A Neural Computational Model of Incentive Salience
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Incentive salience is a motivational property with 'magnet-like' qualities. When attributed to reward-predicting stimuli (cues), incentive salience triggers a pulse of 'wanting' and an individual is pulled toward the cues and reward. A key computational question is how incentive salience is generated during a cue re-encounter, which combines both learning and the state of limbic brain mechanisms. Learning processes, such as temporal-difference models, provide one way for stimuli to acquire cached predictive values of rewards. However, empirical data show that subsequent incentive values are also modulated on the fly by dynamic fluctuation in physiological states, altering cached values in ways requiring additional motivation mechanisms. Dynamic modulation of incentive salience for a Pavlovian conditioned stimulus (CS or cue) occurs during certain states, without necessarily requiring (re)learning about the cue. In some cases, dynamic modulation of cue value occurs during states that are quite novel, never having been experienced before, and even prior to experience of the associated unconditioned reward in the new state. Such cases can include novel drug-induced mesolimbic activation and addictive incentive-sensitization, as well as natural appetite states such as salt appetite. Dynamic enhancement specifically raises the incentive salience of an appropriate CS, without necessarily changing that of other CSs. Here we suggest a new computational model that modulates incentive salience by integrating changing physiological states with prior learning. We support the model with behavioral and neurobiological data from empirical tests that demonstrate dynamic elevations in cue-triggered motivation (involving natural salt appetite, and drug-induced intoxication and sensitization). Our data call for a dynamic model of incentive salience, such as presented here. Computational models can adequately capture fluctuations in cue-triggered 'wanting' only by incorporating modulation of previously learned values by natural appetite and addiction-related states.
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These results are consistent with incentive salience theory and highlight a dissociation between the predictive value of a cue, driven by cue learning, and the attribution of cue 'wanting'.
“These results are consistent with the incentive salience theory, however, and highlight the dissociation that can occur between the predictive value of a cue, driven by cue learning (cue-reward association), and the attribution of cue ‘wanting’ (T. E. Robinson & Flagel, 2009; Zhang, Berridge, Tindell, Smith, & Aldridge, 2009).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Zhang, Berridge, Tindell, Smith, & Aldridge, 2009
The attribution of incentive salience is the product of previous experience (i.e., learned associations) interacting with an individual's genetic propensity and neurobiological state.
“The attribution of incentive salience is the product of previous experience (i.e., learned associations) interacting with an individual’s genetic propensity and neurobiological state 16,24–27.”
From A selective role for dopamine in stimulus-reward learning (2011) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Zhang, J., Berridge, K. C., Tindell, A. J., Smith, K. S., & Aldridge, J. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Berridge, Kent C.
- Venue
- PLoS Computational Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-07-17
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e1000437
- ISSN
- 1553-734X (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7358
- PMC
- PMC2703828
- OpenAlex
- W2097552217
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 4.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Computational Biology (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PLoS eBooks
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-63649, R01MH063649)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA017752, DA-017752, DA015188, R01DA015188)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- incentive salience, computational model, want, physiological state, temporal difference learning, predictive value, addiction, salt appetite, motivation
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Animals, Appetite, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Conditioning, Classical, Dopamine, Learning, Limbic System, Models, Neurological, Motivation, Reward, Rats
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