The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 47 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Psychosocial factors may drive people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) to seek health care, but whether psychological factors are causally linked to IBS is controversial. One hypothesis is that IBS is a heterogeneous syndrome comprising two distinct conditions, one psychological and the other biological. However, it is unclear how many people with IBS in the community have little somatization and minimal psychosocial distress. The aim of our study was to estimate the proportion of people with IBS in a representative US community, who have low levels of somatic and psychological symptoms. METHODS: The cohort comprised subjects from three randomly selected population studies from Olmsted County, Minnesota. All of them filled out a validated gastrointestinal (GI) symptom questionnaire, the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R), and the Somatic Symptom Checklist (SSC) comprising 11 somatic complaint items. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations between somatic symptoms/psychosocial factors and IBS, adjusting for age and gender. RESULTS: Of the 501 eligible subjects, 461 (92%) provided complete data (mean age=56 years, 49% female). IBS (Rome II criteria) was associated with both higher SSC and Global Severity Index (GSI of SCL-90-R) scores. Among subjects with high (75th percentile) SSC scores, 43% reported IBS vs. 10% of those with low (<25th percentile) SSC scores. Among those with high (60) GSI scores, 23% reported IBS vs. 6% with low (<40) GSI scores. Specifically, none of the IBS subjects had both low SSC and low GSI scores. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological factors and somatization are strongly associated with IBS in the community. However, IBS may not be related to low psychological distress and/or somatization.
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Claims the paper makes
23 Not checked yet · 22 Own result · 6 Own method · 5 Own interpretation · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among subjects with high (>75th percentile) SSC scores, 40% reported IBS vs. 11% of those with low (<25th percentile) SSC scores.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the overall SCL-90-R phobic anxiety scores for IBS and non-IBS subjects were identical (Table 2), there were modest associations between IBS status and phobic anxiety scores within age and gender subgroups (data not shown).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the overall SCL-90-R phobic anxiety scores for IBS and non-IBS subjects were identical (Table 2), there were modest associations between IBS status and phobic anxiety scores within age and gender subgroups (data not shown).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, IBS status was significantly associated with each of the somatic items (except asthma, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, and weakness) adjusting for age and gender.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The community subjects with greater somatization scores had greater odds for IBS (OR (odds ratio) 2.2 per unit, 95% CI: 1.2–3.8).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Predictors of IBS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 461 subjects, 106 (23%, 95% CI (95% confidence interval): 19–27) met the Rome criteria for a diagnosis of IBS.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Demographic features
plainn = 461- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, none of the IBS subjects had both low SSC and low GSI scores.”
- Also stated in: § Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS · plain
“Specifically, none of the 106 IBS subject had both a low SSC score and a low GSI score as defined above.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Interestingly, we did not find any community subject with low psychological distress and somatic complaints scores to have IBS.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > Abstract > RESULTS
plainn = 106- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 11 somatic complaints, a higher score for 7 items (but not asthma, high blood pressure, and dizziness) was associated with greater odds for reporting IBS compared with the non-IBS group (Table 5).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Predictors of IBS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression analysis indicated that all of the SCL-90-R subscales (except phobic anxiety) were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with IBS relative to non-IBS (adjusting for age, gender, educational level, marital status, smoking, alcohol use, and BMI, Table 5).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Predictors of IBS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results are comparable with the findings in this study, in which the mean GSI score of community subjects with IBS was 54 (s.d. = 9).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In contrast, more recent population studies (42–45) have suggested that the earlier volunteer non-population-based studies may have been biased, but this view is still controversial (16).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
- Not checked yetcites [43] source
- Supportedcites [44] Talley NJ, 1998, Gut source
The Discussion says the apparent link between psychological factors and IBS may reflect selection bias because more psychologically disturbed people tend to seek care. It also says outpatient studies may therefore be misleading, supporting the claim attributed to the population studies (42–45). The sentence cites a different source, (16), for the view remaining controversial. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked yetcites [45] Herschbach P, 1999, Psychosom Med source
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Psychosocial factors influence which patients consult physicians” (page unavailable) says that evaluating referred IBS patients tends to overestimate psychosocial disturbance, supporting the possibility of sampling bias. The review does not say that this interpretation remains controversial or extend the point to earlier volunteer studies generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, the separate frequency and severity of the overall mean scores were greater in subjects with IBS than in those without IBS (data not shown).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a significant association between IBS status and physician visits for bowel problems in the last year was detected (adjusted for age and gender), with visits more common in subjects with IBS compared with those without IBS.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Demographic features
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in multiple linear regression models, adjusting for age, gender, and IBS status, the overall SSC score was most strongly correlated with the somatization subscale, with a partial r2 value of 31%, whereas, e.g., for the GSI score, the partial r2 of the SSC score was 17%.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Correlations between SSC and SCL-90-R
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the total study sample, a univariate analysis revealed that the SSC scores were positively correlated with somatization, depression, anxiety, and the GSI subscale of the SCL-90-R (all P < 0.05) (Table 6).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Correlations between SSC and SCL-90-R
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No statistically significant associations between IBS status and age, marital status, smoking, alcohol, educational level, or BMI (body mass index) (Table 1) were detected.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Demographic features
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is noted that, headaches, backaches, insomnia, fatigue, general stiffness, heart palpitations, and eye pain were all individually associated with IBS status in the general population on the basis of the Rome criteria.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant association of IBS status with all subscale scores of the SCL-90-R was detected (adjusted for age and gender), with numerically greater mean scores observed in subjects with IBS (except for phobic anxiety, Table 2).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, a significant association of IBS status with the overall SSC scores was detected (adjusted for age and gender) with greater scores observed in IBS subjects (Table 3).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IBS (Rome II criteria) was associated with both higher SSC and Global Severity Index (GSI of SCL-90-R) scores.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > Abstract > RESULTS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among those with high (>60) GSI scores, 33% reported IBS vs. 8% with low (<40) GSI scores.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Talley BDQ has been shown to be a reliable and valid measure of GI symptoms (31).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > METHODS > Subjects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Talley NJ, 1990, Mayo Clin Proc source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our study also showed that the eight somatic complaint items were associated with IBS, raising the possibility that a subset with IBS in the community may not have a specific entity but are a part of a general syndrome of bodily distress.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multiple linear regression models were used to assess the association of the SSC score with SCL-90-R scores adjusting for age, gender, and IBS status.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > METHODS > Statistical analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the somatization score, the choice of the 25th and 75th percentile cutoffs was somewhat arbitrary but intuitively reasonable, and was intended to give a sufficient number of subjects in each of the “cells”.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To address the overall aim of this study, logistic regression models (to predict IBS, yes vs. no) were used to evaluate the associations between somatization/psychosocial factors and reporting symptoms consistent with IBS, adjusting for age and gender.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > METHODS > Statistical analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The different analyses each focused on different hypotheses and thus, no adjustment for multiple tests was made.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > METHODS > Statistical analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Fink et al. (49) showed that functional somatic symptoms could be grouped into three main symptom clusters, namely GI, CP (cardio-pulmonary), and MS (musculoskeletal). In addition, they found significantly inter-correlated correlation coefficients of 0.40–0.45 (Spearman’s rho) between a number of the symptoms from CP, GI, and MS symptom groups, and suggested that the three functional somatic synd”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in the systemic review, Whitehead et al. (20) reported that between a quarter and a third of patients with IBS meet the criteria for somatization disorder, which is much higher than in the normal population.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a recent population-based nested case–control study (17), psychosocial distress as measured by the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) was significantly associated with the presence of a functional GI disorder and was not explained by health-care utilization.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychological factors and somatization are strongly associated with IBS in the community.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
“We conclude from this population-based study that psychological factors are strongly associated with IBS in the community; notably, somatization is significantly associated with IBS independent of age, gender, education level, marital status, smoking, alcohol use, and BMI.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The definition of the normal range of SCL-90-R scores was based on commercially used cutoff definitions that are widely accepted (34,47).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Whitehead et al. (40) reported that 48 of 51 symptom-based diagnoses were significantly more common in patients with IBS vs. that in controls, including headache, back pain, sleep disorder, muscle weakness, pelvic pain, and blurred vision.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Koloski et al. (19) reported that psychiatric diagnoses, neuroticism, more highly threatening life event stress, an external locus of control, and ineffectual coping styles were significantly associated with having a diagnosis of IBS and/or dyspepsia, and somatization was independently associated with IBS in a random population sample from Sydney, Australia.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sewitch et al. (47) studied the psychosocial distress in 200 patients with IBD from tertiary care settings. They showed that patients with IBD had higher levels of psychological distress than controls; the mean GSI score of patients with IBD was 57.1 (s.d. = 9.4).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
plaincorrelationaln = 200- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other studies (21–23) have also observed an excess somatization tendency in outpatients with IBS.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sayuk et al. (46) reported that a higher burden of the current somatic symptoms was a strong predictor of a functional bowel disease in outpatients presenting with GI complaints.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“We have applied this definition in earlier studies and shown that it provides data similar to that of a physician interview (27,39).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > METHODS > Definition of IBS
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Olmsted County, Minnesota, population comprises ~120,000 individuals, of which 89% are white; sociodemographically, this community resembles the US white population.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > METHODS > Subjects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The SCL-90-R is a measure of psychological state (34).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > METHODS > Subjects
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The American Gastroenterological Association technical review on IBS (16) reported that the prevalence of a psychiatric disorder ranges from 40 to more than 90% among patients with IBS referred to tertiary care centers, but argued that these studies overestimated the true prevalence of psychosocial disturbance in patients with IBS because psychological factors influence whether patients consult ph”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the cause of the disorder remains essentially unknown, IBS is currently conceptualized as a bio-psychosocial disorder with disturbances of motor function, heightened visceral sensitivity, and possibly central nervous system disturbances (4–6).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Early life experiences (e.g., abuse), adult stressors (e.g., divorce or bereavement), lack of social support, and other social learning experiences can affect both an individual’s physiological and psychological responses, and may precipitate abdominal distress, as well as psychiatric disorders (4,7–11).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Talley NJ, 1995, Am J Gastroenterol
- Not checked yetcites [8] Delvaux M, 1997, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Ali A, 2000, Psychosom Med source
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Bennett EJ, 1998, Gut source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies carried out in volunteers (12,13,41) reported that persons with IBS, who do not see physicians, are psychologically similar to those without bowel complaints.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
There is little community data on the relationship between IBS and somatization or psychosocial distress.
“In addition, few data regarding the association between IBS and somatization and/or psychosocial distress exist in the community.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The extent of psychological distress among community IBS sufferers is unclear because prior studies have not documented how many are entirely free of psychological comorbidity.
“However, the burden of psychological distress in IBS remains unclear in the community, as studies have failed to document how many IBS sufferers are totally free of psychological comorbidity.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > Abstract > RESULTS
“Among subjects with high (>75th percentile) SSC scores, 43% reported IBS vs. 10% of those with low (<25th percentile) SSC scores.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS
“Among subjects with high (>75th percentile) SSC scores, 40% reported IBS vs. 11% of those with low (<25th percentile) SSC scores.”
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > Abstract > RESULTS
“Among those with high (>60) GSI scores, 23% reported IBS vs. 6% with low (<40) GSI scores.”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Psychological distress in subjects with and without IBS
“Among those with high (>60) GSI scores, 33% reported IBS vs. 8% with low (<40) GSI scores.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > Abstract > RESULTS
“461 (92%) provided complete data (mean age = 56 years, 49% female).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Demographic features
“Of the 461 subjects pooled for this study, 48% were female and the mean (± s.d.) age was 56 years (± 22).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > RESULTS > Predictors of IBS
“Of the 11 somatic complaints, a higher score for 7 items (but not asthma, high blood pressure, and dizziness) was associated with greater odds for reporting IBS compared with the non-IBS group (Table 5).”
§ Psychosocial Distress and Somatic Symptoms in Community Subjects With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Psychological Component Is the Rule > DISCUSSION
“Our study also showed that the eight somatic complaint items were associated with IBS, raising the possibility that a subset with IBS in the community may not have a specific entity but are a part of a general syndrome of bodily distress.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Choung, R. S., Locke, G. R., Zinsmeister, A. R., Schleck, C. D., & Talley, N. J.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Talley, Nicholas J
- Venue
- The American Journal of Gastroenterology
- Published
- 2009-06-02
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1772-1779
- ISSN
- 0002-9270 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-0241
- PMC
- PMC3772628
- OpenAlex
- W2084613607
- Semantic Scholar
- 6d7a40f1028191d0e3d61e87054f6ff37ff6baaa
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 13.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- The American Journal of Gastroenterology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR030582, R01AR30582)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Keywords
- irritable bowel syndrome, psychosocial distress, somatic symptoms, somatization, psychological factors, community population, SCL-90-R, Rome II criteria, gastrointestinal symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Probability, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reference Values, Severity of Illness Index, Somatoform Disorders, Stress, Psychological, Incidence, Case-Control Studies, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Sickness Impact Profile, Risk Assessment, Irritable Bowel Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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