confirmed by new experimental results. Viewing addiction as a homeostatic reinforcement learning disorder coherently explains many behavioral and neurobiological aspects of the transition to cocaine addiction, and suggests a new perspective toward understanding addiction. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Opponent-process theory posited negative hedonic states of withdrawal and dysphoria to be the chief force driving addicts to take drugs.
“For example, in drug addiction, the opponent-process theory posited negative hedonic states of withdrawal and dysphoria to be the chief force driving addicts to take drugs (Solomon and Corbit, 1974), a view that still has adherents (Koob and Volkow, 2016; Keramati et al., 2017).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Keramati et al., 2017
Modern proponents suggest that downregulation or loss of brain dopamine D2 receptors makes addicts experience less pleasure in their lives than other people, and consequently addicts must take addictive drugs to achieve normal levels of dopamine stimulation and pleasure.
“Modern proponents suggest that downregulation or loss of brain dopamine D2 receptors (one of the two main types of neuronal receptors for dopamine) make addicts experience less pleasure in their lives than other people (Koob and Volkow, 2016; Keramati et al., 2017). Consequently, these theorists argue that addicts must take addictive drugs to achieve normal levels of dopamine stimulation and”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Keramati et al., 2017
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Cocaine-induced reinstatement in rats: evidence for a critical role of cocaine stimulus properties
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Preclinical Validation of a Novel Cocaine Exposure Therapy for Relapse Prevention
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Control Theory and Addictive Behavior
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Learning Outside the Brain: Integrating Cognitive Science and Systems Biology
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Neuhofer, D. N., Spencer, S. M., Chioma, V. C., Beloate, L. N., Schwartz, D., & Kalivas, P. W. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12843 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wang, J. M., Zhu, L., Brown, V. M., Garza, R. D. L., Newton, T. F., King‐Casas, B., & Chiu, P. H. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.07.009 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Having multiple selves helps learning agents explore and adapt in complex changing worlds
Dulberg, Z., Dubey, R., Berwian, I. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2221180120 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Persistent vulnerability to relapse despite complete extinction of cocaine craving
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Klein, S. D., Beacher, N. J., Kulik, J. M., Estrin, D. J., Pawlak, A. P., & West, M. O. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05468-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Explaining Deep Q-Learning Experience Replay with SHapley Additive exPlanations
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Why we value things more as we are about to lose them: A reference-based theory
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- Authors
- Keramati, M., Durand, A., Girardeau, P., Gutkin, B., & Ahmed, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles (FR)
- Université de Bordeaux (FR)
- Inserm (FR)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2017-03
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 130-153
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2576060326
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- City Research Online (City University London) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Frontiers du Vivant
- French MESR
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale
- French National Research Agency (ANR2010-BLAN-1404-0)
- ENP
- NERF
- Université de Bordeaux
- Conseil Régional d'Aquitaine (CRA20101301022; CRA11004375/11004699)
- LabEX BRAIN (ANR-10-LABX-43)
- Russian Academic Excellence Project
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- cocaine dependence, relapse, cocaine self-administration, reward learning, homeostatic regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Learning Disabilities, Psychological Theory, Recurrence, Reinforcement, Psychology, Self Administration, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Cocaine-Related Disorders, Rats, Craving
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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