The efficiency of cellular energy transduction and its implications for obesity
Abstract
We assess the existence, mechanism, and functions of less-than-maximal coupling efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and its potential as a target for future antiobesity interventions. Coupling efficiency is the proportion of oxygen consumption used to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and do useful work. High coupling efficiency may lead to fat deposition; low coupling efficiency to a decrease in fat stores. We review obligatory and facultative energy expenditure and the role of a futile cycle of proton pumping and proton leak across the mitochondrial inner membrane in dissipating energy. Basal proton conductance is catalyzed primarily by the adenine nucleotide translocase but can be mimicked by chemical uncouplers. Inducible proton conductance is catalyzed by specific uncoupling proteins. We discuss the opportunities and pitfalls of targeting these processes as a treatment for obesity by decreasing coupling efficiency and increasing energy expenditure, either directly or through central mechanisms of energy homeostasis.
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BMR includes cellular turnover, repair and basic functions, basal synthetic reactions, mitochondrial proton leak, and obligatory thermogenesis.
“BMR includes cellular turnover, repair and basic functions (e.g., maintenance of ion gradients, transmembrane metabolite transfer), basal synthetic reactions (e.g., RNA, DNA protein synthesis) and mitochondrial proton leak; it also includes obligatory thermogenesis (e.g., digestion and absorption) [7, 46].”
From Regulation of obesity and insulin resistance by nitric oxide (2014) · cites this paper as [46]
The basal metabolic rate is the largest contributor to obligatory energy expenditure.
“The largest contributor to obligatory energy expenditure is the basal metabolic rate (BMR), which is defined as the resting energy expenditure at thermoneutrality in the unfed state [46].”
From Regulation of obesity and insulin resistance by nitric oxide (2014) · cites this paper as [46]
Dinitrophenol (DNP), a non-selective uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidation, effectively increases energy expenditure that could be sustained without tolerance.
“For example, dinitrophenol (DNP), a non-selective uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidation, effectively increases energy expenditure that could be sustained without tolerance 18.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
DNP produces unwanted side effects that preclude its use as therapy.
“Unfortunately DNP produces unwanted side effects that preclude its use as therapy.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
There is no convincing data to support the involvement of UCP2 or UCP3 in thermogenesis.
“However, there is no convincing data to support their involvement in thermogenesis 18.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
In rodents, the β3-adrenergic receptor is found nearly exclusively on brown adipocytes, and treatment with the β3-specific agonist CL-316,243 substantially increases energy expenditure.
“In rodents, the β3-adrenergic receptor is found nearly exclusively on brown adipocytes, and treatment with the β3-specific agonist CL-316,243 substantially increases energy expenditure 18.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
DNP, a non-selective uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidation, at 3-5 mg/kg, in humans led to a 20-30% increase in energy expenditure that could be sustained without tolerance.
“DNP, a non-selective uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidation, at 3–5 mg/kg, in humans led to a 20–30% increase in energy expenditure that could be sustained without tolerance 18.”
From Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
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ACTIONS AND USES OF DINITROPHENOL
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Self-citationAgouti-related protein-deficient mice display an age-related lean phenotype
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Drug Treatment of the Overweight Patient
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Self-citationProcesses Contributing To Metabolic Depression In Hepatopancreas Cells From The Snail Helix Aspersa
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Self-citationWhy some of us get fat and what we can do about it
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Use of Top-Down Elasticity Analysis to Identify Sites of Thyroid Hormone-Induced Thermogenesis
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Cellular bioenergetics as a target for obesity therapy
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Niclosamide ethanolamine–induced mild mitochondrial uncoupling improves diabetic symptoms in mice
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Regulation of obesity and insulin resistance by nitric oxide
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“The largest contributor to obligatory energy expenditure is the basal metabolic rate (BMR), which is defined as the resting energy expenditure at thermoneutrality in the unfed state [46].”
BackgroundVernochet, C., Mourier, A., Bezy, O., Macotela, Y., Boucher, J., Rardin, M. J., An, D., Lee, K. Y., Ilkayeva, O. R., Zingaretti, C. M., et al. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.10.016 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Glutathionylation Acts as a Control Switch for Uncoupling Proteins UCP2 and UCP3
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“efficiency of the conversion of energy to ATP varies, owing to the naturally occurring mitochondrial proton leak, which uncouples part of the energy consumption from the ATP production and dissipates it as heat (89,91).”
BackgroundMitochondrial uncoupler BAM15 reverses diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice
Alexopoulos, S. J., Chen, S.-Y., Brandon, A. E., Salamoun, J. M., Byrne, F. L., Garcia, C. J., Beretta, M., Olzomer, E. M., Shah, D. P., Philp, A. M., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16298-2 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
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Targeting skeletal muscle mitochondrial health in obesity
Pileggi, C. A., Hooks, B. G., McPherson, R., Dent, R. R. M., & Harper, M.-E. (2022) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20210506 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Harper, M.-E., Green, K., & Brand, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Harper, Mary-Ellen
- Brand, Martin D.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2008-08-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-33
- ISSN
- 0199-9885 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4312
- OpenAlex
- W2128879584
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 164
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 0.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › ATP Synthase and ATPases Research
- Keywords
- mitochondrial coupling efficiency, oxidative phosphorylation, obesity, energy expenditure, proton leak, uncoupling proteins, adenine nucleotide translocase, ATP production, fat deposition, energy homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Adenosine Triphosphate, Basal Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Mitochondria, Obesity, Uncoupling Agents, Signal Transduction
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