Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward
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BACKGROUND: Refined sugars (e.g., sucrose, fructose) were absent in the diet of most people until very recently in human history. Today overconsumption of diets rich in sugars contributes together with other factors to drive the current obesity epidemic. Overconsumption of sugar-dense foods or beverages is initially motivated by the pleasure of sweet taste and is often compared to drug addiction. Though there are many biological commonalities between sweetened diets and drugs of abuse, the addictive potential of the former relative to the latter is currently unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we report that when rats were allowed to choose mutually-exclusively between water sweetened with saccharin-an intense calorie-free sweetener-and intravenous cocaine-a highly addictive and harmful substance-the large majority of animals (94%) preferred the sweet taste of saccharin. The preference for saccharin was not attributable to its unnatural ability to induce sweetness without calories because the same preference was also observed with sucrose, a natural sugar. Finally, the preference for saccharin was not surmountable by increasing doses of cocaine and was observed despite either cocaine intoxication, sensitization or intake escalation-the latter being a hallmark of drug addiction. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings clearly demonstrate that intense sweetness can surpass cocaine reward, even in drug-sensitized and -addicted individuals. We speculate that the addictive potential of intense sweetness results from an inborn hypersensitivity to sweet tastants. In most mammals, including rats and humans, sweet receptors evolved in ancestral environments poor in sugars and are thus not adapted to high concentrations of sweet tastants. The supranormal stimulation of these receptors by sugar-rich diets, such as those now widely available in modern societies, would generate a supranormal reward signal in the brain, with the potential to override self-control mechanisms and thus to lead to addiction.
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Certain foods, particularly those rich in sugars and fat, are potently rewarding and can trigger addictive-like behaviours in laboratory animals.
“certain foods, particularly those rich in sugars and fat, are potently rewarding (13) and can trigger addictive-like behaviours in laboratory animals (14,15).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [13]
Certain foods, especially those rich in sugars and fat, are potently rewarding and can trigger addictive-like behaviors in laboratory animals and humans.
“Certain foods, particularly those rich in sugars and fat, are also potently rewarding (40) and can trigger addictive like behaviors in laboratory animals (41) and humans (27).”
From The Addictive Dimensionality of Obesity (2013) · cites this paper as [40]
Certain foods, particularly those rich in sugars and fat, are potently rewarding.
“It is well known that certain foods, particularly those rich in sugars and fat, are potently rewarding (Lenoir et al 2007).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Lenoir et al 2007
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Segovia, K. N., Correa, M., & Salamone, J. D. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.078 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Ahmed, S. H. (2018) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationLampert, C., Arcego, D. M., de Sá Couto‐Pereira, N., dos Santos Vieira, A., Toniazzo, A. P., Krolow, R., Garcia, E., Vendite, D. A., Calcagnotto, M. E., & Dalmaz, C. (2017) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.05.003 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
N. Kearns, D., A. Gomez-Serrano, M., & J. Tunstall, B. (2011) · Current Drug Abuse Reviewse · doi:10.2174/1874473711104040261 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lenoir, M., Serre, F., Cantin, L., & Ahmed, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Ahmed, Serge H.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2007-08-01
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e698
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1931610
- OpenAlex
- W2112643649
- Cited by
- 608
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 15.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- saccharin, cocaine reward, sugar addiction, sucrose, sweet taste receptor, drug addiction, drug sensitization, obesity, sweetener preference, self-control
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cocaine, Conditioning, Operant, Corpus Striatum, Diet, Dopamine, Food Preferences, Humans, Locomotion, Male, Reward, Saccharin, Sweetening Agents, Taste, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Rats, Wistar, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Substance-Related Disorders, Rats, Taste Perception, Pleasure
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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